计算机专业常用英语PPT课件

.,1,2.1ReducedInstructionSetComputers,1.architecture体系结构,2.RISCReducedInstructionsetComputing精简指令集计算技术,比较CISCcomplexInstructionsetComputing复杂指令集计算技术,3.assignmentstatement赋值语句,4.optimizev.优化,optimizer优化器程序,.,2,piler编译器，编译程序,compilev.编译compiledlanguage编译语言,6.branchn.分支；连接；转移,branchinstruction转移指令，分支指令branchpoint转移点，分支点branchprediction转移预测，分支预测,.,3,7.frequency频率,Time时间,Amplitude振幅,sinewave正弦波period周期phase相位phasedifference相位差,.,4,比较constantn.常量,9.variablen.变量,10.moden.方式，模式，状态,compatibilitymode兼容方式,.,5,比较model模型module模块modulo模(运算),11.opcode操作码(operationcode),12.decodev.译码,decoder译码器，解码器，翻译程序,.,6,2.2MicroprocessorAndMicrocomputer,1.integratedcircuit集成电路,integratedsoftware集成软件,比较integration集成；芯片封装；积分integrator积分电路，积分器integrity完整性,2.semiconductor半导体,3.chip芯片,.,7,4.package软件包；(封装)外壳,packagedsoftware套装软件,比较packetn.(信息)包；(报文)分组packv.压缩,5.descendingsort降序排序,比较ascendingsort升序排序,.,8,6.superscalar超标量结构,superclass超类supercomputer超级计算机superconductor超导体superscript上标,Amicroprocessorarchitecturethatenablesthemicroprocessortoexecutemultipleinstructionsperclockcycle.遵循此结构的微处理器能在一个时钟周期内执行多条指令。,.,9,plexnumber复数,比较realnumber实数,8.MultimediaExtensions多媒体扩展(技术),multimedia多媒体extension扩展名,9.benckmarkn.基准(测试)程序v.测量性能,Atestusedtomeasurehardwareorsoftwareperformance.一种用于测量硬件或软件性能的测试程序。,.,10,10.decompressionn.解压缩(uncompression),比较compressionn.压缩compressv.压缩compressorn.压缩器,11.conventionn.规定，约定,conventionalmemory常规内存,12.transistor晶体管(transferresistor),Emitter发射极Base基极Collector集电极,.,11,13.odd奇数,比较even偶数,patibility兼容性,.,12,16.idlea.空闲，等待,idlestate空闲状态,Operationalbutnotinuse.用来说明处在可操作状态但不在使用。,.,13,18.launchv.启动，激活,19.prototyping原型法,20.projectn.投影运算,21.workstation工作站,.,14,2.3Multiprocessing,1.parallela.并联；并行,parallelaccess并行存取parallelcomputer并行计算机parallelinterface并行接口parallelprocessing并行处理paralleltransmission并行传输,比较seriala.串行,.,15,2.fixeda.固定,fixed-lengthfield定长字段fixed-pointarithmetic定点运算,3.task任务,4.trafficn.通信业务量,Theloadcarriedbyacommunicationslinkorchannel.通信链路或信道载送的负荷。,5.throughoutn.吞吐量,.,16,6.sharev.共享,sharedresource共享资源shareware共享软件,7.LAN局域网localareanetwork,比较WAN广域网wideareanetworkMAN城域网metropolitanareanetwork,8.library(程序)库，库,.,17,9.singlethreading单线程处理方式,single-precision单精度single-usercomputer单用户计算机thread线程；线索threadedtree线索树threading线程技术,Withinaprogram,therunningofasingleprocessatatime.在程序中，一次运行一个进程的方式。,.,18,10.locala.局部；本地机,localhost本(主)机,比较remotea.远程remoteaccess远程访问remotecommunications远程通信remoteterminal远程终端,11.ringnetwork环形网络ringtopology环形拓扑,.,19,12.masterprocessor主处理器,masterfile主文件masterrecord主记录masterarrangement主配置,比较slaven.从设备,.,20,13.kerneln.内核核心程序,Thecoreofanoperatingsystemtheportionofthesystemthatmanagesmemory,files,andperipheraldevices;maintainsthetimeanddate;launchesapplications;andallocatessystemresources.操作系统的内核，是管理内存、文件和外围设备，维持时间和日期，启动应用程序，以及分配系统资源的那部分操作系统。,14.SMPsymmetricmultiprocessing对称多处理(技术、体系结构),.,21,2.4MeasuringComputerPerformance,1.intervaln.