大学英语语法 并列与从属.ppt

并列与从属是两种不同的连接手段。从语义上看，两个分句所表示的意义，在说话人看来，如果具有同等的重要性，就可以把它们并列起来，连成一个并列句。而从属是语义上分清主次的手段，是把次要的思想内容置于结构上的从属地位，从而突出句子的主要思想。如：Wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions.Wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.,next,并列与从属,并列,next,Wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessionsbutwefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.语义重心在后半句,从属,Although/Though/Eventhough/Whilewearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions,wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.Although/Though/Eventhough/Whilewefindithardtoputupwiththeloss,wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions.语义重心在主句,常用的并列连词有：and,or,but,nor,so,yet,bothand，eitheror,notbut,notonlybutalso,notnor,neithernor,aswellas,asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,for（因为）,while（而）,whereas等。(见教材P342-343),next,限定从属分句：从句相当于名词、形容词、副词。1）从句当名词用名词性从句，可作主语，宾语，主语补语，介词补足成分和同位语。IjustcantunderstandwhyLadyGagaissopopular.,2)从句当形容词用，做定语形容词性分句，即关系分句，定语从句Itisthepig(which/that)Tinaraises.,next,3)从句当副词用，做状语副词性分句，即状语从句Whenshewasstillababy,shelikedtakingphotos.,next,next,1.Youllfinditwhereitwas.2.Tellmetheplacewherehelives.3.Idontknowwherehecamefrom.4.Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.5.Thisiswheretheyoncelived.,(地点状语从句),(定语从句),(宾语从句),(主语从句),(表语从句),next,从属连词，连接代词，连接副词，关系代词，关系副词,从属连词:用来引导状语从句和名词性从句(引导名词性从句的只有that,whether，在句中不作成分）。连接代词、连接副词：引导名词性从句关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句,ThisisthebookwhichIlikemost.Ihavenoideawhichwineisbest.Ihavenoideawhatwineisbest.Idontknowwhichwineisbest.Ibelievethathewillsucceed.Heisnottheperson_heusedtobe.Heisnot_heusedtobe.,next,范围小，同位语从句,范围大，同位语从句,宾语从句,that不充当成分，无意义,that,what,1：Insomecountries,iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallpeople.(CET-4,1995年6月)A)whichB)oneC)thatD)what2：isthecenterofourplanetarysystemwasadifficultconcepttograspintheMiddleAges.(CET-6，1993年6月)A)ItisthesunandnottheearthB)BeingthesunandnottheearthC)ThesunandnottheearthD)Thatthesunandnottheearth,next,主语从句,D,D,1：Thereasonwhyhehasntcomeis_.A)becausehismotherisillB)becauseofhismothersbeingillC)thathismotherisillD)forhismotherisill,next,表语从句,C,1：Themerefactmostpeoplebelievenuclearwarswouldbemadnessdoesntmeanthatitwillnotoccur.(CET-4，1997年6月)A)whatB)whichC)thatD)why,next,同位语从句,C,1：BysuccessIdontmeanusuallythoughtofwhenthatwordisused.(CET-4，1996年6月)A)whatisB)thatweC)asyouD)allis2：Thisbookwillshowthereaderscanbeusedinothercontexts.(CET-6，1996年1月)A)howthattheyhaveobservedB)thathowtheyhaveobservedC)howwhattheyhaveobservedD)thattheyhaveobserved,next,宾语从句,A,C,1：Scientistssayitmaybefiveortenyearsitispossibletotestthismedicineonhumanpatients.(CET-4，1995年6月)A)sinceB)whenC)afterD)before2：Ifeltsomewhatdisappointedandwasabouttoleave,somethingoccurredwhichattractedmyattention.(CET-4，1996年1月)A)unlessB)untilC)whenD)while3：Stormyapplausebrokeforthsheappearedonthestage.A)themomentB)amomentC)atthemomentD)inamoment,next,状语从句,D,C,A,themoment,theminute,theinstant,thesecondimmediately,instantly,directlyImmediatelyyoubegintotalk,hegivesyouhisfullattention.,由关系代词引导的定语从句:1：Itwasntsuchagooddinnershehadpromisedus.(CET-4，1990年1月)A)thatB)whichC)asD)what2：TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,isoftenthecaseinothercountries.(CET-4，1998年6月)A)asB)whatC)soD)that,next,定语从句,C,A,由关系代词引导的定语从句:3:Thereisnorulehasexceptions.A)whichB)thatC)butD)unless,next,定语从句,C,比较下列句子中的but用法是否相同。1.Therewasnoonebutknowsthat.2.