英语论文写作语言技巧PPT课件

.,1,英语论文语言技巧,.,2,写作基本原则,5C原则Correct(正确)Clear(清晰)Concise(简洁)aroutewhichconnects/connecting.materialwhichiscapableof./materialcapapbleof.Completion(完整)Consistency(一致性)-一段话讲一个意思,.,3,Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录),.,4,Title，Abstract和Introduction部分往往是被评阅者读得最多的，评阅者会根据这些内容产生对文章的第一印象。一篇论文赢得评阅者的多少好印象，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。,.,5,标题Title,基本要求：精准(Accuracy)，简洁(Brevity)，清晰(Clarity)英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为812个单词左右。Title往往由名词性短语构成，如果出现动词，多为动名词或分词形式。内容层次很多的情况下，可采用主副标题相结合的形式；应将核心内容的主题词放在提名前面的位置。Eg:Aneffectivestatisticalapproachto,.,6,名词特点,1.名词有单复数之分，英汉互译时候应注意/和冠词连用A.Thelocalgovernmentistryingtostopthefloodofrefugees(难民)outofHaitiintoFlorida。B.Ahostofproblemsfacingmanypeopletodayarerelatedtothehousing.,.,7,做主语和宾语，做一个词组的关键词需要许多与生产(manufacturing)无关的加工过程和辅助(auxiliary)设备.requiremanyprocessingstepsandauxiliaryfacilitiesnotgenerallyassociatedwith/unrelatedtomanufacturing.,.,8,名词特点三：其修饰词语一般都在名词之后，在中文里如果一个关键名词修饰词单位有很多，翻译时应和英文相反1.过去十年所出现的世界资本市场的全球化。Theglobalizationoftheworldscapitalmarketwhichhasarisenoverthepastdecade2.现如今从事写作的青年男女Theyoungmanorwomanwriting/theyoungmanorwomanwritingtoday.,.,9,3.物体的几何(geometry)形状，加上特定的加工(manufacturing)过程所带来的限制，在解决以上问题中其重要作用Thegeometryoftheobject,coupledwiththerestrictionbroughtbytheparticularmanufacturingprocess,playavitalroleindeterminingtheanswertothesequestionsabove./solvingthesequestionsabove.,.,10,摘要Abstract,简洁而充分地表述文章的核心思想。针对什么问题，采用什么方法，得到什么结果。使用简短而简单的句子，逻辑严密，使用指示性词语，如Wesuggestthat,Wefoundthat.尽量要避免出现数学公式、引用文献和一些特殊符号等。注意从句的使用，和被动语态的使用。,.,11,摘要的基本结构,Thisarticleaimsto./Thisarticlefocusesonthe.(目的)By.（方法）arefinallyestablished.（结果与简短讨论）Theresultseffectivelysolvethe/Thesolutionsareimportantto.（结论）,.,12,Thisinvestigation/experimentwasperformed/conducted/administeredtosee表示研究目的Theexperimentperformed/conductedconfirmsthat.Itwashypothesizedthat表示假设Theresultsshowedthat表示实验结果Thedatasuggeststhat表示调查数据与结果,.,13,摘要撰写的主要问题,撰写的篇幅过长，伴随很多冗余的描述性语句,.,14,Eg：Wefindthepollutantsources,gettheenvironmentalqualitysevolutionpatternandknowsomewaystoreducepollutantsources.Andfinallywehopethatitcouldbeusedtokeepthepollutiontrendwithinlimits.RevisedVersion:Withthepollutantsourcesbeingfound,theevolutionpatternoftheenvironmentalqualityandthewaysofthereductionofpollutionarefinallyobtained,whichmightlimitthepollutiontrend.,.,15,我们有决心，有信心，通过深化改革、扩大开放，变压力为动力，迎接加入世贸组织带来的挑战，促进国民经济不断取得新的发展。Wehavethedeterminationandconfidencethatthroughthedeepeningofreformandopeningwidertotheoutsideworld,wecanturnpressureintomotiveforcetotakethechallengesarisenfromouraccessiontotheWTOandenablethenationaleconomytoachievenewprogressonacontinuousbasis.,.,16,Withconfidenceanddetermination,andthroughfurtherreformandopeningwidertotheoutsideworld,wewillrespondpositivelytothepressureuponus,meetingchallengesarisingfromChinasaccessiontotheWTO,andpushingforwardthedevelopmentofournationaleconomy.,.,17,引言IntroductionOutlinethestrengthsandlimitationsofthestudy;Discusstherelevancetocurrentliterature;OutlineyourimplicationswithaclearSowhat?andWherenow?,.,18,语言技巧,(1)注意句子上下连贯，不能让句子独立。常见的连接词有，However,also,inaddition,consequently,afterwards,moreover,Furthermore,further,although,unlike,incontrast,Similarly,Unfortunately,alternatively,parallelresults,Inorderto,despite,Forexample,Comparedwith,otherresults,thus,therefore用好连接词能使文章层次清楚，意思明确。