英语文体学教学PPT课件

.,1,LECTURESONSTYLISTICS,LectureOneIntroduction,.,2,CoursePlan,Lecture1:IntroductionLecture2:HistoryanddevelopmentLecture3:PhonologicallevelLecture4:LexicallevelLecture5:SyntacticlevelLecture6:SemanticlevelLecture7:TextuallevelLecture8:Graphologicallevel,.,3,CoursePlan,Lecture9:ThreeviewsonstyleLecture10:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(newsreport)Lecture11:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(advertisement)Lecture12:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(publicspeech)Lecture13:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(internet)Lecture14:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(novel)Lecture15:StylisticanalysisofvarietiesofEnglish(poem),.,4,Coursegrades:Attendanceandclassperformance:50%Finalpaper:50%Teachingmode:Lecture+presentation+discussion,.,5,Referencebooks:Crystal,D.,andD.Davy,InvestigatingEnglishStyle,Longman,1969.GeoffreyN.Leech,MichaelH.Short,StyleinFiction:ALinguisticIntroductiontoEnglishFictionalProse,Longman,1981.LauraWright,JonathanHope,Stylistics:APracticalCoursebook,Routledge,1996.Thornborrow,J.,andS.Wareing,PatternsinLanguage:StylisticsforStudentsofLanguageandLiterature,Routledge,2000.,.,6,侯维瑞，文学文体学，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2008。胡壮麟，理论文体学，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999。胡壮麟、刘世生，西方文体学辞典，北京：清华大学出版社，2004。刘世生，西方文体学论纲，济南：山东教育出版社，1998。刘世生、朱瑞青，文体学概论，北京：北京大学出版社，2006。秦秀白，实用文体学教程，长沙：湖南教育出版社,1986。秦秀白，英语语体和问题要略，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2001。,.,7,张德禄,功能文体学,济南:山东教育出版社,1998。徐有志，英语文体学教程，北京：高等教育出版社，2005。王守元、郭鸿、苗兴伟，文体学研究在中国的进展,上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004。王佐良、丁望道，英语文体学引论，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1987。钱瑗，实用英语文体学，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2006。申丹，西方文体学的新发展上海:上海外语教育出版社,2008。学习网址：LanguageandStyle课件byShorthttp:/www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/projects/stylistics/star.htm,.,8,Lecture1:Introduction,1.Definitionofstylistics2.Definitionofstyle3.TypesofStylistics4.PurposesofStylistics,.,9,Introduction,Questions1.Howdoyoudefinestylistics?2.Whatfactorscontributetotheshapingofstylistics?3.Whatarethepurposesorgoalsofstylistics?,.,10,Whatisstylistics?,.,11,Definitionofstylistics,1.Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofsituationally-distinctiveusesoflanguage,withparticularreferencetoliterarylanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.(TheFontanaDictionaryofModernThought,1977,2ndEd.,1988),.,12,Definitionofstylistics,2.QianYuansdefinition(2006:1):Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.3.XuYouzhisdefinition(2005:2):Stylisticsisadisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused;itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestylesoflanguageinuse.,.,13,Definitionofstylistics,4.Leechsdefinition(1969:1,2):thestudyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature,ameeting-groundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy5.Widdowson(1975:3):Bystylistics,ImeanthestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientationandIshalltaketheviewthatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflinkingthetwo.,.,14,Definitionofstylistics,6.Walesdefinition:Thestudyofstyle;justasstylecanbeviewedinseveralways,sothereareseveraldifferentstylisticapproaches.Thisvarietyinstylisticsisduetothemaininfluencesoflinguisticsandliterarycriticism.Byfarthemostcommonkindofmaterialstudiedisliterary;andattentionislargelytext-centered.,.,15,Whatisyourdefinitionofstyle?,.,16,Definitionofstyle,Byitsdefinitionindictionaries,thewordstylehasthreeaspectsofmeaning:Themannerofexpressioninwritingorspeaking,whichchangesatalltimeaccordingtotheactualsituationalelements,e.g.,theparticipant,time,place,topic,etc.ofthecommunicativeevent,fromveryformaltoveryinformal,.,17,Definitionofstyle,2.Theregister语域,whichreferstothespecialvarietyoflanguageusedbyaparticularsocialgroupthatmayhaveacommonprofession,e.g.,doctors,lawyers,teachers,orthesameinterests,e.g.,footballfans,etc,.,18,Definitionofstyle,3.Thesetoflinguisticfeaturesthatseemtobecharacteristicofatext,e.g.,thestyleofJaneAustensPrideandPrejudice,orofanauthor,e.g.,Miltonicstyle,.,19,Definitionofstyle,Therearediversemeaningsoftheword“style”:Lucas(1974):Theoriginofthewordis“stylus”,aLatinwordfor“pen”.Thewordextendeditsmeaningto“awayofwriting”,thenbecamefurtherrefinedtomean“agoodwayofwriting”.Stylecanmean“adeliberatelycultivated,individual,peculiarstyleofonesown”.Eg:HemingwaysstylethestyleofHenryJames,.,20,Definitionofstyle,2.FrenchauthordeBuffon:Styleisthemanhimself.3.JonathanSwift(the18thc)definedstyleas“properwordsinproperplaces”.,.,21,Definitionofstyle,4.Wales(1989):styleisa“wayyouhaveofdoingthings”.Initsgeneralsense:styleis“variationinlanguageuse”;whileinitsnarrowdefinition,styleis“thesetorsumoflinguisticsfeaturesthatseemtobecharacteristic,whetherofregister语域,genreorperiod”.,.,22,Definitionofstyle,5.FoursensesofstylebyD.CrystalandD.Davy:1)someorallthelanguagehabitsofaperson,hisselectionoflanguagehabits.e.g.Shakespearesstyle;2)someorallthelanguagehabitssharedbyagroupofpeopleatonetime,oroveraperiodoftime.e.g.thestyleofOldEnglishheroicpoetry3)theeffectivenessofamodeofexpression(amorerestrictedmeaninginevaluativesense).“sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway.”eg:Hiswritinglacksstyle.,.,23,Definitionofstyle,4)initsevaluativeanddescriptivesense,ithasbeenassociatedwithliteratureasacharacteristicofgood,effectiveorbeautifulwriting.6.Leechsdefinition:Inabroadsense,stylecanbeappliedtobothspokenandwritten,bothliteraryandnon-literaryvarietiesoflanguage.Inatraditionalsense,styleisparticularlyassociatedwithwrittenliterarytexts.,.,24,Definitionofstyle,7.LiuShishengscollection(1998:9-10):1)Styleasrhetoric(Gorgias)2)Styleasform(Aristotle)3)Styleaseloquence(Cicero)4)Styleasproperwordsinproperplaces(Swift)5)Styleistheman.(Buffon)6)Styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy气质，习性，癖好(Murry)7)Styleastechniqueofexposition(Murry)8)Styleasthehighestachievementofliterature(Murry),.,25,9)Styleissayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway(Enkvist)10)Styleasashellsurroundingapreexistingcoreofthoughtorexpression(Enkvist)11)Styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpression(Enkvist)12)Styleasasetofcollectivecharacteristics(Enkvist)13)Styleasthoserelationsamonglinguisticentitiesthatarestableintermsofwiderspansoftextthanthesentences(Enkvist),.,26,Definitionofstyle,14)Styleasequivalence(Jakobson)15)Styleasfunction(ThePragueSchool)16)Styleasforegrounding(Mukarovsky)17)Styleasdeviation(Spitzer)18)Styleastransformation(Ohmann)19)Styleasmeaningpotential(Halliday)20)Styleasexpressiveness(Ullman)21)Styleasprominence(Halliday),.,27,22)Styleasformalover-determination多元决定(Riffaterre)23)Styleasdepth(Darbysgire)24)Styleasthelinguisticfeaturesthatcommunicateemotionsandthought(Murry)25)Styleasthevarietyoflanguagerestrictedbythecontext(Enkvist)26)Styleasachoiceamongthenon-distinctivefeaturesoflanguage(Bloomfield)27)Styleisasuperfluous多余的termthathasnodifferencefromformorexpression(Croce),.,28,28)Styleisnottheheritageofexpression,butthatofaquotingprocess,asetofpatterns,amemory,aculture(Barthes)29)Styleinonesenseissynonymouswithlanguage(Wales)30)Styleastheselectionoffeaturespartlydeterminedbythedemandsofgenre,form,theme,etc.