英语四级作文写作技巧PPT课件

英语四级作文,.,2,一、解读大纲,写作（writing）部分是测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间为30分钟。写作选用考生所熟悉的题材。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达准确、意义连贯、无严重语法错误。考试时间30分钟。,.,3,二.大学英语四级作文评分标准,2%条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5%基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8%基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11%切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14%切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注:白卷,作文与题目毫不相关,或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。),.,4,三.写作步骤,1、审题(确定体裁或写作类型:议论文？应用文？说明文？描述文？;确定主题句（论点）2、草拟提纲(围绕提示句,扩展提示句所提供的信息)3、正文写作4、检查修改(时态：时态一致;主谓关系单复数;人称一致;可数不可数;指代问题;冠词的用法;词组和短语的固定搭配;单词拼写;标点符号),.,5,四、写作类型,（1）对比观点型（2）说明利弊型（3）解释现象型（4）解决问题型（5）图表表述型（6）应用文写作,.,6,（1）对比观点型作文对策,作文类型与要求：阐述对立观点型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：1有（些）人认为2也有（些）人认为3我的看法/观点这类型的作文的写作可以采用以下的模式：第一段：引出讨论的主题，阐述观点A及其理由第二段、阐述观点B及其理由第三段：表明自己的观点以及理由注意：在结尾的时候，一定要表明自己的观点。,.,7,对比观点型高分模板Thetopicof_(主题)isbecomingmoreandmorepopularrecently.Therearetwosidesofopinionsofit.SomepeoplesayAistheirfavorite.Theyholdtheirviewforthereasonsof_(支持A的理由一)。Whatsmore,_(理由二)。Thirdly,_(理由三)。WhileothersthinkBisabetterchoiceinthefollowingthreereasons.Firstly,_(支持B的理由一).Besides,_(理由二).Finally,_(理由三)。Frommypointofview,Ithink_(我的观点).Thereasonisthat_(原因).Asamatteroffact,therearesomeotherreasonstoexplainmychoice.Forme,theformerissurelyawisechoice.,.,8,经典句型-对比观点常用句型1.Astowhetheritisworthwhile.,thereisalong-runningcontroversialdebate.Itisquitenaturalthatpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsmayhavedivergentattitudestowardsit.关于是否值得_的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。2.Whenitcomesto,mostpeoplebelievethat,butotherpeopleregardas.提到_问题，很多人认为_，不过，一些人则认为_是_.3.Whenfacedwith.,quiteafewpeopleclaimthat.,butotherpeoplethinkas提到_问题，有人认为_，但另一些人则认为_。4.Thereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof.Thosewhocriticizearguethat.,theybelievethat,butpeoplewhofavor.,ontheotherhand,arguethat目前，_问题争议较大。批判_的人认为_，他们认为_，不过，另一方面，赞同_的人则认为_。,.,9,5.Whenaskedabout,differentpeoplewillofferdifferentopinions.Somepeoplesay/think/believe/takeitforgrantedthat,whileothersholdthat当被问及_,不同的人持有不同的观点。有人认为_,而其他人认为_.6.Withthedevelopmentofthesociety,thecontroversialissueofisoftenbroughtintopublicfocus.Peoplefromdifferentbackgroundsholddifferentattitudestowardstheissue.随着社会的发展，_这个极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。7.Recently,therearisesacontroversialdebateoverwhetherweshouldor最近，对于我们是否应该_的问题出现了很多争议。8.Whetherweshouldviewasablessingorcurseisaverypopulartopicwhichisoftentalkedaboutnotonlybycityresidents/teachersbutbyfarmers/studentsaswell.我们应该把_看做是好还是坏成为了一个热门话题，不仅城里人（教师）在谈论这个问题，农民（学生）也在谈论。