(2)注意段落布局的整体逻辑：经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份Therefore,therearethreeaspectsofthisproblemtobeaddressed.ThefirstquestioninvolvesThesecondproblemrelatestoThethirdaspectdealswith清晰地把观点逐层叙述。也可以直接用First,Second,Third,Finally当然，Furthermore,inaddition等可以用来补充说明。,.,19,（3）引言部分最后的圆场：在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出“这一研究对其它研究有什么帮助”；或者说furtherstudiesonwillbesummarizedinournextstudy(orelsewhere)。总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。尽量减少不必要的争论(arguments)。,.,20,（4）讨论文章的不足之处，既不要刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，也不要过分谦虚。研究的问题有点片面，讨论时可以说，Itshouldbenoted(notice)thatthisstudyhasexaminedonlyWeconcentrate(focus)ononlyWehavetopointoutthatwedonot.=Itmustbepointedoutthat.Somelimitationsofthisstudyare,.,21,结论有所不足：Notwithstandingitslimitation(Despite/Inspiteofitslimitation,),thisstudydoessuggestNotwithstanding用法Notwithstandingtheheatofthesunwemustgoout.虽然有些重大的经费问题，这所学校一年来还是很成功Notwithstandingsomemajorfinancialproblems,theschoolhashadasuccessfulyear.Inspiteofthefactthattherearesomemajorfinancialproblems,.,.,22,句子长度,1.句子长度尽量的短-技术性很强的句子长度应在25个子之内2.科技论文表示时候，从属信息最好用介词，分词，不定式引导，少用定语从句引导。A.Theproblemunderdiscussion(whichisbeingdiscussed).B.radiantenergy,similarinnaturetolight.(radiantenergywhichissimilar.)C.TheabsorptionandemissionpolarizationpropertiesofInAsquantumrodsembeddedin(whichareembeddedin)InPnanowires(NWs)areinvestigatedbymeanof.,.,23,MusicvideosareshownonMTV.Theyusuallyshowimagesthatrepresentthelyricsofasong.TheyalsographicallyillustratethesingersmessageRevised:musicvideosshownonMTVusuallyshowimagesthatrepresentthelyricsofasong,graphicallyillustratingthesingersmessage,.,24,学术论文中的语言,人称代词问题：尽量避免人称代词的使用，人称代词过多显示了研究的主观性。人称代词使用we,-I,my,you,our问题Webelieve,wecaninfer,weconclude,werecommend,.,25,示例：WebelievethattheresultsreflecttheRevised:theresultsreflecttheOurresultsshow.Revised:theresultsshow,.,26,Inmyopinion,theresearchresultsreflectRevised:theresearchresultsreflect避免使用youItisimportantthatexamoryoushouldexamineRevised:examine,.,27,形容词等修饰词语问题,正式写作中要避免alot,many,manykindsof,allkindsof改为several,various,numerousTherearemanydifferentreasons.Revised:therearenumerousreasons.国内外许多研究者们：Numerousresearchersathomeandabroad.,.,28,2.Notmuch-littleThestudentsdidnothavemuchdifficultywiththeassignment.Revised:thestudentshadlittledifficultyNotmuchresearchhasfocusedonRevised:Littleresearchathomeandabroadhasfocusedon3.notmany-fewFewresearchersathomeandabroadhavefocusedon_,.,29,修饰程度的副词使用问题,副词在句子中，表示程度大小问题A.stubbornlyhighunemploymentrate.B.bedistinctivelydifferentfrom.截然不同C.violentlyagitated(excited),.,30,3.Veryhighly,extremely,rather,quite,significantlyA.数据在实验过程中变化不大Thedatadidnotaltersignificantlyduringtheexpriement.B.AmericanEnglishissignificantlydifferentfromBritishEnglishC.Eatingagooddietsignificantlylessenstheriskofheartdisease.D.大多数人都能说，但能写的人就少多了Mostpeoplehavespeech,butsignificantlyfewerhavewriting,.,31,rapid/rapidly迅速的，飞快的，险峻的steady/steadily稳固的，坚定不移的gradual/gradually渐进的，逐渐的slight/slightly轻微的、略微地stable/stably稳定的巨大地：dramatically(Dramaticchangesabout_havetakenplaceoverthepastfewdecades.),substantially(makesubstantialprogress),.,32,描述科研成果的形容词,下面列举常用来描述的研究的正式形容词Positivework:important,innovative,significant,careful,unusual,impressive,remarkable,fruitful,Neutraloraveragework：explorative(Theexplorativestudy探索性研究),preliminary（初步的）,modest,accurate,simplePoorwork:flawed,unsatisfactory,restricted,thin,.,33,正式文体中的动词,正式动词Happen-occur,/hashappened-hasoccurred.