被动语态用法详解PPT课件

.,1,ThePassiveVoice,.,2,(一)语态分类,英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动)汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。,.,3,Shewaterstheflowerseveryday.,Theflowers,Whatdoesshedoeveryday?,everyday.,arewatered,byher,.,4,主动句与被动句之间的转换Weboughtsomebooks.主语谓语动词主动语态的过去式宾语Somebookswerebought(byus)主语谓语动词被动语态的过去分词介词+宾语,.,5,Mymothersweepstheflooreveryday.,Thefloorissweptbymymothereveryday.,.,6,jacket,Thejacketisusedforkeepingwarm.,ThejacketismadeinGuangzhou.,Guangzhou,keepingwarm,.,7,summary,英语中动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,在被动语态中动作的执行者有时用by短语表示出来.,一般现在时(simplepresent)：S(主语)+am/is/are+过去分词(done),一般过去时(simplepast)：S+was/were+过去分词(done),.,8,Anncantakegoodcareofthecats,ThecatscanbetakengoodcareofbyAnn.情态动词(modelverb)：S+can/must/should等情态动词+be+过去分词,.,9,Theycansingsomebeautifulsongs.,Somebeautifulsongscanbesungbythem.,.,10,(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：一般现在时：一般过去时：一般将来时：含有情态动词现在进行时：过去进行时：现在完成时：过去完成时：将来完成时：过去将来完成时：注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。,am/is/are+donewas/were+doneshall/will+bedoneshould/would+bedoneam/is/are+being+donewas/were+being+donehave/has+been+donehad+been+doneshall/will+havebeen+doneshould/would+havebeen+done,.,11,主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：,1把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语。,2把动词变为被动形式即be+过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。,3原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。,4其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。,.,12,被动语态的几种句型,1肯定句主语+be+过去分词+(by),Asweetsongwassungbyheronthestage.,2否定句主语+be+not+过去分词+(by),3一般疑问句Be+主语+过去分词+(by),Asweetsongwasntsungbyheronthestage.,Wasasweetsongsungbyheronthestage?,4特殊疑问句疑问词+be+主语+过去分词+(by),Wherewasasweetsongsungbyher?,.,13,(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态1.一般现在时：(1)Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.(2)Theschooldoesntallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.,.,14,(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态2.一般过去时：(1)Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.(2)Thestudentsdidntforgethislessonseasily.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.,.,15,(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态3.一般将来时：(1)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.(2)Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.,.,16,(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态4.过去将来时：(1)Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.(2)Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.,.,17,(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态5.现在进行时：(1)TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.(2)Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.,.,18,(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态6.过去进行时：(1)Theworkersweremendingtheroad.Theroadwasbeingmended.(2)Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.,.,19,(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态7.现在完成时：(1)Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.(2)Hehasbroughthisbookhere.Hisbookhasbeenbroughthere.,.,20,(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态8.过去完成时：(1)WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.(2)Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.,.,21,(四）含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。(1)Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.(2)Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.,.,22,(五)被动语态的使用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。“Mr.White,thecupwasbrokenafterclass.”2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替by短语。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.,.,23,(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法,（1）Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语Iwasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.,1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。,.,24,(六)语态转换时所注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.,保留宾语,.,25,注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。(1)Thebookwasshowedtotheclass.(2)Mybikewaslenttoher.2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。(1)Anewskirtwasmadeforme.(2)Themeatwascookedforus.(3)Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.,.,26,3.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedntbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.,.,27,4.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：(1)Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.(2)Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.,.,28,5.当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.误：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.,.,29,6.当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：Theyhaventdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.误：Anythinghasntbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.,7.以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在句首：Whowrotethestory?误：Whowasthestorywritten?正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?,.,30,8.有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：(1)Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。(2)Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。对比：Thebookssellwell.(主动句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句)Themeatdidntcookwell.(主动句)Themeatwascookedforalong