初中英语语法最新版

.,初中英语时态,Welcome！,.,Outline,1.一般现在时2.一般过去时3.一般将来时4.过去将来时：5.过去进行时：6.过去完成时7.现在进行时：8.现在完成时：,.,用法：经常性的和习惯性的动作常用时间状语：usually,sometimes,inspring,everyday,inthemorning,一般现在时的动词形式：动词原形1.am;is;are2.have,has3.第三人称单数形式-(e)s,一般现在时,.,肯定句：Iwatchtelevisioneveryday.否定句：Idontwatchtelevisioneveryday.疑问句：Doyouwatchtelevisioneveryday.注意：start,leave,go,come等的一般现在时可表示按规定要发生的未来动作，如列车将离开。客观真理在从句中也用一般现在时.,.,Itsnowsinwinter.Itdoesntsnowinwinter.Doesitsnowinwinter?,Examples:,.,一般现在时的使用：,1.一般现在时表示总是、通常、习惯性的动作或状态。Itsnowsinwinter.Iwatchtelevisioneveryday.,.,2.用于对客观事实的普遍性的陈述。Waterconsistsofhydrogenandoxygen.Mostanimalskillonlyforfood.Theworldisround.,.,3.某些动词的一般现在时表示说话时正在存在的一种情况。Ihaveonlyadollarrightnow.Heneedsapenrightnow.注：这些动词不能用于进行时。,.,用法：过去时间发生的或过去经常性的动作常用时间状语：yesterday,lastnight,twodaysago,in2000,atthattime,before，when等引导的含过去时的句子。动词构成：动词过去时（-ed）listenlistenedstudy-studiedstop-stoppedcome-came,一般过去时,.,否定构成：didnt+动原didntworkusednot(didntuse)towork一般疑问构成及简答举例：Did+主语+动原+其它？特殊疑问句举例：Whatdidhedoyesterday?Whendidhegetupthismorning?注意：Hehasopenedthedoor.（表示过去“开门”的动作对现在的影响是门还开着）Heopenedthedoor.(不能确定门现在是否开着),.,1.一般过去时表示一个动作或情况在过去某个的时间开始和结束.Iwalkedtoschoolyesterday.Iboughtanewcarthreedaysago.,walked,bought,now,一般过去时的使用：,.,2.表示过去经常性的动作或情况。Ioftengotupat6:00lastyear.Ididntwalktoschoolyesterday.Didyouwalktoschoolyesterday?,.,用法：将来会出现或发生的动作常用时间状语：thisevening,tomorrow,nextmonth,inafewminutes,attheendofthisterm动词构成:1.will/shall+动原2.am/is/aregoingto+动词原型3.am/is/are(about)+动词不定式4.am/is/are+coming等现在分词以work为例:will/shallworkam/is/aregoingtoworkam/is/are(about)toworkam/is/arecoming/leaving,一般将来时,.,否定构成：will/shallnotam/is/arenot特殊疑问句举例:Whatwillyoudotomorrow?Whenarewegoingtohaveaclassmeeting?注意：在if条件或assoonas等时间状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。,.,1、基本结构是will/shalldo。例：Weshallsendheraglasshand-madecraftasherbirthdaygift.（我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。）2、有些动词，如：arrive,beclose,come,do,done,go,have,leave,open,play,return,sleep,start,stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。例：MymotheriscomingtovisitmenextweekandisstayinghereuntilMay.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。）,一般将来时的使用：,.,3、表示“打算去，要”时，可用begoingtodo。例：ThisisjustwhatIamgoingtosay.（这正是我想说的。）4、表示“即将、正要”时，可用beabouttodo。强调近期内或马上要做的事。例：Dontworry,Iamabouttomakeacloseexaminationonyou.（别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。）,.,5、“betodo”的5种用法：a)表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。例：SheistobeseeninthelabonMonday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）b)该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should,must,oughtto,haveto），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。例：Youaretogotobedandkeepquiet,kids.Ourguestsarearrivinginlessthan5minutes.（孩子们，你们必须上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。）c)能或不能发生的事情（接近can,may）例：HowamItopaysuchadebt?（我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢？）,.,d)不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。