unit 5 Straight-AIlliteracy

.,Unit5Straight-AIlliteracy,赵瑞鹏,.,.LearningobjectivesLearntowriteinaconciseandclearway.Developfullconsciousnessofstyle,.Relevantinformation,Thepleasureprinciple:Manisbothbiologicalanimalandsocialbeing.Inkeepingwithhisbiologicalendowment,mantendstoseekpleasureandtoavoidpain.Thistruismisknownasthe“pleasureprinciple”.,.,Classroomdiscussion,1.Mr.Brightswritingrepresentsanexampleofbadstyleresultingfromusingabstract,bigwords.Doyousufferfromthesamedisease?2.WhatarethebadeffectsofBrightsdisease?3.Accordingtotheauthor,themoretimestudentsstayattheuniversitytoreceiveeducation,theworsehellsufferfromBrightsdisease.Doyouagree?Whyorwhynot?4.ThewriterstatesfirmlythattheStraight-Ailliterateisworsethananordinaryilliterate.Why?,.,Classroomdiscussion,5.Whatis“doublenegative”?Whoarelikelytomakesuchmistakes?6.TheauthorgivesexamplesofwritingbyordinaryilliteratesandbyStraight-Ailliterates.Canyourewritethesentenceandexplainwhytheoriginaloneisinadequate?7TheauthordeliberatelyusesquiteanumberofunintelligiblewordsandexpressionsinplaceofclearandsimpleEnglish.Whateffectisachievedthroughsuchsharpcontrast?8.Istheclosingparagraphatypicalconcludingparagraph?Isitweakorstrong?,.,.SomequotationsonthesignificanceofbrevitynogainapieceofcakefromthebottomofmyheartfromeverywalkoflifetheothersideofthecoinfewandfarbetweenBiteoffmorethanyoucanchew.,.,Big,longwordsendeavor(attempt,try)repercussions(results/effects)transmit(send)materialize(happen,occur)commence(begin,start)blueprint(plan)terminate(end)assistance(help)expenditure(cost)necessitate(need,demand)indebtedness(thanks,gratitude),Circumlocutionsalimitednumber(few)asizablepercentageof(many)beoftheopinionthat(think)Archaismpriorto(before)asper(accordingto),.,Analysisofthewritingpatternofthistext,ThebasicmethodDegnanusesinthisessaytoaccomplishhispurposeiscausalanalysis,whichiscombinedwithdefinitionandexemplification.Therearetwoalternativewaystoorganizeanessaydevelopedbycausalanalysis,i.e.fromthecause(s)totheeffect(s),andfromtheeffect(s)tothecause(s).Degnanfollowedthelatterpattern.Theeffectisstatedatthebeginningoftheessay,thatis,thephenomenonoftheso-calledstraight-Ailliteracy,andthecuaseismadeclearneartheendofit,i.e.thetext-booksandprofessionaljournalsthestraight-Ailliterateisforcedtoreadduringhisyearsofeducation.,.,Thefourparagraphswhichconstitutetheessayarecloselyconnected.WhatdoyouthinkDegnandoesinthefirstparagraph?Ishejustifiedindoingso?Inwhatwayisthesecondparagraphconnectedtothefirstone?Inwhatwayisthethirdparagraphtothesecondone?,.,Inthelast/4thparagraph,ashasbeensaidbefore,thecauseofthisintellectualdiseaseismadeclear.Itbeginswiththesentence“AsIhavesuggested,themajorcauseofsuchilliteractyisthestuffthetextbooksandprofessionaljournalsthestraight-Ailliterateisforcedtoreadduringhisyearsofhighereducation.”Whereintheprecedingtexthastheauthormadeasuggestionofthiscause?,.,Usingtherightword,Wordsaremanyanditisnotalwayseasychoosingtherightone.First,wordsthatlooksimilarmayhavedifferentmeanings.Forexample:human:of,orrelatingtoman(人的),asinhumanbeing;humannature;humanrightshumane:becharacterizedbykindness,mercy,orcompassion（仁慈的）,asinahumanejudge/office;ahumanekiller(Verydifferentfromahumankiller!),.,Usingtherightword,Secondly,wordsthathavethesameorsimilarmeaningmaycarrydifferentassociations.Forexample,thefollowingfivewordsaresimilarinmeaningbutdifferentinconnotation.happiness:joy:delight:rapture:ecstasy:,.,Thirdly,wordsthathavethesamemeaningmaybeusedindifferentsituationsanddifferentstyles.Forexample,ineachofthefollowingsets,wordsofthesamenotionareusedatdifferentlevelsofformality.poorpoverty-strickenbroke,.,Inaddition,thereareculturaldifferencesinwordchoice.Weneedtothinkaboutthevariousaspectsofawordwhendecidingwhichtochoose.Choosingtherightwordis,therefore,aprocessofclarifyinganddefiningourthoughts.Unlesswehavefoundtheexactwordstoverbalizeourownthoughts,wecanneverbeverysureofwhatourthoughtsare.Withoutwords,ourthoughtscannotbedefinedorstatedinaclearandprecisemanner.,.,Anallegoryisaformofimaginativeliteratureconstructedinsuchawaythattheirreadersareencouragedtolookformeaningshiddenbeneaththeliteralsurfaceofthefiction.(EncyclopediaBritannica)Anallegoryisanarrativeinwhichthecharacters,events,andsettingrepresentdeepertruthsorgeneralizationsthanthosesuggestedbythesurfacestory.(MacmillanFamilyEncyclopedia)Anallegoryisabroadtermcoveringanypieceofwritingorimagewhichhasmeaningsadditionaltotheliteralsense(EverymansEncyclopedia),Allegory,.,Pleasureprinciple,Manisbothabiologicalanimalandsocialbeing.Inkeepingwithhisbiologicalendowment,mantendstoseekpleasureandtoavoidpain.Thistruismisknownas“pleasureprinciple”.-ColliersEncyclopedia,.,SecretsofStraight-Astudents,1.Studyanywhere-Oreverywhere.Studyatworkoratplay.However,thereisaneedforconsistency.Maintainthesametimesloteverydayforstudying.2.GetOrganized-Abackpackorplannerkeepsessentialsuppliestogetherandcutsdownontime-wastingsearchesforbooks,pencils,assignments,etc.3.Learnhowtoread-Thesecretofgoodreadingistobeanactivereader-onewhocontinuallyasksquestionsthatleadtoafullunderstandingoftheauthorsmessage.4.Scheduleyourtime-Eventhebeststudentsprocrastinatesometimes.Butwhenthathappens,theyfaceuptoit.5.Takeagoodnotes-Andusethem.Readingthetextbookisimportant,buttheteacherisgoingtotestyouonwhatheorsheemphasized.Thatswhatyoufindinyournotes,.,Abstractofthearticle,Thetitleoftheessaymayseemstrangeandevenparadoxicaltoyou.(题目有点奇怪，甚至自相矛盾）Thisspecialgroupofilliteratepeopleincludesstraight-Astudentsincollege,Ph.Dcandidates,andevencertainhighlysuccessfulprofessors.（特殊的文盲群体，不乏学识渊博之人。如：全优生，博士生，或学有所成的教授）Theyareilliteratenotintheordinarysenseoftheword,butinthesensethattheycannotsayorwriteinplainEnglish.（被称为文盲的原因：丧失了用简单语言表达自己的能力）Thereason,astheauthorargues,istobefoundinthetextbooksthesestraight-Astudentsareforcedtoreadthroughyearsofhighereducation,whicharefilledwithprofessionaljargonsandgibberishwriting.(根源：全优学生在接受教育时被迫使用的教材；教材充斥着专业术语和令人费解的措词）Theessaysetsouttoexposeandcondemnthisphenomenon,withtheaimofincreasingthepublicsawarenessoftheseriousnessoftheproblem.（揭露批判存在的现象，旨在引起大众的关注）,.,Paragraph1:1.plight:asadorunfortunatesituation.Eg.Theplightofthedisabledchildrenmovedhertotears.2.asoftenasnot:quitefrequently;atleasthalfthetime.Eg.Asoftenasnot,hewouldgototheoldwomanshomeandhelphercleanuptheplace.,LanguageLearning,.,Paragraph2:3.articulate:abletoexpressthoughtsandfeelingsclearlyandeffectively.Eg.Sheisamongthefewarticulatechildreninthenursery.4.coveted(adj.):eagerlywishedforordesired.Eg.Shewonthecovetedfirstprizeatthespeechcontest,muchtooursurprise.,.,5.decode:changeacodedmessageintointelligiblelanguage.Eg.Straight-Ailliterateswritingsarelikecodedmessagesdifficulttodecode.Paragraph3:6.affliction:1)trouble2)somethingthatcausespainorsuffering.Eg.Afeelingofisolationishischiefaffliction.,.,7.inexorably:inescapably.Eg.Newtechnologymarchesoninexorably.Paragraph4:8.profundity:profoundness;greatdepthofknowledgeorthought.Eg.Wedidntrealizethatthemodestandunassumingmanwhotalkedtousawhileagowasascholarofgreatprofundity.,.,9.monstrous:frightening,shocking.Eg.Howcouldheeverhavetoldsuchamonstrouslie!Supplementarywordstudyexile:流放eg.-Insomeperiodsofhistory,agovernmentcouldpunishacitizenbyexilinghim.