间隔，间歇,2.parametern.参数,3.initializev.初始化initializationn.初始化,4.derivedclass派生类,Inobject-orientedprogramming,aclasscreatedfromanotherclass,calledthebaseclass.Aderivedclassinheritsallthefeaturesofitsbaseclass.在面向对象程序设计中，从基类中产生的类。派生类继承基类所以的属性。,.,22,5.clock时钟(电路),Theelectroniccircuitinacomputerthatgeneratesasteadystreamoftimingpulsesthedigitalsignalsthatsynchronizeeveryoperation.计算机内的产生稳定的时序脉冲信号的电子电路，该数字信号同步每次操作。,clockrate时钟频率clockspeed时钟速度clockpulse时钟脉冲,.,23,6.MIPSmillionsofinstructionspersecond百万条指令每秒,Acommonmeasureofprocessorspeed.一种测量处理器运行速率的度量单位。,7.sortv.排序；分类,bubblesort冒泡排序distributivesort分布排序insertionsort插入排序mergesort合并排序quicksort快速排序,.,24,8.portn.端口v.转出，移出,Aninterfacethroughwhichdataistransferredbetweenacomputerandotherdevices(suchasaprinter,keyboardormouse),anetwork,oradirectconnectiontoanothercomputer.一种接口，数据通过它可以在计算机和其他设备之间、网络之间或者其他直接相连的计算机之间进行传输。,Tochangeaprograminordertobeabletorunitonadifferentcomputer.改变一个程序，使之能在不同的计算机上运行。,.,25,3.1BooleanAlgebra,1.Booleanalgebra布尔代数,Booleanexpression布尔表达式Booleanoperator布尔运算符,plement补码,Complementaryoperation求反运算,.,26,3.union并集,比较intersect交difference差,4.negation非,5.vector向量,.,27,3.2GraphTheory,1.vertex顶点,2.edge边,3.graph图,Ifanytwonodesinagraphcanbeconnectedbyapathalongedges,thegraphissaidtobeconnected.如果图中任意两个结点间都能够用一条路径沿着边线连接起来，那么该图则被称为连通的。,.,28,Asubgraphisasubsetofthenodesandedgeswithinagraph.子图是图中结点和边线的子集。Agraphisdirected(adigraph)ifeachedgelinkstwonodestogetheronlyinonedirection.如果每条边线仅在一个方向上将两个结点连接起来，则该图为有向图。Agraphisweightedifeachedgehassomevalueassociatedwithit.如果每条边线都有一些相关的值，则该图为加权图。,.,29,4.Loopn.v.循环,loopcheck循环检测loopconfiguration循环配置loopstructure循环结构,5.circuitn.电路,circuitboard电路板,.,30,6.tree树,root根child孩子parent双亲leafnode叶子结点subtree子树,.,31,3.3CombinatorialProblems,binatorics组合数学,Abranchofmathematicsrelatedtoprobabilityandstatistics,involvesthestudyofcounting,grouping,andarrangementoffinitesetsofelements.有关概率和统计的一个数学分支，研究对元素的有限集合的计算、分组和排列。,2.counter计数器,countingloop计数循环,.,32,3.list表,listbox列表框,比较queue队列deque双端队列stack堆栈,4.naturalnumber自然数,Anintegerthatisequaltoorgreaterthanzero.大于等于零的整数。,.,33,naturallanguage自然语言,5.error错误,criticalerror严重错误fatalerror致命错误harderror硬错误inherenterror固有错误intermittenterror间歇错误logicerror逻辑错误overflowerror溢出错,.,34,erroranalysis错误分析errorchecking错误检测法error-correctingcode纠错码errordetectionandcorrection检错纠错法errorrate出错率errortrapping错误捕获,比较fault故障；失效,.,35,6.object目标码；对象；物体,objectcode目标代码objectfile目标文件object-orienteda.面向对象,7.calculator计算器,.,36,8.zeron.零v.置零,Zerodivide除（以）零Zeroflag零标志Zero-lengthstring空零长度字符串Zeroout置零Zerosuppression消零Nonreturntozero不归零,.,37,9.induction感应,inductor电感器,比较inductance电感，自感,10.recursion递归,.,38,3.4AlgorithmAndItsMeasures,1.algorithm算法,algorithmlanguage算法语言ALGOL语言AlgorithmLanguage,2.formula公式,3.boundn.界、限v.约束,upperbound上限lowerbound下限,.,39,4.proceduren.过程,procedurecall过程调用,5.attributen.属性,6.lineara.线性,linearlist线性表,7.matrixn.