,.,10,经典句型-支持者观点常用句型Thosewhostronglyapproveof.havelotsofreasonsforit.Firstly,.Whatsmore,.Inaddition,Somepeoplecontendthathasprovedtobringmanyadvantages.Foronething,Foranother,Lastbutnottheleast,Peoplewhosupportgivesomeorallofthefollowingreasons.Thosewhohavealreadybenefitedfrompracticingitsinghighpraiseofit.Somepeoplethink/preferthatTheyholdthisidea/opinion/viewbecause,.,11,经典句型-反对者观点常用句型Butontheotherhand,therearealsoquiteafewpeoplewhostronglyadvocatethat.However,therearealargenumberofpeoplewhoholdadifferentviewconcerningthiscase.Butotherpeoplesetforthcompletelytotallydifferentargumentconcerningthiscase.TheyarguethatSomepeopleexaminethisissuefromanotherangle.Ontheotherhand,therearealsomanyopponentswhostronglyHowever/Ontheotherhand,therearestillmanypeoplewhowontagree.TheyarguethatBesides/Inaddition,.,12,经典句型-表达个人观点常用句型Personally,Isidewiththelatter(former)opinionPersonally,IaminfavoroftheformerpointofviewAsfarasIamconcerned,Iaminclinedtobeonthesideofthelatterview.Afterathoroughconsideration,formypart,IaminfavorofthelatterviewthatIfaskedtomakeadecision,IwouldpreferTakingintoconsiderationbothsidesoftheissue,ItendtofavorthelatterviewPersonally/Frommypointofview/Frommyperspective,IamonthesideofthelatterargumentbecauseTherefore/Inconclusion,Ifaskedtomakeachoice,Iwouldnothesitatetosidewiththeformer/latterview.,.,13,实战练习,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledShouldOnlineBusinessesBeTaxed?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.1.长期以来，网店纳税的话题一直受到人们的关注2.有人赞成网店纳税，但也有人反对这种做法3.我的观点,.,14,网店应该纳税吗？ShouldOnlineBusinessesBeTaxed?,第一段就长久以来一直受到人们关注和备受争议的话题（alongrunningconcern,Controversialdebate),即网店是否应该纳税（whetheronlinebusinessesshouldbetaxed)进行简单阐述。,第二段阐释人们对此问题的不同看法，有人认为（contend)网店应该纳税；但也有人不赞成这种做法(disapprovethepractice)，同时给出各自的理由。,第三段就这一问题提出自己的看法（Asformypersonalviewpoint,Isupport),.,15,高分范文,ShouldOnlineBusinessesBeTaxed?Astowhetheronlinebusinessesshouldbetaxed,thereisalongrunningconcernaswellascontroversialdebate.(第一段开篇点题，简单阐述现象）,.,16,Somepeoplecontendthatonlinebusinessesareeconomicentities（经济实体）withthepurposeofmakingprofit,soitsreasonableandobligatoryforthemtopaytaxes.Taxingonlinebusinessesalsodemonstratesfairnesstobothphysicalretailbusinesses（实体店零售商）andtheironlinecounterparts（对应物）.Whatsmoreimportant,levyingtaxesononlinebusinessesisinlinewiththestandardcommercialmodel,fromwhichtheywillbenefitinthelongrun.Butothersdisapprovethepractice.Theyholdtheviewthatdespitethehighe-commercetransactionvolume,onlinebusinessesdonothaveaveryhighprofitmargin（利润）.Taxationmayforcemanyonlinebusinessestoquitbecausetheycannotmakemoneyanylonger.Besides,ifonlinebusinessesaretaxed,theincreasingcostsarelikelytobeshiftedtoconsumers,unfavorablefortheirhealthydevelopment.(第二段阐释人们对此问题的不同看法。引出两种对立观点，并分别给出具体的原因.是对的递进和补充。）,.,17,Asformypersonalviewpoint,Isupporttheformeropinion.Nowthatonlinebusinessesarecommercialactivities,theyhavenoexcusetobeexemptedfrom（使免除）taxation.Furthermore,thetax-freemodelsurelybringssomebenefitstoonlinebusinessesintheshortterm,butitwillbecomeagreatobstacleforthefar-reaching（长远的）developmentofthewholetrade.（第三段给出自己的观点，阐明理由。）,.,18,（2）说明利弊型作文对策,作文类型与要求：说明利弊型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：1说明事物现状2事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）3你对现状（或前景）的看法这类型的作文的写作可以采用以下的模式：第一部分：引言。简述标题中涉及的某一事物或现象；第二部分：优点。例举该事物或现象的优点或积极因素缺点。可以考虑用对比关联词引出该事物或现象的另一面缺点或消极因素；第三部分：考生的个人体会。权衡利弊，阐述个人体会或者如何扬长避短的方法。,.,19,说明利弊型高分模板NowadaysmanypeoplepreferAbecauseithasasignificantroleinourdailylife.Generally,itsadvantages/positiveaspectscanbeseenasfollows.First_（的优点之一）.Besides_（的优点之二）.Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Oneoftheimportantdisadvantagesisthat_（的第一个缺点）Tomakemattersworse,_（的第二个缺点）Throughtheaboveanalysis/Takingintoconsiderationofallthesefactors,Ibelievethatthepositiveaspectsoverweighthenegativeones.Therefore,Iwouldliketo_（我的看法）（FromthecomparisonbetweenthesepositiveandnegativeeffectsofA,weshouldtakeitreasonablyanddoitaccordingtothecircumstanceswearein.Onlybythisway,_（对前景的预测）,.,20,经典句型-说明利弊常用句型1.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,hasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourday-to-daylife.Ithasbroughtalotofbenefitsbuthascreatedsomeseriousproblemsaswell.随着科学技术的发展，computer已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处，但也产生了一些严重的问题。2.Astheproverbgoes:everycoinhasitstwosides,.isnoexception.俗语有云：“万事万物都有两面性。”_也不例外。3.Everythinghasagoodsideandabadside,and.isnoexception.万事万物有其两面性，而_也是如此。4.Thediscussionastowhetherthe.isablessingoracursearousesmostpeoplesinterests._是好坏利弊问题引起了很多人的兴趣。,.,21,5.playssuchanimportantrolethatitundeniablybecomesthebiggestconcernofthepresentworld._尤为重要而引起当今社会的关注。6.Therecomesaquestion:isitablessingoracurse.问题是：_是福是祸？7.Thereisnodenyingthateverythinghasonemorefaceand.isnoexception.不可否认，每一件事物都有其两面性，其实，_也不例外。8.Everythingintheworldhasitsowntwosides.Withoutexception,hasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.任何事情都有两面性，也不例外，有其优势和劣势（利与弊）。,.,22,经典句型-陈述事物优点的常用句型1.Thereareseveraladvantagesin.Thefirst/biggestadvantageisthat2.Theadvantagesofcanbeseenasfollow.Firstbesides3.isplayinganincreasingimportantroleinpeopleslives.ForonethingForanother4.Asweknow,.bringmanybenefitsandconveniencetopeople.5.Therearenolessthanthreeadvantagesin.asrenderedbelow.,.,23,6.Nothing/Fewthingscanequal/matchwith/becomparedwithintermsof7.hasapositiveimpact/influence/effectonpeopleslives.8.Forall/Inspiteof/Despitethedisadvantages/side(/adverse)effects,ithasitscompensatingadvantages/beneficialeffects9.Themeritsofthisisobvious.10.Asisoftenpointedoutthat,itcertainlyhelppeopleForalltheadvantages,italsobringsothercontentthat.,.,24,经典句型-陈述事物缺点的常用句型However,justlikeanythingelse,hasitsnegativesideaswell.Foronething,Besides/Foranother,Inthemeantime/Meanwhile,wecannotignorethedisadvantagesofHowever,thenegativeaspectsofarealsoapparent/obvious/evident.Tobeginwith,Tomakematterworse,Worstofall,.Likeanythingelse,ithasalsoitsfaults/shortcomings/disadvantages/weakness/problems/harmfuleffects.However,likeanythingelse,.hasmorethanoneface.,.,25,However,justaseverythinghastwosides,alsohasmanydisadvantages.Astheproverbgoes,everycoinhasitstwosides,isnoexception.Despitetheadvantages.has,somepeopleclaim,weshallnotlosesightofitsadverseeffectson.Butitsbrightsideshouldnotkeepusfromexaminingitsdarkside.Ofcourse,nothingintheworldisperfect/EvenHomersometimesnods,sois.人谁无过,.,26,经典句型-表达个人体会的常用句型Inmycase,theadvantagesoverweigh/carrymoreweightthanthedisadvantages.Anyway,Istillholdhasmoreadvantagesthandisadvantages.Butforme,Ithinkwhatismoreimportantisitspositiveside.Withtheproblemsandthebenefitshasexertedonus,Ithinkwhatismoreimportantisitspositiveside.However,Istillbelievehasmoreadvantagesthandisadvantages.,.,27,实战练习,Direction:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicPrivateSchool.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1.当前，社会上有很多私立学校和培训学校(说明事物的现状）；2.私立学校的利与弊（阐述事物的优缺点）；3.