(forcinghimtoleavethehomeland)-self-exiledtoParis/exiledthemselvestoParisbanish:forcibleremovaleg.Thejudgeorderedthesuspectbanishedfromthecourtroom.带下去/押下去-TVcommercialsthatpromisetheirproductscanbanishwashdaydrudgery.,.,Supplementarywordstudy,deport:officialsendingawayofsomeonewhoisnotacitizen驱逐出境Whenagovernmentdeportsaforeigner,heissentoutofthecountrybecausehehascommittedacrimeorhasnoofficialpermissiontostay.expatriate:itreferstothestrippingofcitizenshipfromsb.eitherbyhisownchoiceorbythenationschoiceexpatriateoneself移居国外，放弃原国籍extradite:引渡eject:a.topush,sendsth.out,usu.withforceeg.Themachineejectedahandfulofcigarettes.b.toejectsb.fromaplace,toforcehimtoleaveeg.Wereservetherighttoejectawayobjectionableperson.,.,Supplementarywordstudy,inaccessible:a.difficult/impossibletoreacheg.themostinaccessiblepartofthejungleb.unabletounderstand/appreciateeg.ThemusicofBartokisconsideredinaccessiblebymanypeople.cursory:eg.acursoryglance/examination;thatis,abriefone,notpayattentiontodetailsbearout:tosupport(sb.orthetruthofwhatsb.says)eg.-Theprisonersstorywasvorneoutbyhiswife.-IfItellthejudgethatIwasntthere,willyoubearmeout?,.,Supplementarywordstudy,bearup:a.remainstrong/braveeg.Aliceboreupwellunderthenewsofherhusbandsdeath.b.tohelpsb.tocontinuelivinginatimeoftroubleeg.HowcouldIhavelivedthroughMothersillnesswithoutyoutobearmeup.stagnant:business/society/economystagnant社会/经济/生意惨淡secluded:quiet,private,undisturbed-secludedbeaches/cornerofthegarden幽静的motionless:notmovingatall-tositmotionless;queuesofmotionlesscarscomethrough:-Afeelingofsadnesscomesthroughhismusic.(canbeseenorfelt)-Allmyfamilycamethroughthewar.(survivethedanger),.,Supplementarywordstudy,sustain:-Theydonothaveenoughmoneytosustainastrike.-Theyhadnothingtosustainthemalldayexcepttwocupsofcoffee.-ItishisbeliefinGodthatsustainshim.catchon:.(notformal)tobecomepopular-Idontthinkthisstrangenewfashionwillcatchon.-Wouldyoumindrepeatingthat?Ididntquitecatchon.(understandwhatonesaid)catchout:(notformal)Theexaminerswilltrytocatchyouout,sohaveallyouranswersprepared.(todiscoveroneunabletoanswer)难倒你-Imsuretheprisonerisnottellingthetruth;talktohimandseeifyoucancatchhimout.(找他的破绽),.,1、fussandbotheraboutsth.:tomakeafussofsb.:topayalotofattentiontosb.Theyliketobeflatteredandmadeafussof.喜欢受人呵护tofussoversb./sth.:topaytoomuchattentionorworryaboutthemtoomuche.g.-Shewasinclinedtofussoverherhealth.-Afussypersonisonewhomakesalotofadoaboutunimportantthings.,Languagepoints,.,2.overpopulate:tohavetoolargeapopulation;(text)theirnumberisverylarge.3.plight:difficultsituation,fullofproblemseg.-theplightofthehandicapped-Thechildrenwereinasorryplight;tired,lost,andhungry.4.asoftenasnot:inroughlyhalftheinstances多半/往往atleasthalfthetime;errogate:questionsb.closely,thoroughly,formally6.pry:trytofindoutaboutsb.elseprivateaffairseg.Imnottryingtopry.-Dontgopryingintomyaffairs.,.,7.probe:askquestions;makeinquiriesinto;trytofindouteg.toprobeforinformation-toprobethemysteriesoftheuniverse8.exogenous:growingororiginatingfromoutside9.colinearity:inlines10.becontingentupon:dependupon/bedecidedby11.coefficient:(math)系数eg.4x12.decode:todecodeatelegram/amessage,tochangeitintoordinarylanguage13.fellowship:moneygiventopostgraduatestudentstoallowthemtocontinuetheirstudiesatanadvancedlevel,.,14.gibberish:unintelligibleormeaninglessspeech,nonsense.ie.containingmanyobscure,pretentious,ortechnicalwords;vidential:a.luckyb.oforbydivineforesighttheprotectivecareofGodornatureprovidence:-Gtect/guard/shelter/screenfrom/against:eg.MayGodprotectyoufromharm.-Youcantprotecthimfromblameintheaccid