矩阵,8.one-dimensionalarray一维数组,.,40,9.poly-前缀多、复、聚,polygon多边形polyline折线polymorphism多态性,.,41,5.ordern.次序v.排序,6.dot点，点分符,dot-matrixn.a.点阵dot-matrixprinter点阵打印机dotpitch点距,7.sheetn.表单,8.indexn.v.索引；下标,.,42,9.assignmentstatement赋值语句,assignmentoperator赋值操作符,10.update更新；修改,.,43,4.2TypicalDataStructureStacksAndQueues,1.array数组,2.recordn.v.记录,3.stack栈，堆栈,pop出栈push入栈，压栈,4.queuen.队列v.排队,.,44,5.routine例程,Anysectionofcodethatcanbeinvoked(executed)withinaprogram.程序内可以调用（执行）的任何代码段。,subroutine子例程,.,45,4.physicala.物理，实际,physicaladdress物理地址physicallayer物理层,比较logicala.逻辑,5.designv.设计,designcycle设计周期,Allthephasesinvolvedindevelopingandproducingnewhardwareorsoftware.设计或开发新硬件或软件所涉及的所有阶段。,.,46,6.general-purposecomputer通用计算机,general-purposecontroller通用控制器general-purposelanguage通用语言general-purposeregister通用寄存器,7.special-purposecomputer专用计算机,special-purposelanguage专用语言specialcharacter特殊字符,.,47,8.instruction指令,Mostprogramsconsistoftwotypesofstatements:declarationsandinstructions.大部分程序由两种类型的语句组成：声明和指令。,instructioncode指令代码instructionset指令集,poment(组成)部分，部构，组件,Adiscretepartofalargersystemorstructure.大系统或结构中的一种可以分立的部分。,.,48,10.memory存储器，内存,mainmemory主存(primarystorage)secondarymemory辅存(secondarystorage),memorybank存储器插槽memorycell存储单元memorychip存储芯片,11.CPU-CentralProcessingUnit中央处理器,CPUcacheCPU高速缓存CPUfanCPU风扇,.,49,12.blockdiagram框图，方块图,bubblechart泡形图flawchart流程图,13.bus总线,databus数据总线addressbus地址总线controlbus控制总线,14.configuration配置,Inreferencetoasinglemicrocomputer,thesumofasystemsinternalandexternalcomponents.对单个微机来讲，配置指一个系统内部和外部的全部组件的总和。,.,50,puterclassification,supercomputer巨型机mainframe大型机superminicomputer超级小型机minicomputer小型机workstation工作站microcomputer微机PDA-PersonalDigitalAssistant掌上计算机,16.cabinet机箱,.,51,17.8bits=1byte(B),kilobyte1KB=1024Bmegabyte1MB=1024KBgigabyte1GB=1024MB,18.transfer传送,transform变换translate翻译transmit发送,Themovementofdatafromonelocationtoanother.将数据从一个地点移动到另一个地点。,Tochangetheappearanceorformatofdatawithoutalteringitscontent.改变数据的外部特性或格式，而不改变其内容。,Tosendinformationoveracommunicationslineoracircuit.经过通信线路或电路发送信息。,.,52,significantfigure有效数字(同significantdigits),.,53,1.2ComputerCodes,1.capacity容量,2.binarya.二进制,binaryconversion二进制转换binarydigit二进制数字binarynumber二进制数binarysearch二分搜索binarytree二叉树,Eitherofthetwodigitsinthebinarynumbersystem,0and1.在二进制数系统中0和1两个数字中的任何一个。Anumberexpressedinbinaryform.一种以二进制形式表示的数。,比较decimala.十进制hexadecimala.十六进制octala.八进制,.,54,3.BCD-binarycodeddecimal二进制编码的十进制,4.ASCII-AmercianStandardCodeforInformationInterchange美国国家信息交换标准代码,5.Internala.内部,internalcommand内部命令internalinterrupt内部中断internalmodem内置调制解调器,比较externala.外部,6.formatn.格式v.格式化,.,55,7.EBCDIC-ExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCode十进制交换码,8.parity奇偶性(检验),evenparity偶检验oddparity奇检验,paritybit奇偶(检验)位paritycheck奇偶检验,.,56,9.monitor监视器(同CRTcathode-raytube阴极射线管),比较display显示器,Thevisualoutputdeviceofacomputer,whichiscommonlyaCRT-basedvideodisplay.Withportableandnotebookcomputers,thedisplayisusuallyanLCD-basedoragasplasma-basedflat-paneldisplay.