你的看法。,.,28,Itcanbenoticedthatalargenumberofprivateschoolsortrainingorganizationsbecomeanewlandscapeineducation.Whenyoureadnewspapers,whenyouwatchTV,whenyouwalkontheroad,youwillinevitablyseelotsofadvertisementsaboutprivateschools.Thereareprivateschoolsmainlydealingwithforeignlanguages,computers,musicandsports.However,isitagoodorbadthingtohavesomanyprivateschools?Asacoinhastwosides,soaretheprivateschools.Ontheonehand,privateschoolscanmeetthespecialneedsofthesocietyortheparticularrequirementsofpeople.Ontheotherhand,theyoftenbringpeopleextraburdenbecauseofcomparisonandcompetition.Whenaskedtodecidewhetherweshouldhaveasocietywithoutprivateschoolsorasocietywithprivateschools,Iwillnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter.Althoughattendingatrainingcoursewillresultintheextracostorburden,itisoftremendousmeritsinpreparingmyworkandcultivatingmyskills.,.,29,（3）解释现象型作文对策,此类作文类型与要求解释现象型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：1.说明某种现象2.产生这种现象的原因3.我的观点（看法）此类型作文可以采用以下模式第一段：描述现象，评价现象第二段：说明原因（原因一，原因二、）第三段：我的观点，结论。,.,30,解释现象型作文模板Recently,_.(描述现象，引起话题)Whatamazesusmostis_(表现较为典型的一个方面)Itistruethat_.(对于现象做出的评论)Therearemanyreasonsexplaining_(承上启下,解释这一现象的原因)Themainreasonis_.(说明原因一)Whatismore,_.(原因二)Thirdly,_(原因三)Asaresult,_.(讲述导致的结果)Consideringallthese,_.(作者的态度)Foronething,_.(观点一)Foranother,_.(11观点二)Inconclusion,_.(12总结全文),.,31,实战练习,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledWhatElectivestoChoose.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1.各大学开设了各种各样的选修课（描述现象）2.学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课（原因）3.以你自己为例（我的观点）,.,32,Nowadays,agrowingnumberofelectivesareofferedinallsortsofuniversities.AccordingtoarecentsurveyinChinaDaily,studentscanchoosetheirfavoritecoursesfromatotalnumberof20,000electivesinChineseuniversities.Thetopicsincludeeverything,fromliteraturetoengineering,fromsociologytochemistry.Whenaskedwhytheychoosetheelectives,differentstudentsprovidedifferentanswers.Someofthemchoosetheelectiveswhichareeasiertostudy;therefore,thestudentswillbeabletowinthecreditwithlittleeffort.Otherstudentsmaintainthattheychoosetheelectivesthatinterestthemthemost.Stillotherschoosethe“practical”coursesbecausetheybelievetheseprogramswillhelpthemhuntforabetterjobwhentheygraduate.Astome,Ichoosetwoelectives,EnglishforAcademicPurposes(EAP)andeconomics.Theformerwillequipmewithmoreknowledgetoreadandwriteacademicpapers;whilethelatterisimportantinthateveryonehastoknowalittleeconomicsinordertolivebetterinthetimeof“marketeconomy”.,.,33,(4)解决问题型作文对策,此类作文类型与要求解决问题型作文的中文提纲则往往是这样的：How/Whatarethewaysof1.提出某种现象或者问题2.解决这种现象或者问题的方法3.我的方法和理由此类型作文可以采用以下模式第一段：提出问题第二段：提出解决问题的方法：方法一方法二第三段：我的方法；我的理由；表达解决问题的信心或者展望前景,.,34,解决问题型作文模板Withthedevelopmentof_，_.(问题出现的背景)Soitisofgreatimportanceforusto_.(提出问题)First,_.(问题的后果一)Besides,_.(问题的后果二)However,wehavefiguredoutmanywaysto_.(提出解决这一问题的方法)Firstly,_.(解决方法一)Solongas_.(进一步说明方法一)Secondly,_.(方法二)Thirdly,_.(方法三)Infact,_.(提出解决问题的根本途径)11Thatisbecause_.(11支持句的理由)Inaword,_.(12总结全文),.,35,实战练习,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below：HowIFinance(负担费用）MyCollegeEducation1.上大学的费用很高(tuitionandfees)（提出现象或问题）2.上大学的费用可以通过多种渠道解决（解决方法）3.