大学体验英语英语视听说教程3_U2ppt课件

.,1,UNIT2,NatureorNurture?,Quetu,.,2,ItsnotthatImsosmart;itsjustthatIstaywithproblemslonger.,Quetu,AlbertEinstein,.,3,WhatdoyouknowaboutAlbertEinstein?Whereishefrom?Whatdidheachieve?Storiesinhischildhoodhismarriagehismanner.,.,4,NatureorNurture?,ElbertEinsteinisprobablythemostinfluntialscientistandgreatestphysicistofthe20thcentury.Herevolutionizedourideasabouttimeandspace,andheisbestknownforhistheoryofrelativityandhisequationE=MC2,whichexplianstherelationshipbetweenenergyandmass.Byage30hewasconsideredbymanytobeoneoftheworldsgreatestscientificthinkers.,.,5,BackgroundInformation,UnitOverview,Lesson1,Lesson2,SupplementaryReading,Homelistening,.,6,WhatledtoEinsteinssuccess?Thishasbeendiscussedforalongtime.Inthisunit,twocontrastingviewsonthisissuewillbepresented.StudentswillgettoknowNaturevs.Nurturetheoriesthroughlistening,viewingandreading.Variousactivitieswillinspirestudentstotalkaboutthenature-nurtureargumentbyusingthewordsandexpressionsinthisunit.Andfinally,theywillconductaprojectonEinsteinwiththeirpeers.,UnitOverview,.,7,BackgroundInformation,HowtoDefineNaturevs.NurtureTheoriesTherearethreedistinctiveschoolsofthought.1.PersonalityisNatural:Thisgroupbelievesthatyourpersonalityistheresultofevolutionaryprocess.Youinheritbehaviorsduetoacomplexinteractionofgenes.Thatcontrolsyourbehaviors,soyoudonthavetheabilitytoactotherwise.2.PersonalityisNurtured:Thisgrouparguesthatyourpersonalityisnotinherited.Yourmindisablankslate(白板）atbirth.Itisyourenvironment,educationandculturethatinfluenceyourbehavior.Youhave“freewill”tochangeyourbehavior.3.PersonalityisSpiritual:Thisgroupclaimsthatyourpersonalityisresultofneithernaturenornurture.Itisagiftofadeity（神性）.Theyaresplitontheissueof“freewill”.,.,8,Naturevs.NurtureTheoriesandEvolutionaryPsychologyDarwinstheoryofevolutionledWilliamHamilton,GeorgeWilliamsandmanyotherstotheideaofpersonalityevolution.Theyproposethat,likephysicalorgans,yourpersonalityistheresultofnaturalselectionforsurvivalofthefittest.Youdoasyourgenesdictate.Theysuggestthatfearofdeath,fearofinjury,fearofsnakes,shyness,addiction,criminalityandsexualorientationareexamplesofheritablebehaviors.StevenPinker(2004)includesreligiousness,liberalism（开明）andconservativenessonthelist.WilliamPaleyconsiderscognitivecapabilities（认知能力）,temperaments（气质）andcheatingbehaviorsheritable.,BackgroundInformation,.,9,BackgroundInformation,However,thereisstrongcriticismonthisidea:1.Thereisnosingleuniversalbehaviorwhichcanbeprovedevolutionary.Evenfearofdeath,whichseemsnaturaltoall,hasbeenoverriddenincrusades,suicidesandsuicidebombings.2.Youaremadeof25,000to30,000genes;thatismerelytwicethenumberofafruitfly.Chimpanzeesshare95%ofyourgeneticcharacteristics.However,theydontshareeven10%ofyourbehavior.3.Peopledontdifferinbehaviorastheydifferinskinpigments（肤色）.Extroverts,introverts,optimists,pessimists,criminals,liberals,etc.arefoundinallsocietiesandcultures.Evenidenticaltwins(with100%similargenes)andfraterna（兄弟般的）ltwins(with50%similargenes)behavedifferentlyinmostofthecases.,.,10,BackgroundInformation,Naturevs.NurtureTheoriesandPhysicsDiscoveriesinphysicshavealwaysprovidednewmeattonaturevs.nurturetheories.TheconclusionsofNewtonandEinsteinhelpedpeoplebelievethatfutureeventscanbepredictedthroughknowledgeofmatterandnaturallaws.Thisledpsychologiststosuggestthatyourfuturebehaviorscanbepredetermined.Thewholemechanismofpsychometrics（心理测验学）followsthishypothesis.However,quantumphysicshaschangedthesituationaltogether.Evidenceprovesthatyoucantmaketwo(almost)simultaneous（同时