计算机的可视输出设备，通常是基于阴极射线的视频显示。便携式和笔记本计算机的显示器通常是基于液晶显示器或基于等离子体的平板显示器。,LCDliquidcrystaldisplay液晶显示器,Thetermmonitorusuallyreferstoadisplayanditshousing.监视器一词通常包括显示器及其外壳。,.,57,1.3Whatisaprocessor,1.interpretv.解释,interpretedlanguage解释语言interpreter解释程序,比较compilev.编译,2.operation操作，运算,operationcode操作码operand操作数operator运算符,.,58,operatingsystem操作系统operatorassociativity运算符结合性operatorprecedence运算符优先级,3.high-levellanguage高级语言,low-levellanguage低级语言assemblylanguage汇编语言,4.retrieve检索,.,59,5.timer定时器,timebomb定时炸弹time-divisionmultiplexing时分多路复用timeout(timeouttime-out)超时timesharing分时技术,6.release释放；发布,Torelinquishcontrolofablockofmemory,adevice,oranothersystemresourcetotheoperatingsystem.放弃一块内存、一台设备或另一个系统资源控制权，交予操作系统。,Toformallymakeaproductavailabletothemarketplace.正式将某一产品投放到市场。,.,60,7.pulse脉冲,PAMpulseamplitudemodulation脉冲幅度调制PCMpulsecodemodulation脉冲编码调制PDMpulsedurationmodulation脉冲宽度调制,8.controlunit控制器，控制单元,Atransientsignal,usuallybriefandwithadiscreteonsetandoffset.一种暂态信号，通常持续时间很短，且具有陡峭的上升边和下降边。,9.register寄存器,比较registry注册表,.,61,12.current电流,currentdirectory当前目录,.,62,1.4Memorysystem,1.latency等待时间,Thetimerequiredforasignaltotravelfromonepointonanetworktoanother.信号从网络中一点传播到另一点所需的时间。,2.semiconductor半导体,conductor导体nonconductor绝缘体(同insulator),.,63,3.magnetica.磁,magneticdisk磁盘magneticfield磁场magnetichead磁头magnetictape磁带,4.hierarchicala.分层，分级，层次,hierarchicaldatabase层次(型)数据库,比较hierarchyn.分层分级结构,.,64,5.cache高速缓冲区,cachememory高速缓冲存储器,Aspecialmemorysubsysteminwhichfrequentlyuseddatavaluesareduplicatedforquickaccess.一种专用的内存子系统，其中存放着那些被频繁使用的数据以便于快速访问。,6.bandwidth带宽,Thedifferencebetweenthehighestandlowestfrequenciesthatananalogcommunicationssystemcanpass.模拟通信系统可以通过的最高频率和最低频率之差。,.,65,7.virtuala.虚拟,VMvirtualmemory虚拟存储器virtualaddress虚地址virtualhosting虚拟主机virtualreality虚拟现实,8.referencen.引用,Toaccessavariable,suchasanelementinanarrayorafieldinarecord.访问一个变量，诸如数组中的一个元素或记录中的一个字段。,.,66,9.interface接口,interfaceadapter接口适配器,比较interference干扰,10.page页,pageframe页帧pagesetup页面设置,Afixed-sizeblockofmemory.内存中的一种固定长度的块。,.,67,11.DRAM动态RAM,dynamicRAM,比较staticRAM静态RAM,12.allocation(资源)分配,比较location存储单元,Inoperatingsystems,theprocessofreservingmemoryforusebyaprogram.在操作系统中，为某个程序保留内存以供使用的做法。,.,68,13.equation等式,expansionslot扩展槽,Amathematicalstatementthatindicatesequalitywiththeuseofanequalsign(=)betweentwoexpressions.一种用等号(=)连接两个表达式以表示它们相等的数学语句。,14.block块；内存块,15.slot槽,.,69,16.delay延迟,比较ROM-readonlymemory只读存储器EEPROM-electricallyerasableprogrammableROM电可擦可编程ROMEPROM-erasableprogrammableROM可擦可编程ROMPROM-programmableROM可编程ROM,17.RAM-randomaccessmemory随机(存取)存储器,.,70,TypesofintegratedcircuitSSI:small-scaleintrgration小规模集成MSI:medium-scaleintrgration中规模集成LSI:large-scaleintrgration大规模集成VLSI:very-large-scaleintrgration极大规模集成ULSI:ultra-large-scaleintrgration超大规模集成,18.chip芯片,比较integratedcircuit集成电路,.,71,19.sequence序列,sequentialaccess顺序存取法sequentialexecution顺序执行sequentialsearch顺序查找,20.hardwired硬连线,Builtintoasystemusinghardwaresuchaslogiccircuits,ratherthanaccomplishedthroughprogramming.