-occur主语一般都是事情1.Agoodideaoccurstome.2.Whatoccurredinthecomputersimulationisrelatedto.,.,34,3.Itneveroccurredtoresearchersathomeandabroadthat.-文献综述之后用之4.Adefiningeventactuallyoccurredthreeyearsbeforethecenturybegan.5.Yetanotherdefining/remarkableeventofthecenturycame/occurredin2009.,.,35,produce-ariseTheproblemarisingfrom(whicharises)theexperimentisrelatedto.当系统不能充分发挥作用时，就会出现问题。Problemsarisewhenthesystemisnotfunctioningadequately.,.,36,Getreceive,obtain计算机模拟计算中所得到的数据足以表面。Thedataobtainedfromthecomputersimulationaregoodevidencesthat.(所得到的数据足以表面。)越来越多证据表明：Theevidenceisrapidlymountingthatthesecondstyleismoreproductivethanthefirstone.,.,37,serveas/servefor/servetodo:作为，用作；充当；起作用；用作A.Studiesservefordelight,forornament(decoration),andforability.B.servesdirectlytoassist.(直接有助于)C.Suchstoriesserveasaspurtochildrensimagination.,.,38,actas担当，起的作用；充A.Financialinstitutionsactasintermediariesbetweenlendersandborrowers.B.Anewly-devisedmicrocomputercanactasaguidetoablindperson,.,39,表达作者观点的用词：Theresearchersargue/contend/maintain/believe/claim/(buttheauthordoesnottotallyagree:theauthorisnotconvinced)Theresearchersimplied(suggestssomethingwithoutsayingitdirectly)that,.,40,作者总结性表述方式：Theresearcherssuggest/pointout/note/stress/emphasize/add/beginsby/beginswith/concludesby/concludesthatYoucantellthatheisextremelyembarrassed,MrBrigdenadded.,.,41,正式使用that正式写作中进行比较时：thatof/thoseofInformal:thetensilestrengthofaluminumislowerthanzines.Formal:thetensilestrengthofaluminumislowerthanthatofzine.,.,42,OtherconventionsBritishPhrasesAmericanphrasesShallwillOwingtoduetoAsperyourrequest/Basedonyourrequest,orAsyourequest(根据),.,43,等等；用法避免使用etc.和andsoforthThesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:Illinois,Iowa,Ohio,etc.Revised:enactedinsixstates,including,and,.,44,科技论文中常用缩略词语Cf-compareTheevidenceclearlyindicatesthat(cfJones2006,whoadvances.).e.g.-forexampleSmallanimals(e.g.,rabbits,gerbils)wereusedinthisstudy.,.,45,i.e.-thatistosayEtal.allotherauthorsSmithetal.(useonlywhenthereare3ormoreauthors)qtdin-asquotedin(qtdin.).Vs.orvversus/ascomparedtoasopposedtoTheratioofXvs.Yis,.,46,Ibid.(ibidem),同前，如上Twoweekspriortoawrittensetsailposition,theprogramibid.开船前两周书面定仓，程序同上ApplythebasicconditionsIbid申请基本条件同上。,.,47,标点符号使用,1.useofcommaA.一系列事物之间逗号（commawithinaseriesofitems）Researchinthisareahasprovidedscientistswiththeopportunitytounderstandtheimpactof.,madeovertime,and.,.,48,2.转折词前后(transitionwords)Thetestwasvalid;however,theresultswerequestionable.Thetestwasvalid.However,theThetestwasvalid.Theresults,however,werequestionable.,.,49,Numerousexperimentswereconducted.Theresults,however,wereinconclusive.-工科和自然科学常用之C.介绍性转折词前后（introductorytransitions）Thetests,regrettably,wereflawed.Bacteriawerefoundin10%,21%,and5%oftheanimalsinGroup1,2,and3,respectively.D.并列连词前后(coordinateconjunctions)Testingwillbeconducted,andthedatawillbecomparedtothepreviousresults.,.,50,E.从属连词的逗号使用(subordinateconjunctions)Althoughnumeroustestswereconducted,theresultswereinconclusive.Theresultswereinconclusiveeventhoughnumeroustestswereconducted.,.,51,逗号、句号与双引号（comma,period,quotationmarks）Inacademicwriting,逗号和句号应该在双引号之内；而在英国英语里，在双引号之外。在双引号之前，如果作者说明引用的出处，需要在双引号开始之前加逗号；但是如果引用形成连贯的句子，在双引号之前就不需要加逗号了,.,52,Anarticle,“EffectsofTrypsinonNeonates,”recentlyappearedintheJournalofClinicalMicrobiologyTheauthorsconcludethatthereis“evidencethatthelimitingdiameterliesbetween18and20angstromsinthesecell.”,.,53,句中间断（interruptionsinthetext）在句中插入副词短语时，插入语的前后都要加逗号Psychologicalbiaseshave,byandlarge,ledtheoriststoignoretheconcreteinteractionsthatconstituteliteracypractices.非限定定语从句Updatedprogressreports,whichdescribeworkinprogress,willbesubmittedmonthly.,.,54,日期，地址，学位，头衔和书信中的标点符号Dates需要加逗号的地方包括在date和year之间在week和date之间在year之后OnFriday,June11,2012InJuly2012May5beforethefall2012(Holt,2010;Zhang,2012;WongandFillmore,2009).,.,55,Documentationofdirectquotes,“Practicalimplicationsmustremaintenuousatbest.”(Larson,2000,p.55)Addresses:Putcommaaftereachelement/phraseinanaddressHisuniversityisZhenjiang,Jiangsuprovince,P.R.China.Namesandtitles:BinXiong,Ph.D.,receivedherdegreeinJune2011.,.,56,OpeningsoflettersoremailDearSue,(friendlyletter,informal)DearMs.Holt:(formalletter,usecoloninsteadofcomma)sincerely,Bestwishes,Bestregards,Sincerelyyours,.,57,分号的使用（useofsemicolon）分好用于分割地位平等的独立子句。在很多情况下，分号的使用比句号更显子句之间紧密联系Thedemandforrecycledproductshasdramaticallyincreased;thesupplyhasnot.Theessayispoorlyorganized,thereisnocentralidea.Theessayispoorlyorganized;/:thereisnocentralidea.,.,58,冒号使用（useofcolons）1.列举Ifyouencounteraproblem,youcandooneofthefollowing:Themajorconclusionsthatemergefromthisstudyincludethefollowing:Twoprimarymodelsarebeingused.Acomparisonofthosetwomodelsdidnotindicate.Datawerenotavailablefor,.,59,2.正式引用之前（beforeaquotation）Theprofessorsaid:“.”在数字和图片标题之间Figure3:ProcessingtimeformethodsAandB.,.,60,Its与itsIts在专业论文里不可以出现，应该itisItisnecessarytopointoutthat.Itsdatasuggestthat,.,61,标点符号,英文中没有顿号(、)和书名号();标点符号用法举例:Thecomplexconsistsofthreeconformable,well-layeredunitsofgabbro,dioriteandgranodioriteandgranophyre.这个“units”是由“(1)gabbro,(2)diorite,(3)granodioriteandgranophyre”组成的？还是由“(1)gabbro,(2)dioriteandgranodiorite,(3)granophyre”组成的？含义不清,.,62,标点符号,连字符或连接号(-hyphen)：约为半个英文字母的宽度；短破折号(en破折号)：相当于英文大写字母“N”的宽度,约为连字符长度的2倍;长破折号(em破折号)：相当于英文大写字母“M”的宽度,约为en破折号长度的2倍；连字符主要起连接作用,破折号则主要起分隔作用,.,63,段落排列,1.写好论文的标准1.1.统一性-unity一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达1.2.完整性completeness主题句-若干个拓展句A.Physicalworkcanbeausefulformoftherapyforamindinturmoil.Workconcentratesyourthoughtsonaconcretetask.Besides,itismoreusefultoworkyouproducesomethingratherthanmoreanxietyordepression.,.,64,B.Itisnotalwaystruethatagoodpictureisworthathousandwords.Oftenwritingismuchclearerthanapicture.Itissometimesdifficulttofigureoutwhatapicturemeans,butacarefulwritercanalmostalwaysexplainit.Revised:Itisnotalwaystruethatagoodpictureisworthathousandwords.Sometimes,picturesareprettyuselessthings.Ifyoucannotswimandfallintheriverandstartgulpingwater,willyoubebetterofftoholdupapictureofyourselfdrowning,orstartscreaming“Help”?,.,65,2.段落中句子的排列A.按时间先后排列Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,.-closingatnineoclock-closetonoonby9pm.B.按位置远近排列Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes.Itwastubular,allright,butfatterthanwecouldseefromfaraway.Furthermore,wewerealsoastonishedtonoticethat,.,66,C.按逻辑关系排列1.按重要性排列Ifyouworkasasodajerker,youwill,ofcourse,notneedmuchskillinexpressingyourselftobeeffective.Ifyouworkonamachine,yourabilitytoexpressyourselfwillbeoflitte