的）measurementsofobservablescorrectly.Forexample:1.Positionandmomentum（动量）ofaparticle（粒子）2.Positionanddirectionofaparticle3.Timeandfrequencyofasoundwave4.Wavelengthandmagnitude（量级）ofasoundwave,.,11,Naturevs.NurtureTheoriesandPhysicsQuantumphysics（量子物理学）hasshakendeterminismsomuchsothatscientistshadtodevisethe“Heisenberguncertaintyprinciple”whichchallengesthenotionthatanyphysicaleventcanbepredictedpreciselyintimeandspace.Doyouthinkthatparticlesaretoosmalltoaffectbigevents?Reconsiderthatthought.WhatwouldhavehappenedifHitlerhaddiedinhisyoungageofcancer,whichcanoccurwithaslightgeneticmutation（基因突变）?,BackgroundInformation,.,12,Lead-in,Audiostudio,Videostudio,Speakingworkshop,Projectbulletin,.,13,Task1,Task2,Task3,.,14,Task1DescribingthePicture,Describethepicturesfirstandthendiscussthequestion“WhatleadstoEinsteinssuccess?”.,Whatisthepersonintheleftpicturedoing?,Doyouagreetothestatement“ForAlbertEinstein,theroadtothestarswaspavedwithquestions”intherightpicture?,IfyouhadachancetoaskEinsteinaboutthekeytohissuccess,whatdoyouthinkEinsteinsanswerwouldbe?,.,15,Task2ReflectingontheReading,1.Whatisthebinaryargumentonwhatleadstogenius?,ReadthroughtheSupplementaryReadingpassageonpage126,andanswerthefollowingquestions.,Answer:Geniusesarethosewhohavetheintelligence,enthusiasmandendurancetoacquiretheneededexpertiseinabroadlyvalueddomainofachievementandwhothenmakecontributionstothatfieldthatareconsideredbypeerstobeoriginal.,Answer:Isitnatureorisitnurture?,2.Accordingtothepassage,whatsthedefinitionofgenius?,.,16,3.HowdidpeopledealwithEinsteinsbrainafterhisdeath?,Answer:ThomasHarveyatPrincetonHospitalremovedEinsteinsbrainanddecidedtokeepitforstudy.,4.Accordingtothepassage,whatsProfessorSimontonsopiniononthegeniusdebate?,Answer:Thetraitscontributingtogeniussuccessareonlypartlyinherited.Theyarealsoshapedbyenvironment.,5.Accordingtothepassage,whatsGladwellsopinion?,Answer:Hebelievesthatkidsneedachancetoshowhowhardtheycanwork;societyshouldprovideopportunitiesforall.,.,17,Task3ExpandingYourVocabulary,A.veryimportantB.powerbelievedtocontroleventsC.tomake(sth)manageableD.withoutanyplan,aim,orpatternE.toput(money)toaparticularuseF.tofillthemindofsbcontinually,Readthroughthewordsintheleft-handcolumn,andmatcheachofthemwiththeappropriatemeaningintheright-handcolumn.,1.obsess（缠绕）,2.random,3.crucial,4.invest,5.tame,6.destiny（命运）,.,18,AudioStudio,1.encode将(信息等)译成代码2.equation等式3.poverty-stricken非常贫穷的pelling必须接受或同意的；强制的,Task1,Task2,.,19,AudioTask1IdentifyingtheGist（主旨，要点）,1.Whatsthetopicofthisaudioclip?A)AbriefintroductiontoNurturevs.Naturetheories.B)Aninvestigationintochildrensintelligence.C)PresidentObamasneweducationpolicy.2.Whatcanbeinferredfromtherecentdata?A)Natureisasimportantasnurture.B)Natureismoreimportantthannurture.C)Nurtureismoreimportantthannature.,Listentotheaudioclip,andchoosetherightanswerstothequestions.,.,20,AudioTask2CheckingtheFacts,1._,therehasalwaysbeenone_question:Isintelligenceafunctionofnature?Isitsimplyencodedinachildsgenes?2.Ifwetaketwoidenticaltwins,_3.Ifweputidenticaltwinsindifferentenvironments,wewouldfinddifferencesintheirintelligenceseveralyearslater,whichindicatesthat_.4._clearlyhelpsgivechildrenfrompoverty-strickenareasthechanceatastrongerstartinschoolandinlife.5.Wewill_andbegininvestinggreatersumsattheearlychildhoodlevel.,Listentotheaudioclipagainandfillintheblanksaccordingtowhatyouhaveheard.Repeatthesentencesafteryouhavecompletedthem.,Whenitcomestointelligence,fundamental,chancesarethattheywillbe,environmentdoesplayacrucialrolein,Investinginqualitypre-schoolopportunities,takeahardlookatthiscompellingdata,asintelligentaseachother,.,21,Whenitcomestointelligence,therehasalwaysbeenonefundamentalquestion:Isintelligenceafunctionofnature?Isitsimplyencodedinachildsgenes?Orisitafunctionofnurture?Isitmoreabouttheenvironmentthatachildgrowsupin?Ontheonehand,ifwetaketwopeopleatrandomfromthecrowd,itisverylikelythattheirdegreesofintelligencewillbecompletelydifferent.However,ifwetaketwoidenticaltwins,chancesarethattheywillbeasintelligentaseachother.Therefore,aconclusioncanbedrawnthatintelligenceistosomeextentsomethingwearebornwith.Ontheotherhand,though,ifweputidenticaltwinsindifferentenvironments,wewouldfinddifferencesintheirintelligenceseveralyearslater,whichindicatesthatenvironmentdoesplayacrucialroleinpeoplesintelligence.,Script,.,22,Script,Recently,datahasclearlyindicatedthatnurtureisindeedmorethan50%oftheequation.Thatisgoodnewsforeducators,butevenbetternewsforsocietyasawhole.Fortunately,PresidentObamahascomeoutinstrongsupportofearlychildhoodeducation,particularlyforthosechildrenmostatriskofschoolfailure.Investinginqualitypre-schoolopportunitiesclearlyhelpsgivechildrenfrompoverty-strickenareasthechanceatastrongerstartinschoolandinlife.Ifweareseriousabouthelpingourchildrensucceedinschool,ifwearetrulyinterestedin“LeavingNoChildBehind,”wewilltakeahardlookatthiscompellingdataandbegininvestinggreatersumsattheearlychildhoodlevel.,.,23,VideoStudio,1.harness治理，控制square平方2.riddle谜语3.disembodied脱离肉体的4.neurophysiologist神经生理学家5.parallel相似特点6.scenario(对可能出现情况的)描述，预测;情节，剧本7.stamina毅力，持久力；精力，活力8.huntsthdown搜寻，寻找；穷追直至抓获,Task1,Task2,Task3,.,24,VideoTask1Matchingtheycanexpandwithuse.,.,34,Situation1Workingroups.Supposeyourgroupmemberswerescientists.YouhaveinventedamachinethatcanactandthinklikeEinstein.Youweresupposedtolistsomefunctionsofyourinvention.2Youhave15minutestodiscusswithinyourowngroup,andthenyoumaymoveaboutandfindoutwhatothergroupshavelisted.3Twogroupswillbeselectedtoreporttheirresults.Therestoftheclasswillvotefortheonetheyfeelhappytosupport.,SpeakingTask2SolvingtheProblem,Workwithyourpeersonthesituationbelowandtrytocomeupwithasolutiontotheproblemdescribed.Youareexpectedtoshareyourideasandjustifyyourselfinthisprocess.Useasmanyphrasesfromthe“Expressionspeoplehavebeenequating“Einstein”tomeangeniusforalongtime.,IsGeniusBornorCanItBeLearned?,1.binaryadj.二元的2.determinantn.决定因素3.expertisen.专门技能,.,70,AlbertEinsteinwasatheoreticalphysicistofinternationalacclaim5,aNobellaureate,andmostimportantly,oneofthemostintelligentandinfluentialfiguresinthehistoryofmankind.Atthestartofhisscientificwork,EinsteinrealizedtheinadequaciesofNewtonianmechanics,andhisspecialtheoryofrelativitystemmedfromanattempttoreconcile6thelawsofmechanicswiththelawsoftheelectromagnetic7field.Hedealtwithclassicalproblemsofstatisticalmechanicsandproblemsinwhichtheyweremergedwithquantum8theory.Heinvestigatedthethermalpropertiesoflightwithlowradiationdensityandhisobservationslaidthefoundationsofthephoton9theoryoflight.In1905,AlbertEinstein,attheageof26,putforththeideaoftheparticulate10natureoflightandproposedthatmasscanbeconvertedintoanequivalentamountofenergybasedontheequation,E=MC2.Theseaccomplishmentsofhisareregardedassomeofthegreatestworksinscience.In1915,Einstein,attheageof36,cameupwiththeTheoryofRelativity,whichisinusetilldate.,4.synonymn.同义字5.acclaimn.喝彩，称赞6.reconcilev.使一致，使符合7.electromagneticadj.电磁的8.quantumn.物量子9.photonn.物光子10.particulateadj.微粒的,.,71,Today,whenonethinksofEinstein,itisnaturaltoassumethatobviouslyhisbraindifferedfromthatof