提高级进模性能-中英文翻译

景德镇陶瓷学院毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻译院 系： 机械电子学院 专 业： 材料成型及电子学院 姓 名： 黎 秒 新 学 号： 5 指导教师： 刘文广老师 完成时间： 2011年05月23日 说 明1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。指导教师评语： 签名： 年 月 日Improving Performance of Progressive DiesProgressive die stamping is a cost-effective and safe method of producing components. Careful design and construction of dies will ensure optimum performance.A progressive die performs a series of fundamental sheet metal operations at two or more stations in the die during each press stroke. These simultaneous operations produce a part from a strip of material that moves through the die. Each working station performs one or more die operations, but the strip must move from the first station through each succeeding station to produce a complete part. Carriers, consisting of one or more strips of material left between the parts, provide movement of the parts from one die station to the next. These carrier strips are separated from the parts in the last die station.There are six elements that should be addressed when designing and building a progressive die to maximize its performance: Interpreting the part print, Starting material into the die, Part lifters and part feeding, Flexible part carriers, Upper pressure pads, and Drawn shells.Interpreting the Part PrintThe first step in the proper design of a progressive die is to correctly analyze the part print. The tool designer must interpret the print to determine the function of the part by looking for such things as the type of material, critical surfaces, hole size and location, burr location, grain direction requirements, surface finish and other factors.The die designer must understand the part well, particularly if it has irregular shapes and contours. However, modern computer-drawn prints make this more difficult because computer-drawn part data can be downloaded directly to the die-design computer. As a result, the designer may not become thoroughly familiar with important part features.Also, many computer-drawn parts are more difficult to understand, because often, only one surface is shown and it may be the inside or outside surface. Computer drawings often show all lines, including hidden features, as solid lines instead of dotted lines. This leads to interpretation errors, which in turn leads to errors in the building of the die.To better understand complex part shapes, it is helpful to build a sight model of the part using sheet wax, rubber skins or wood models. Dimensional accuracy is not critical for these models, as they are used primarily to visualize the part. Rubber skins and sheet wax also can be used to develop preform shapes and to develop the best positions for the part as it passes through each die operation in the progressive die.Starting Material in the DieCare must be taken to ensure that the strip is started correctly into the die. Improper location of the lead end of the strip will do more damage to the die in the first 10 strokes of the press than the next 100,000 strokes. Lead-in gauges must have large leads and a ledge to support the lead end of the coil strip when it is inserted into the die. Large leads on the gauges are important so that the die setup person does not have to reach into the die, as well as for minimizing the time required to start a new strip into the die. Also, one gauge should be adjustable to compensate for variation in strip width,.The position of the lead edge of the strip is critical for the first press stroke, and must be determined for every die station to ensure that piercing punches do not cut partial holes in the lead edge. This could cause punch deflection or result in a partial cut with trimming punches, which can result in an unbalanced side load as the strip passes through the die. Any of these conditions can result in a shift of the punch-to-die relationship that may cause shearing of the punches.Improper location of the lead edge of the strip also can result in an unbalanced forming or flanging condition that can shift the upper die in relation to the lower die. Heels should be required to absorb this side load, particularly when forming thick materials.A pitch notch and pitch stop can provide a physical point to locate and control the lead edge of the strip. Brass tags or marker grooves also can provide a visual location, but these are not as accurate or as effective as a pitch notch stop. The press can be prevented from operating with either a short feed or over feed by mounting the pitch stop on a pivot and monitoring it with a limit switch.Part Lifters and Part FeedingProgressive dies often require the strip to be lifted from the normal die work level to the feed level before strip feeding takes place. This can vary from a small amount-to clear trim and punching burrs-to several inches to allow part shapes to clear the die.Normally, all lifters should rise to the same height so that the strip is supported in a level plane during forward feed. The strip must not sag between lifters; otherwise parts will be pulled out of their correct station location spacing. Bar lifters provide good support and are better than spring pins or round lifters notched on one side of the strip.Often, a good bar lifter system allows higher press speeds because feed problems are eliminated. Although the initial cost is more than round lifters, performance is better and setup time is reduced.As the strip is started into the lead-in gauges, the strip should be able to feed automatically through all the following die stations without requiring manual alignment in each set of gauges and lifters. The strip also must be balanced on the lifters so that it does not fall to one side