例：Iassureyouthatthematter_asquicklyaspossible.Havealittlepatience.A.willbeattendedB.willbeattendedtoC.isattendedD.isattendedtoe)用于条件从句“如果想，设想”（接近ifwantto,或ifshould）例：Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortage_avoided.A)istobeB)canbeC)willbeD)hasbeen,.,用法：从过去某时间来看将要发生的动作或状态，常用于宾从句常用时间状语：thenextweek等动词构成：1、would/should+动原2、was/weregoingto+动原3、was/were(about)to+动原以work为例：would/shouldworkwas/weregoingtoworkwas/were(about)towork,过去将来时,.,否定构成：would/shouldnotwas/werenot一般疑问构成：常用if或whether引导宾从特殊疑问句举例：Heaskedwhattheywoulddothenextweek.IthoughtIwouldmakelotsofnewfriends.Theysaidthattheyweregoingtospendthevacationtogether.,.,一、过去将来时表示对于过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。would或was/weregoingto+Vwould可用于各种人称。,过去将来时的使用：,.,二、would+V还可表示过去的习惯动作，在这点上同usedto同义。Whenwewerechildren,wewould/usedtogoswimmingeverysummer.,比较：Iusedtowalktoschool,butnowIgobybike.usedto+V,指过去的习惯或状态，暗含的意思是“现在不做某事了”。,.,A:Wheredidyougo?B:Iwasgoingtovisitthepark,butintheendIwenttothefreemarket.A:Whatwasitlike?B:Ithoughtitwouldbebusy,butitwasveryquiet.,.,-Alice,whydidntyoucomeyesterday?-I_,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.hadB.wouldC.wasgoingtoD.did,三、IthoughtIwasgoingto.表示“原本打算干某事”。,.,-Comein,Peter,Iwanttoshowyousomething.-Oh,howniceofyou!I_you_tobringmeagift.A.neverthink;aregoingB.neverthought;weregoingC.didntthink;weregoingD.hadntthought;weregoing,Neverthought“从未想过“，与howniceofyou所表达的喜悦之情相符,.,ThismorningAlice_out_thedooropenedandincamesomestrangers.wasjustabouttogo;whilewent;whenwasgoing;whilewasjustabouttogo;when,.,Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe_officesoon.leaveswouldleavelefthadleft,.,用法：过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在发生的动作常用时间状语：atthistimeyesterday,atthattime,attenoclockyesterday或when引导的从句动词构成：was/were+现在分词(-ing)以work为例：was/wereworking,过去进行时,.,否定构成：was/werenot+现在分词一般疑问构成及简答举例:Was/Were+主语+现在分词+其它？Yes,IwasNo,Iwasnt特殊疑问句举例：Whatwereyoudongthistimeyesterday?Wherewashestandingwhentheteachercamein?,.,过去进行时：Iwaswalkingdownthestreetwhenitbegantorain.,.,Iwaswalkingdownthestreetwhenitbegantorain.Iwasnotwalkingdownthestreetwhenitbegantorain.Wereyouwalkingdownthestreetwhenitbegantorain?,.,用一般过去时或过去进行时填空。Idontwanttogotothezootodaybecauseitisraining.Thesamethinghappenedyesterday.I(want,not)_togotothezoobecauseit(rain)_.,Exercises:,.,2.I(call)_Rogeratninelastnight,buthe(be,not)_athome.He(study)_atthelibrary.,called;wasnot;wasstudying,.,3.I(hear,not)_thethunderduringthestormlastnightbecauseI(sleep)_.,didnthear;wassleeping,.,4.Mybrotherandsister(argue)_aboutsomethingwhenI(walk)_intotheroom.,werearguing;walked,.,5.-Nancyisnotcomingtonight.-Butshe_!A.promisesB.promisedC.willpromiseD.hadpromised,.,6.Shirley_abookaboutChinalastyearbutIdontknowwhethershehasfinishedit.A.haswrittenB.wroteC.hadwrittenD.waswriting,.,7.IdontthinkJimsawme;he_intospace.A.juststaredB.wasjuststaringC.hasjuststaredD.hadjuststared,.,Thestudents_busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe_intheoffice.hadwritten;leftwerewriting;haslefthadwritten;hadleftwerewriting;hadleft,.,Mary_adresswhenshecutherfinger.madeB.ismakingC.wasmakingD.makes,.,用法：1、过去某时间或动作之前完成的动作或状态(过去的过去)。2、过去某一时间的动作延续到过去另一时间常用时间状语：bythattime,bytheendof,when/before+从句，said/knew/asked的宾从中动词构成:had+过去分词(-ed)以work为例：hadworked,过去完成时,.,否定构成:hadnot+过去分词一般疑问构成：Had+主语+过去分词+其它？Yes,Ihad.No,Ihadnt.特殊疑问句举例：HowmanyEnglishwordshadyoulearnedbytheendoflastterm?,.,Whenwegottothetheatre,theyhadsoldallthetickets.,过去完成时是一种与过去时相比较而存在的时态，用以表示“过去的过去”的动作或状态。