指使用像逻辑电路这样的硬件而不是通过软件编程的方式建立一个系统的特性。,.,72,Harddisk硬盘Hardreturn硬回车Hardware硬件,比较soft软,21.ROMBIOS存于ROM的基本输入输出系统,OnPC-compatiblecomputers,thesetofessentialsoftwareroutinesthattestshardwareatstartup,startstheoperatingsystem,andsupportsthetransferofdataamonghardwaredevices.在PC兼容计算机上的一组基本软件例程，这些程序在计算机开机时测试硬件，启动操作系统，支持硬件设备之间的数据传输。,.,73,22.bootn.v.引导，启动(=bootup),bootabledisk引导盘bootfailure引导失败,23.opticaldisk光碟盘(同compactdisk),opticaldrive光驱opticalfiber光纤opticalscanner光学扫描仪,.,74,24.laser激光器(lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation),Laserprinter激光打印机Laserstorage激光存储,25.WORM一些多读光碟盘(writeoncereadmany),比较worm蠕虫(病毒程序),26.erase擦除,Toremovedatapermanentlyfromastoragemedium.从存储介质中将数据永久消除。,.,75,1.5input/outputsystem,1.source信息源,sourcecode源代码sourceprogram源程序sourcestatement源代码语句,2.destination目的,3.volume卷；音量,Adiskortapethatstorescomputerdata.存储计算机数据的一张磁盘或一卷磁带。,Theloudnessofanaudiosignal.声音信号的响度。,.,76,4.intermediatelanguage中间语言,Acomputerlanguageusedasanintermediatestepbetweentheoriginalsourcelanguage,usuallyahigh-levellanguage,andthetargetlanguage,usuallymachinecode.一种计算机语言，介于初始的源语言(通常是高级语言)和目标语言(通常是机器代码)。,5.matching匹配(法),6.keyboard键盘,keyboardbuffer键盘缓冲区keyboardshortcut键盘快捷键keycap键帽,.,77,7.modem调制解调器(modulator/demodulator),modulation调制demodulation解调,8.synchronizev.同步,synchronizationn.同步synchronousa.同步的,9.sink接收器,Adeviceorpartofadevicethatreceivessomethingfromanotherdevice.从其他装置接收数据的设备或部分设备。,.,78,10.buffern.缓冲区，缓冲器v.缓冲,11.terminatev.终止,比较terminaln.终端,12.coprocessor协处理器,13.accumulator累加器,14.peripheraln.外(围)设(备),15.mapv.映射n.映像、映射,16.pattern模式,patternrecognition模式识别,.,79,17.argument参数，变元，自变量,比较parameter参数passbyaddress按地址传递passbyvalue按值传递,18.coherencen.同调，一致性，相干性,19.DMAdirectmemoryaccess直接存储器存取,20.interactivea.交互,interactivefiction交互式故事interactivesession交互式会话interactivevoicesystem交互式语音系统,Atypeofcomputergameinwhichtheuserparticipatesinastorybygivingcommandstothesystem.一种计算机游戏，在游戏中用户通过对计算机系统发出命令的方式参与到某个故事中。,.,80,21.capturev.捕获,22.responsetime响应时间,23.mouse鼠标(器)relativepointingdevice相对定位设备如trackball跟踪球,busmouse总线鼠标器mechanicalmouse机械鼠标器opticalmouse光鼠标器optomechanicalmouse光机械鼠标器serialmouse串行鼠标器,.,81,mousepad鼠标垫mouseport鼠标端口mousesensitivity鼠标灵敏度mousetrails鼠标踪迹,24.cursor光标,cursorblinkspeed闪烁速度,25.touchscreen触摸屏,.,82,graphicstablet图形输入板graphicsprinter图形打印机graphicsprocessor图形处理器graphicsinterface图形界面,27.lightpen光笔,lightemittingdiode发光二极管lightsource光源lightwavesystem光波系统,26.graphica.图的，图形的,.,83,digitizingtablet数字化仪,29.accuracyn.准精确度性,比较precision精密度,28.digitizev.数字化,Thedegreetowhichtheresultofacalculationormeasurementapproximatesthetruevalue.计算或测量的结构与真实值相近的程度。,Theextentofdetailusedinexpressinganumber.用来表达一个数的精细程度。,.,84,30.reliabilityn.可靠性,31.scanv.扫描,scanner扫描仪Typesofscanner：flatbedscanner平板式扫描仪feedscanner送纸扫描仪drumscanner鼓式扫描仪handheldscanner手持式扫描仪,32.sensor传感器,.,85,33.speechrecognition语音识别,speechsynthesis语音