during feed. A retainer cap can be mounted on the top of the outside bar lifters. This produces a groove that captures the strip during feed and prevents strip buckling.Gauging and lifter conditions can be simulated during die design by cutting a piece of transparent paper to the width of the strip. The lead edge of the paper is placed over the plan view of the die design at the location the strip will be for the first press stroke. Then the paper is marked with all of the operations that will be performed at the first die station-for example, notching and punching. The paper strip then is moved to the second station on the drawing and the operations for both the first and second stations are marked. This process is repeated through all the die stations to illustrate what the real part strip will look like when it is started into the die and helps determine the adequacy of gauges and lifters.To transport the strip from one station to the next in a progressive die, some material must be left between the parts on the strip. This carrier material may be solid across the width of the strip, or may be one or more narrow ribbons of material, see part carriers sidebar.Many parts require the edge of the blank to flow inward during flanging, forming or drawing operations. This may require the carrier to move sideways or flex vertically, or both, during the die operation. A flexible loop must be provided in the carrier to allow flexing and movement of the blank without pulling the adjacent parts out of position, Fig. 2.Another concern is the vertical breathing of parts in die stations during the closing and opening of the die in the press stroke. For example, vertical breathing takes place between the draw stations of parts requiring more than one draw to complete the part, Fig. 3. Vertical breathing also occurs when a flange is formed up in a progressive die station that is adjacent to stations that use upper pressure pads to hold the adjacent parts down.It is important to consider the flexing of the carrier during the upstroke of the press as well as during the downstroke because the action may be different. This can be simulated in the design stage by making an outline of the cross-section of the part, the pressure pads and the stationary-mounted steels on separate sheets of paper and then placing these sheets on top of each other in layers over the die section views. This will show the relative position of the part as the die closes and during the reverse action as the die ram opensPart CarriersA common feature in all progressive stamping dies is the material that transports the parts from station-to-station as it passes through the die. This material is known by various terms, such as carrier, web, strip, tie, attachment, etc. In this instance, we will use the term carrier, of which there are five basic styles:Solid carrier-All required work can be accomplished on the part without preliminary trimming. The part is cut off or blanked in the final operation.Center carrier-The periphery of the part is trimmed; leaving only a narrow tie near the middle of the part. This permits work to be performed all around the part. A wide center carrier permits trimming only at the sides of the part.Lance and carry at the center-The strip is lanced between parts, leaving a narrow area near the center to carry the parts. This eliminates scrap material between parts.Outside carriers-The carriers are attached to the sides of the part so that work can be done to the center of the part.One side carrier-The part is carried all the way or part of the way through the die with the carrier on one side only. This permits work on three sides of the part.The type or shape of the carrier will vary depending on what the part requires as it progresses from station to station in the die. The stock width may be left solid if no part material motion is required during die closure or it can be notched to create one, two or even three carriers between the partsThe carriers can be straight, form a zig-zag pattern or have loops between the parts depending on where attachment points to the part are available or to accommodate whatever clearance may be required by the die tooling. As the part is formed, flanged or drawn into a shell, the carrier may have to move sideways or up and down as the die closes and opens.When die operations cause the carrier to move, it usually will be required to flex or stretch. Regardless of carrier flexing, their key function is to move the parts close enough to the next station so that pilots, gauges and locators can put the parts into their precise location as the die closes.If the carrier acquires a permanent stretch, the parts may progress too far to fit on the next station, or in the case that the die has two carriers, one carrier may develop permanent stretch with no stretch in the other carrier. This will create edge camber in the strip, causing it to veer to one side. This results in poor part location.A stretched carrier can be shortened to its correct length by putting a dimple in the carrier. If a center carrier or one-sided carrier develops camber, the strip can be straightened by dimpling or scoring one side of the carrier. Construct the dimple and scoring punches so that they are easily adjusted sideways for position and vertically for depth.as it is delivered from the coil can cause the strip to bind in the running gauges that guide the material during the feed cycle. This binding may cause the carriers to buckle, which results in short feeds. It often helps to relieve the guide edge of the gauges in between stations and have tighter gauge control at the work station.Another option is to eliminate camber by trimming both sides of