,.,1.Whenwe_(arrive)atthetheatre,theplay_(alreadystart).,arrived;hadalreadystarted,.,2.Thepolicefoundthatthehouse_andalotofthings_.A.hasbrokeninto;hasbeenstolenB.hadbrokeninto;hadbeenstolenC.hasbeenbrokeninto;stolenD.hadbeenbrokeninto;stolen,.,3.Tomdidntgotohearthesingerbecausehe_him.heardwouldhearC.hasheardD.hadheard,.,4.-Whydidntyoucometotheparty?-I_tocome,butoneofmyfriendscametoseemejustthen.A.wantedB.waswantingC.hadwantedD.hadbeenwanted,.,5.Hiswife_tocatchthefirsttrainbutshewastoolate.hopinghadhopedhashopedwouldhope,hadhoped意为“原希望”，常用于这一结构的动词有“think,want,plan,suppose,intend”,.,用法：说话时正在进行的动作或当前一段时间正在进行的动作常用时间状语：now,thesedays,现在进行时中动词形式：amis+-ingare1、do-doing2、live-living3、重读闭音节sit-sittingdrop-dropping以ie结尾die-dyinglie-lying,现在进行时,.,Sheiswritinganotherbookthisyear.并不表示说话的时候她正拿着笔坐在书桌前。,.,1.现在进行时表示一项活动在说话时(或较长时间）正在进行。JohnandMaryaretalkingonthephone.,.,2.现在进行时强调此刻正在进行的动作。一般现在时表示不确定时间经常、反复发生的动作或状态。,.,3.进行时的将来用法：Whenareyouleaving?=Whenwillyouleave?JohnandMaryaretalkingonthephone.JohnandMaryarenottalkingonthePhone.AreJohnandMarytalkingonthephone?,.,JohnandMaryaretalkingonthephone.JohnandMaryarenottalkingonthePhone.AreJohnandMarytalkingonthephone?,.,1.Diane(wash)_herhaireveryotherdayorso.2.Kathyusually(sit)_inthefrontrowduringclass,buttodayshe(sit)_inthelastrow.,washes,sits,issitting,.,3.(Lock,you,always)_thedoortoyourapartment(公寓)whenyouleave?4.Iwrotetomyfriendlastweek.Shehasntansweredmyletteryet.I(wait,still)_forareply.,Doyoualwayslock,amstillwaiting,.,5.Everymorning,thesun(shine)_inmybedroomwindowand(wake)_meup.,shines,wakes,.,6.A:Look!It(snow)_.B:Itsbeautiful!ThisisthefirsttimeIveeverseensnow.It(snow,not,often)_inmycountry.,issnowing;doesnotoftensnow,.,-CanIhelpyou,sir?-Yes,Iboughtthisradiohereyesterday,butit_.didntworkwontworkcantworkdoesntwork,.,-CanIjointheclub,Dad?-Youcanwhenyou_abitolder.getwillgetC.aregettingD.willhavegot,.,Mycousin,Jenny,_inNewYorktillnextSaturday.isstayinghasstayedwillhavestayedstayed,.,-Doyouknowwhenshe_?-No,butIlltellyouassoonasshe_.willcome;comescomes;willcomewillcome;willcomecomes;comes,.,Look!_!HerethebuscomesHerecomesthebusHereisthebuscomingHerethebusiscoming,here,there放在句子开头，句子主谓要倒装。(如主语为代词，主谓不倒装)。在here,there引导的句子中，常用一般现在时代替现在进行时。,.,用法:1、发生在过去的动作且对现在仍有影响的动作，强调对现在的影响.2、从过去一直延续到现在的动作常用时间状语：already,just,never,before,recently,inthepastfewyears,ever,sofar,since+过去的点时间,for+段时间动词构成：have/has+过去分词(-ed)have/hasworked,现在完成时,.,否定构成：have/hasnot+过去分词一般疑问构成：Have/Has+主语+过去分词?特殊疑问句举例：Whathaveyoudonerecently?HowlonghashelivedinBeijing?注意：暂时性动词不能与for,since,Howlong等表示段时间的短语同时使用。,.,现在完成时表示过去某时发生的行为对主语目前产生的影响。即用过去发生的某个行为来说明现在的某种情况。Wearegoodfriends.(现在的情况）Iknewhimin1997.（过去的动作）Wehaveknowneachothersince1997.（现在完成时把过去的动作和现在联系起来并着眼于现在）,现在完成时的用法,.,ShehasbeentoBeijing.(现在已不在北京，从结果上和现在联系起来）ShehasbeeninBeijingfortwoyears.（现在仍在北京，从时间上和现在联系起来）,.,现在完成时的三种基本用法：1、未完成用法。表示动作或状态开始于过去，一直延续到现在，可能继续发展，也可能刚刚结束。Hehasbeeninthearmyfortenyears.IhavestudiedEnglishsince1980.Hehaslivedhereallhislife.a.be,live,study都是延续性动词。b.常用的时间状语：since,for,inthepastfewyears,sofar,allhislife.,.,2、反复性用法，表示过去到现在这段时间内反复发生的动作。Ihavebeentothecitytwicethisweek.Ihaveoftenwonderedwhereshegetshermoneyallthesedays.这种用法从时间上与现在发生了联系。,.,3、完成性用法，表示动作或状态到说话时已经完成，通常所产生的结果把过去的动作和状态和现在