(Wales),.,29,Discussion:Whyaretheresomanydifferentwaystodefinestyle?Whatdoesthisshow?Generationsofstylistshavegivendifferentdefinitionswhichenrichedtheconceptsomuchthattheissueofstylebecomesmoreandmorecomplex.Noonedefinitionisgenerallyacknowledged,whichshowsthedifficultyingivinganexactdefinitionofit.,.,30,Whatmakesitdifficulttodefinestyle?Therehavebeenmanyviewsofstyle,whichisbasedonmanygeneralviewsoflanguage.Scholarshavemanydifferentpurposesintheirstylisticpractices,theirviewsofstylefocusondifferentaspectoflanguage,reflectthestagesofmansinterestinlanguageandthedevelopmentoflinguistics.CommentonthemTrytoclassifythemintodifferentgroups.,.,31,LuiShisheng(2006)Definitionsof4,6,9,10,11and12arebasedontraditionallinguistictheoryDefinitionsof14,15,16,17,18and19arebasedonstructurallinguistictheoryDefinitionsof12and20arebasedonsystemicfunctionallinguistictheories,.,32,秦秀白（2002）classifieddefinitionsofstyleinto7categories:表达方式说Styleissayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway(Enkvist)2.外衣说Styleisthedressofthought(Philip)Styleasashellsurroundingapreexistingcoreofthoughtorexpression(Enkvist),.,33,3.行为方式说Styleistheman.(Buffon)4.选择说Styleasachoiceamongthenon-distinctivefeaturesoflanguage(Bloomfield)Styleastheselectionoffeaturespartlydeterminedbythedemandsofgenre,form,theme,etc.(Wales)5.社会情景制约说Styleasthevarietyoflanguagerestrictedbythecontext(Enkvist),.,34,6.语言成分排列说Styleasthoserelationsamonglinguisticentitiesthatarestableintermsofwiderspansoftextthanthesentences(Enkvist)7.偏离说Styleasdeviation(Spitzer)Styleasforegrounding(Mukarovsky),.,35,TypesofStylistics,TwokindsofStylistics:GeneralStylistics普通文体学LiteraryStylistics文学文体学GeneralStylistics:astudyofvariousstyles,includingliterarystyle;astudyofdifferentvarietiesofEnglish;ageneralsurveyofEnglishvarieties,orageneralsurveyoftheEnglishlanguage.,.,36,TypesofStylistics,LiteraryStylisticsisalinguisticapproachtothestudyofliterarytexts.(Short,1989)TheThreekeyconceptsare:1.touselinguisticstostudyliterarytexts,2.todiscussthetextsaccordingtoobjectivecriteriaratherthansubjectiveandimpressionisticvalues,3.toemphasizeontheaestheticpropertiesoflanguage.,.,37,Thelinguisticapproachtoliteratureisanapplicationoflinguistictheoryandmethodologytoliterarytexts.Itestablishedanintimaterelationshipbetweenlanguagestudyandliteraryappreciation.Purelinguisticsaimstomakefineanalysisofthelinguisticformofatext,oftenneglectingitsaestheticeffectorartisticvalue.Traditionalliterarycriticismconcernsitselfwithsocial,moralorpoliticalevaluationsofaliterarywork,oftenneglectingitslinguisticform.,.,38,Thelinguisticapproachtoliteratureisthemeetinggroundoflinguisticsandliterarycriticism.Itispartofappliedlinguisticsandatypeofpracticalcriticism.,.,39,ItsgeneralprocesssuggestedbyLeech(1981)：LiteraryAppreciationSeekingaesthetic-AB-SeekinglinguisticfunctionevidenceLinguisticdescriptionAprocessisusedtofindoutwhateffectalinguisticpatternistoproduce.Bprocessisusedtodiscoverthroughwhatlinguisticmeanstheauthorhasachievedcertaineffect.,.,40,Thetextisalwaysthefocusandthekeytosuccessisaclosestudyoflexical,syntactic,rhetoricalandstylistictraits.Thisapproachusesthetheoryandmethodologyoflinguistics,grammar,rhetoric,stylistics,literarycriticismandotherareas.Itisnotapanacea(灵丹妙药)whichcanoffercompleteexplanationoftext,butratherausefultoolwhichcanprovidesomeofthethingsthatthecriticlooksfortoconfirmhisjudgments.,.,41,PurposesofStylistics,CrystalandDavy:1.toanalyzelanguagehabitswiththemainpurposeofidentifyingthosefeaturesthatarerestrictedtocertainkindsofsocialcontext;2.toexplainwhysuchfeatureshavebeenused,asopposedtoothers;3.toclarifythesefeaturesintocategories,basedonaviewoftheirfunctioninthesocialcontent.,.,42,PurposesofStylistics,Leech:Thegoalofliterarystylisticsistoexplaintherelationbetweenlanguageandartisticfunction,ie.torelatethecriticsconcernofaestheticappreciation(Howissuch-and-suchanaestheticeffectachievedthroughlanguage?),withlinguistsconcernoflinguisticdescription(Whydoestheauthorherechoosetoexpresshimselfinthisparticularway?).,.,43,PurposesofStylistics,Twopossiblegoalsofstylisticinquiry:(Halliday,1983)1.toshowwhyandhowthetextmeanswhatitdoes.2.toshowwhythetextisvaluedasitis.Astylisticanalysisinvolves3procedures:1.erpretation3.evaluation,.,44,PurposesofStylistics,WalesThegoalofmoststylisticsisnotsimplytodescribetheformalfeaturesoftextsfortheirownsake,butinordertoshow