文艺复兴 英文简介PPT课件

.,1,RENAISSANCE,.,2,TheRenaissancereferstotheperiodinEuropeancivilizationtowardstheendoftheMiddleAges,whichwascharacterizedbyasurgeofinterestinclassicallearningandvalues.TheRenaissanceemergedwhensocialinstability,economicsluggishnessandintellectualdepressionbecamesointolerablethatmostofthepeople,especiallytheintellectualscouldnolongeraccepttheworseningsituation.TheRenaissanceasamovementfirststartedinFlorenceandthenexpandedtoVenice,RomeandotherItaliancitiesbeforeitswepttherestpartsofEurope.Paintingandsculpturewerethemostsensitivefieldstothechangewiththeirsubjectsandtastes,shiftingfromdullness,stagnation,lackofemotionanddivinitytodynamics,enthusiasmandhumanitarianism.Literatureandideologysoonfollowed,GetStarted_1.2,GetStarted,.,3,GetStarted_1.3,GetStarted,asotherimportantareasproceededandthemovementfurtherseparateditselffromfeudalistictyranny,ecclesiasticbondageandsoughtintellectualfreedomandideologicalemancipation.TheRenaissanceischaracterizedbyseekingideologicalemancipation,intellectualfreedomandpoliticalawareness,basedonculturalproductionandreligiousreformation.Allthesewereundertakenorunfoldedgraduallybutwidely,extendingitsinfluencestoeverycornerofEurope,withmoreandmorepeoplegettinginvolved.Theachievementswereseenprincipallyinsixareas,namely,painting,sculpture,poetry,fiction,dramaandreligiousreformationaswellasthechangeintheculturalandintellectualclimate.,.,4,TextStudy_II_1.2,TextStudy,MainIdeas,MainIdeas,Feature:TheRenaissanceischaracterisedbyseekingideologicalemancipation,intellectualfreedomandpoliticalawareness,basedonculturalproductionandreligiousreformation.Allthesewereundertakenorunfoldedgraduallybutwidely,extendingitsinfluencestoeverycornerofEurope,withmoreandmorepeoplegettinginvolved.ThemoststrikingfeatureoftheRenaissancewasdoubtlesslytheflourishofhumanism.,.,5,GetStarted_1.4,GetStarted,TheRenaissancewasanimportantstageinthehistoricalprocessoftheWesterncivilizationandindicatedatransitionalperiodfromtheMiddleAgestothemodernerainthedevelopmentofWesternculture.EconomicandintellectualchangesduringtheRenaissancebothhelpedtospeedupWesternsocialandculturaldevelopmentandpreparedthenecessaryconditionsfortherapidprogressinpolitical,socialandideologicalareasoftheModernAge.,.,6,SummaryofRenaissance,Afterthemiddleagesbeganaperiodof“rebirth”inEurope,aperiodwhichbeganinthecity-statesofItaly.Thenewspiritoftheerawasthatofhumanism,whichwasmuchdifferentfromthehighlyreligiousperiodthatcamebeforeit.,.,7,Humanism,Humanismisanapproachinstudy,philosophy,worldvieworpracticethatfocusesonhumanvaluesandconcerns.ItwasaculturalmovementinItalybasedonandinspiredbythestudyofclassicalworks.,.,8,HowwouldyoucomparetheMiddleAgestoRenaissanceItaly?,.,9,MiddleAgesvs.Renaissance,400-1400,ReligiousRuralcultureArtsareGod-centeredPoorIntellectualstagnation,1400-1600,“Humanist”UrbancultureArtsmorehuman-centeredWealthyNewideasarediscussed,.,10,WhatarethemaincausesoftheRenaissanceinItaly?,.,11,WhatarethemaincausesoftheRenaissanceinItaly?,Theinventionoftheprintingpress1440ThesiegeofConstantinople1453ItalianurbancultureItaliantradeandcontactwithothercultures,.,12,PrintingPress-1440,Aprintingpressisadeviceforapplyingpressuretoaninkedsurfacerestinguponaprintmedium(suchaspaperorcloth),therebytransferringtheink.Typicallyusedfortexts,theinventionoftheprintingpressiswidelyregardedasthemostinfluentialeventinthesecondmillenniumAD,revolutionizingthewaypeopleconceiveanddescribetheworldtheylivein,andusheringintheperiodofmodernity.,.,13,PrintingPress-1440,ThemanwhoinventedtheprintingpresswasJohannesGutenberg,fromGermany.ThisimageshowswhatisknownastheGutenbergeditionoftheBible,thefirstwide-spreadeditionoftheBible.Before,monksinmonastarieswouldhavetowritetheBiblebyhand,sotheyweremoredifficulttocomebyfortheaverageperson.,.,14,Movabletype,.,15,PrintingPress,Thisisapairofworkersatapress.Usingthenewinvention,theycouldprintabout3,600pagesperday.,.,16,WhydidtheprintingpresshelpleadtotheRenaissance?,.,17,SiegeofConstantinople1453君士坦丁堡的陷落,Constantinople(modern-dayIstanbulinTurkey)wasthecapitaloftheByzantineEmpire,thelastvestigeoftheEasternRomanEmpire.,.,18,SiegeofConstantinople-1453,TheOttomanEmpire(alsoknownasthe“Turks”)laidsiegetothecityforoveramonth,anditfinallyfellundertheircontrol.Hereyoucanseethecannon,arelativelynewweapon.,.,19,HowdidthefallofConstantinopleleadtotheRenaissance?,.,20,ItalianUrbanCulture,Italyatthistimewasdividedintomanysmallerkingdoms.LiketherestofEurope,therewasnorealcentralizedmonarchy.ButinItaly,thesesmallerstatesusuallyhadalargeurbanarea(unlinkMedievalkingdoms,whichtendedtobemuchmoreagrarianandrural).Thesewerecalledcity-states,andalsotendedtobewealthierthantheplacesinnorthernEurope.Thiswasdueinparttoitsfocusontradewithothernations.,.,21,MapofItalianCity-States(1494),.,22,Italiancontactwithothercultures,BecauseofitsconvenientlocationintheMediterranean,Italiancity-stateshadanadvantageoverNorthernEurope(theHanseaticLeague)inthattheywereintheideallocationtotradewiththerestoftheworld.TheMediterraneansea(地中海)isanidealplacetotradewithothernationsofvastlydifferentculture.,.,23,Italiancontactwithothercultures,Inthe1200sand1300s,Italiancity-statesdidalotoftrade,shippingthingsfromthefamous“SilkRoad”,withproductsthatcamefromChinaandIndia.ThisofcoursebroughtItalyintocontactwithotherculturesandhelpedthecity-statesaccumulatewealth(thinkofMarcoPolooftheVenetianRepublic).Fortheupper-classes,thewealthenabledanew“bourgeoisculture”characterizedbyleisureandself-cultivation,andthecontactwithotherculturesbroughtan“openness”inItalynotseeninotherEuropeanplacesatthetime.,.,24,PatronageoftheArts提倡艺术,ThemostfamouspatronoftheartswasLorenzodeMedici,aleaderofFlorenceandamemberofthewealthyMedicifamily.DuetothespendingofpeopleliketheMedicis,artoftheRenaissancewasabletoflourishassculptors,architects,andartistswereabletofocustheirattentionontheirworkinsteadoftryingtofindawaytomakemoney.,.,25,Florence,Florence(ofTuscany)isknownasthe“CityofFlowers.”ThiscityisusuallyconsideredthebirthplaceandcenteroftheItalianRenaissance,andisknownforitswealthyMedicifamilywhoruledthecitythroughtheperiod.,.,26,MediciChapels,.,27,.,28,.,29,Milan,Centerof“Lombardy”,.,30,Venice,.,31,Genoa,.,32,LiteratureoftheRenaissance,GiovanniBoccaccioTheDecameronNicoloMachiavelliThePrinceFrancescoPetrarchVariousLovePoetry,.,33,FamousMenoftheRenaissance,LeonardodaVinciMichelangeloDonatelloRaphael,.,34,LeonardoMichelangeloDonatelloRaphael,.,35,LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519),LeonardodaVinciwasanItalianRenaissancepolymath(博学者):painter,sculptor,architect,musician,scientist,mathematician,engineer,inventor,anatomist,geologist,cartographer,botanistandwriterwhosegenius,perhapsmorethanthatofanyotherfigure,epitomizedtheRenaissancehumanistideal.LeonardohasoftenbeendescribedasthearchetypeoftheRenaissanceMan,amanofunquenchablecuriosityandfeverishlyinventiveimagination,.,36,LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519),SomeofhisgreatestandmostfamousworksincludeTheLastSupperandMonaLisa.,.,37,LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519),.,38,“RenaissanceMan”,Itmeansapersonwhocandoalmostanything,inawiderangeofdifferentsubjects.LeonardodaVinciisthemostfamousexampleofaRenaissanceman,buttheexpressioncanevenbeusedtodescribepeoplenotfromtheRenaissance.Aristotle,forinstance,isanotherexample.,.,39,Michelangelo(1475-1564),MichelangelowasanItalianRenaissancepainter,sculptor,architect,poet,andengineerwhoexertedanunparalleledinfluenceonthedevelopmentofWesternart.,.,40,Michelangelo(1475-1564),Pieta,isasculptureofMaryholdingthedeadbodyofJesus.,.,41,Michelangelo(1475-1564),StatueofDavidWhoisDavid?,.,42,StoryofDavidandGoliath,Goliath,theleaderofthePhilistinepeople,challengedanymanbraveenoughtofighthim.For40daysheemergedfromhisarmy,twotimeseachday,waitingforsomeonebraveenoughtochallengehim.AnybodythatdefeatedhimwouldcausethePhilistinearmytoleaveIsrael.David,thefuturekingofIsrael(thoughrightnowonlyashepherdboy)acceptsthechallengeandkillshimwithasling.,.,43,Michelangelo(1475-1564),CeilingofSistineChapeltookfouryearstocomplete.,.,44,TextStudy_III_2.1,InterpretationofCulturalTerms,TextStudy,SistineChapel西斯廷教堂:theprivatechurchintheVaticanforPope,famousforthemagnificentdesignsandfrescoesmadebyMichelangeloduringtheRenaissance,InterpretationofCulturalTerms,.,45,TextStudy_III_2.1,InterpretationofCulturalTerms,TextStudy,InterpretationofCulturalTerms,.,46,Michelangelo(1475-1564),Whatisdifferentaboutthispaintingfrompreviousmedievalpaintings?,.,47,Donatello(1386-1466),DonatellowasanearlyRenaissanceItalianartistandsculptorfromFlorence.Heismostfamousforhisbronzestatues.,.,48,Donatello(1386-1466),BronzecastingofDavid.,.,49,Raphael(1483-1520),RaphaelwasanItalianpainterandarchitectoftheHighRenaissance.Hisworkisadmiredforitsclarityofformandeaseofcompositionandforitsvisualachievementoftheidealofhumangrandeur.,.,50,Raphael(1483-1520),MadonnaoftheMeadow,a“pastoral”work,whichmeansithastodowiththevillageorcountrylife.,.,51,Raphael(1483-1520),SchoolofAthens,.,52,PatronoftheArtsactivity,LikeItalyinthe14thand15thcenturies,Chinaisalsogoingthroughaperiodofeconomicgrowth.WealthypeopleinChinaarenowwithmoremoneytospend,andithasbeennotedthatspendingontheartshasincreasedalotwhencomparedtothepast.Iwantyoutogetintoyourgroups.Eachgroupisawealthyfamilythatwantstosupportartisticendeavors.Youhave6,500,000,000RMB(1,000,000,000USD)thatyouwanttospend.Whatkindofprojectswouldyousupport?Whatwillyouhavebuilt,painted?Whichartistswillyouhire?Whydoyouwanttosupportthiskindofart?,.,53,MedievalFashion,.,54,RenaissanceFashion,.,55,RenaissanceFashion,.,56,RenaissanceFashion,.,57,RenaissanceFashion,.,58,RenaissanceFashion,.,59,IdealBeauty,.,60,.,61,RenaissanceinFrance,.,62,FranoisRabelais（拉伯雷wasamajorFrenchRenaissancewriter,doctorandRenaissancehumanistandwasamonkandGreekscholar.Hehashistoricallybeenregardedasawriteroffantasy,satire,thegrotesque(丑陋的),andbawdy(骚话)jokesandsongs.HewroteGargantuaandPantagruel巨人传.,.,63,RenaissanceinSpain,.,64,1492inSpain!,1492wasabigyearforSpain.ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericasGranadawastaken(thiseventiscalledtheReconquista),thusunifyingtheIberianPeninsulaIntensification(增强)oftheSpanishInquisitionJewsandMuslimswereexpelledfromthecountry(赶出国门),.,65,Reconquista(Reconquer),TheReconquistaisaprocessthattookseveralhundredyears.AftertheBattleofToursinyear732,SpainstillremainedlargelyMuslim.Littlebylittle,theChristians“reconquered”SpainandmadeitChristianonceagain,completingtheprocessaftertakingbackGranadain1492.,.,66,Cervantes（赛万提）,HeisknownasthemostinfluentialmanontheSpanishlanguage,somuchsothatSpanishisoftenreferredtoaslalenguadeCervantes.HisbestknowworkisDonQuixote,astoryabouttheheroDonQuixoteandhiscompanionSanchoPanza.,.,67,DonQuixote（唐吉诃德）,Thestoryisaboutamanofnearlyfiftyyearsofage.Whilemostlyrational,theeffectofreadingmanyRomancesandnovelshashaddistortedhisperception.Hebelieveseverywordofthesebooksanddecidestogoonadventureshimself.,.,68,RenaissanceintheLowCountries,TheLowCountriesreferstotheareaofTheNetherlands(荷兰)andBelgium(比利时).,.,69,DesideriusErasmus,DesideriusErasmus(14661536),knownasErasmusofRotterdam,wasaDutchRenaissancehumanist,Catholicpriest,andatheologianfromTheNetherlands.HewasknownforbeingcommittedtoreformingtheChurch,thoughnotasextremeasMartinLuther.HeservedasaninspirationtoLuther.,.,70,HieronymusBosch（耶罗尼米斯博斯）,HieronymusBoschwasaDutch(fromTheNetherlands)painter.Hisworkisknownforitsuseoffantasticimagerytoillustratemoralandreligiousconceptsandnarratives.,.,71,HieronymusBosch,TheGardenofEarthlyDelights,.,72,HieronymusBosch,DetailfromHell,.,73,PieterBruegeltheElder（老彼得勃鲁盖尔）,PieterBruegel(c.15251569)wasaFlemishrenaissancepainterandprintmakerknownforhislandscapesandpeasantscenes.,.,74,PieterBruegeltheElder,LandscapewiththeFallofIcarus,.,75,PieterBruegeltheElder,TowerofBabel,.,76,PieterBruegeltheElder,ReturnoftheHuntersispartofa6-partseriesmeanttodepictdifferenttimesoftheyear.,.,77,RenaissanceinEngland,DuetosuchcircumstancesastheWaroftheRoses(acivilwarbetweentheHousesofYorkandLancaster)andEnglandsrelativelyisolatedgeographiclocation,theRenaissancedidnotmakeittoEnglanduntilmuchlater.ItwasnotuntilthereignofElizabethIthatstabilitycametoEngland,allowingtheartstofinallyflourish.,.,78,ThomasMore,SirThomasMore(14781535)wasanEnglishlawyer,socialphilosopher,author,statesmanandnotedRenaissancehumanist.HewasanimportantcouncillortoHenryVIIIofEnglandandwasanopponentoftheProtestantReformationandinparticularofMartinLuther.Morecoinedtheword“utopia”(乌托邦)anamehegavetotheideal,imaginaryislandnationwhosepoliticalsystemhedescribedinUtopia,publishedin1516.HeopposedthekingsseparationfromtheCatholicChurchandrefusedtoacceptthekingasSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEngland.In1534,hewasimprisonedforhisrefusaltotaketheoathrequiredbytheFirstSuccessionAct,becausetheactdisparaged(轻视)thepowerofthePopeandHenrysmarriagetoCatherineofAragon.In1535,hewastriedfortreason,convictedonperjuredtestimony,andbeheaded.,.,79,Shakespeare,Shakespeare(15641616)wasaplaywrightthatlivedthroughtheElizabethanperiodofEngland.Hisplaysareknownforbeingfullofarchetypes(原型)andcleverlydepictingthe“humancondition.”,.,80,ShallIcom