哪种渠道适合于我(说明理由)（我的方法和理由）,.,36,HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation,Nowadays,tuitionandfeesforcollegeeducationaremuchhigherthaneverbefore.（提出问题）Howtofinancecollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformanystudents.（第一段提出问题，开篇点题）,.,37,Differentpeoplehavedifferentwaystosolvethisproblem.Somegetallofthemoneyfromtheirparents.Someapplyforaloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudents.Someacquirethemoneycompletelybythemselves,doingafull-timejobinsummerorwinterholiday.Someotherstudentsmayasktheirparentsformostofitandearntherestintheirsparetimeincollege,bydoingapart-timejob.（第二段提出各种解决该问题的方法）,.,38,AsfarasImconcerned,Ipreferthelastway.（我的方法）Havingacquiredmostofthetuitionandfeesfrommyparents,Ineedntworrytoomuchaboutthemoneyandcanconcentrateonmystudy;（理由）ontheotherhand,apart-timejobinmysparetimemakesmycampus-lifecolorful.（理由）Icanmakealotoffriends,improvemyabilitiesandlearnlotsofknowledge.So,Ichoosethiswaytocovermytuitionandfees.（第三段提出我的方法和理由）,.,39,（5）图表描述型作文对策,特点：题目中信息来源是图表第一段：（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写（2）具体描述图表：必要的数据支持（细节性）第二段：说明原因：原因一、原因二、第三段：（1）预测未来和提出问题；（2）总结全文和表达自己的观点,.,40,图表型作文常用表达方法1.Aswecanseefromthecharts/tables/bars/graphs.2.Asisclearlyshownbythecharts.3.Severalfactorscontributetothe.4.Obviously,greatchangestakeplacein.5.Thereasonsforthischangeare.,.,41,实战练习,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledStudentUseofComputers.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelow:1.图中所示为某校大学生平均每周使用计算机的时间：1990年（2hours）、1995年（4hours）、2000年（14hours）,请描述其变化；（趋势描写，具体数字支持）2.请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；（说明原因）3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。（提出问题，表达自己观点，预测未来）,.,42,Chart,1990,1995,2000,Averagenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweek.,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,year,hoursperweek,.,43,StudentUseofComputers,Fromthechart/diagramgivenabove,wecanclearlyseethattherehasbeenanobviousincreaseintheaveragenumberofhoursthatacollegestudentspendsonthecomputerinthelastdecadesofthetwentiethcentury.(趋势描写）In1990,lessthan2hourswerespentoncomputers.Thenumberdoubledin1995.Andin2000,theaveragehoursincreaseddramaticallytoalmost20hours.（具体数字支持）（第一段先概括描写趋势，然后具体数字支持）,.,44,Severalreasonsaccountfortherapidchange.Tobeginwith,thefirstandmostimportantreasonispeoplesrealizationofcomputerssignificance.Nowcomputershavetheirwaysintocompanies,schoolsandhomesandhavebecomeanessentialpartofourmodernsociety.Secondly,thedropofpricesalsocontributestothechange.Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,computersbecomemuchcheapernowthan10yearsago.Morestudentscanaffordthemandthuscanusethemfreely.Lastbutnotleast,computersenableushandleourproblemseffectively.（第二段说明原因）,.,45,Inaword,wecansafelyconcludethattheincreaseofstudentuseofcomputerisboundtocontinue.Computersbecomeverypopularamongstudentsnowandhowtomakefulluseofthemhascausedmuchdiscussionamongpeople.（第三段，预测未来，表达问题）,.,46,（6）应用文写作对策,特点：题目要求写书信等常见应用文遵循原则：开门见山说意图；咨询建议一二三；不同内容可分段；感谢客气不可少；期盼回信成习惯。,.,47,书信常用表达方式：,书信作文开头段常用句型（最后一句主要在下级给上级写信时用）1.Withregardtoyourinquiryabout,Idliketomakesomeconducivesuggestions.对于你来信问我关于，现提供几条建议。2.Iamwritingtoexpressmyviewsconcerning我写信时要提出关于的看法。3.Iamverysorrytoo