the material in the beginning of the die. By adding stops at the end of these trim notches they can be used as pitch control notches to prevent progression overfeed.Optimum Carrier ProfileThe optimum carrier profile is affected by some of the following conditions: Space available between parts: Try to keep the carriers within the stock width and pitch required for the blank. If this is not possible then the designer must add to the width and/or the progression of the material to provide adequate carrier room. Attachment points to the part: If two carriers are used, try to keep the profile and length of the carriers somewhat the same so that any effect of carrier flexing is close to being balanced. Clearance for punch and die blocks: Punch blocks that extend below the stock or die blocks that extend above the stock when the die closes will require clearance in relation to the parts and the carriers. If a loop of the carrier interferes with blocks it may be possible to form the loop vertical to provide clearance. Thickness of the material: Large parts with thin material may require stiffener beads to add strength to the carrier for stock feeding. Another stiffening and strip guiding method is to lance and flange the edge of the stock, which also can be used as a progression notch. The total of the strip: Heavy parts in long dies require more force to push the strip through the die. However, the weight is usually thick material, and thick material is stiffer than thin material. As a rule of thumb, flexible carriers for materials of 0.020 in. to 0.060 in. are about 3/16 in. to 5/16 in. wide. For stock thicknesses above and below this thickness range, carrier width is a best judgment call. Depending on all the die factors involved, under normal conditions the carriers should be a consistent width for their full length, but especially in the area of flexing. Since nearly every stock feeder pushes material through the die rather than pull the material, the carrier must be strong enough to push the parts all the way through the die.A detection switch actuated by a complete feed of the strip at the exit of the die can detect buckling. If action of the die during closure or opening of the press requires the carriers to flex, design the carrier with loops that are long enough to flex without breaking, but still strong enough to feed all the parts to their full progression. If two flex carriers are not strong enough to feed the strip, consider three carriers.Try to make the radii in flex loops as large as practical. Sharp corners or small radii will concentrate stress of flexing, making it the first point to fracture during flexing of the carrier. Also avoid any steps or nicks in the edges of the carrier.Upper Pressure PadsBecause of size or function, many progressive dies require two or more pressure pads in the upper die. Each may require a different travel distance to perform the work in the individual die station, such as trimming or forming or drawing.However, the upper pressure pads often are used to push the material lifters down by pressing against the strip, which pushes the lifters down. In this situation, all of the pressure pads that push material lifters down should have the same travel distance. If the upper pressure pads travel different distances, the strip will not be pushed down evenly. This can pull adjacent parts out of the progression, making it difficult to locate the parts in their proper station position after the feed cycle.If the part requires a flange to be formed up, the part carrier must have a flex loop to allow for vertical breathing of the part or provide a pressurized punch/pad with the same travel as the other pressure pads. The force required by the pressurized punch/pad has to be adequate to form the flanges up during the downstroke while the punch/ pad is in the extended position. This keeps the strip from breathing vertically as it is pushed down from the feed level to the normal work level.When the strip reaches the work level, the pressurized punch/pad stops its downward motion while the upper die continues down for punching, trimming, down flanging and other operations. Springs or nitrogen cylinders can be used for pressure in these pressurized punch/ pad stations, but they must have enough preload force to form the flanges up and to collapse the lower gripper pad before the upper punch/ pad recedes提高级进模性能级进模是一种成本低廉且安全的零件制造方法,. 精心设计模具结构可确保最佳性能。一副级进模在一次冲压动作中可在模具不同工位进行不同的冲压操作。这些在通过模具的带料上同时进行的冲压动作制造出零件。每个工位可进行一个或多个操作，但要生产出完整的零件条料必须经过每一个工位。而零件依靠零件之间的载体输送到各个工位，并在最后一个工位进行切除。为了使模具性能最佳，在设计和制造级进模具时，必须考虑以下五个方面： 研究零件 送料方式 零件顶出和送进 设计零件载体 压料装置零件排样设计级进模首先必须正确地理解零件图，必须考虑材料、重要表面、孔的尺寸和和位置、毛刺方向、材料纤维方向、表面粗糙度和其他因素。模具设计要求设计者必须对零件有透澈的了解，特别是对形状和轮廓不规则的零件。然而，现代计算机绘图使得零件数据可以直接下载到设计者的电脑上，使得设计者可能不熟悉零件重要特性。另外,因为计算机绘图经常出现这种情况，图上只显示一个面，可能是内表面也可能是外表面，使得很多计算机绘制的图形难以看懂。电脑绘图经常显示所有的线条，包括隐藏部分，为实线而非虚线，这导致错误，进而导致模具结构错误。为了更好地看懂复杂零件外形，可用蜡板，橡胶皮或者木板做成具有零件某个视图方向上的外形的模型。模型不要求精确的尺寸，其主要是用来形象地表示零件形状。也可以用这些模型来决定应该在级进模的哪个工位成形零件哪个部分的外形。材料送进必须确保条料准确地进入模具。如果条料导向错误，那么最初的10次冲压动作对模具造成的损伤可能比接下来的次冲裁还大。当卷料送进入模具时必须顺利导向且有限位装置。良好的导向能力时非常重要的，因为这样操作人员就不必将手伸入模具，而且可以缩短接上下一卷材料所需的时间。除此之外，导向装置必须时可调的以适应条料宽度的变化。对第一次冲裁而言条料送进位置非常重要，必须确定条料在每个工位的送进位置的以保证凸模不冲偏，会导致冲头变形或切不完整，可能造成条料不平衡送进时单侧受力。任一种可能都会造成凸凹模错位使得冲头受剪切损坏。条料送进不当成形时可能导致偏载或者边缘卷起，影响上下模之间的相对位置。垫块必须能够承受这些载荷，特别是成形较厚材料时更应如此。一个步距的凹口或止动销可作为定位点控制条料送进位置，黄铜标签或标记槽也提供了视觉定位 ，但是这些都不够准确，不够有效。通过在将步距限位销安装在支点上，并用限位开关监控以防止条料送进不到位或送进过多以保护压力机。零件顶出和送进级进模通常要求将条料抬高到距模具工作位置一定高度水平线上，使得条料送进到指定位置，而与清理废料和毛刺或者利用制件外形清理模具无关。正常情况下，所有抬高装置必须上升到同一高度使条料在送进过程中保持水平。条料不能由凹陷，否则零件会被从正确位置拔出。相对于安排在条料侧面的弹簧销和球头抬料销，杆式抬料装置效果更好。多数时候一旦材料送进问题解决，则要求杆式抬料装置可以承受较高的冲压速率。虽然成本比球头抬料装置高，但性能要好的多，而且安装时间也缩短了。一旦条料进入导料槽，条料就必须能够自动送进到所有后续工位而不需要人工在每个导向位置或抬料处对准导向。而且条料在抬料杆上应该保持平衡不在送进是偏向一侧。在