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.3.Notaskissodifficultbutwecanaccomplishit.4.Nothingissohardbutitbecomeseasybypractice.,1、2句中的that是关系代词，相当于thatnot或whonot；3、4句中的是连词，相当于butthat,由关系副词引导的定语从句:1：YouarejustthesameasyouwerethedayIfirstmetyou.(考研,1982年)A)thatB)whichC)whenD)how2：IveneverbeentoBeijing,butitstheplace.(CET-4，1999年6月)A)whereIdliketovisitB)ImostwanttovisitC)inwhichIdliketovisitD)whatIwanttovisitmost,next,定语从句,C,B,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句比较限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词、关系副词来引导。非限制性定语从句（教材P.380）仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。,Mydaughter,whostudiesintheU.S.,rangmeyesterday.MydaughterwhostudiesintheU.S.rangmeyesterday.,（一）在定语从句中只用that的情况1先行词为不定代词all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等时IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?2先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或all，any，much，few，some,little,no,every，theonly,thevery等修饰时Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.3先行词为既指人又指物的两个或两个以上的名词时Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely.,next,Which与that在定语从句中的区别,4关系代词在限制性定语从句中做表语时Heisnotthemanthathewastenyearsago.5主句是以who或which引导的特殊疑问句时Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?(二)不用that的情况1在非限制性定语从句中2在介词之后,next,Which与that在定语从句中的区别,1_youdontlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.AWhatBWhoCThatD/_isapitythatyoumissedhisspeech.AThatBThisCWhatDIt_wasknowntousallthatTomhadbrokenhispromise_hewouldgivethemarise.AAs,whichBWhat，thatCIt，thatDIt，which,next,C,C,D,Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeinglate_hiscarbrokendownontheway.AthatBwhyCwhichDbecause_alltheinventionhaveincommonis_theyhavesucceeded.AWhatwhatBThatthatCWhatthatDThatwhat6Sheisnolongertheperson_sheusedtobe.AthatBwhichCwhatDwho,next,A,C,A,next,长难句分析,1ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.,这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府下了结论，认为：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。,next,长难句分析,2.Whatweshouldliketoknowiswhetherlifeoriginatedastheresultofsomeamazingaccidentorsuccessionofcoincidences,orwhetheritisthenormaleventforinanimatemattertoproducelifeinduecourse,whenthephysicalenvironmentissuitable.,我们想知道的是生命究竟是起源于某个惊人的事件，或是一系列的巧合呢?还是当自然环境适合，无生命的物质经过相当一段时间就自然而然地产生了生命呢?,next,长难句分析,3.Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary-thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample-andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisntclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.,虽然警示语通常是合理和必要的，如有关药物产生相互作用从而产生危险的警示语，而且许多警示语是州和联邦法律要求的。但是，如果消费者受到伤害，这些警示语能否使产销商免于责任还很难说。,next,长难句分析,4Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso-andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.,他宣称他反对利用这种不同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人，并下令禁止使用联邦基金做这种实验，-尽管还没有人提出要这样做-他建议成立一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈法罗夏皮罗领导的独立专家小组，在90天内就克隆人的国家政策问题提出建议并向白宫汇报。,next,长难句分析,5.Oneargumentusedtosupporttheideathatemploymentwillcontinuetobethedominantformofwork,andthatemploymentwilleventuallybecomeavailableforallwhowantit,isthatworkingtimewillcontinuetofall.,一种观点认为工作时间将会持续下降。该观点用于支持以下看法，即就业将继续是主要的工作方式；就业机会将最终提供给所有想就业的人。,next,长难句分析,6Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects-agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen-ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.,尽管最高法院认为，宪法并没有赋予医生帮助病人安乐死的权利，但是实践中最高法院支持“双重效果”的医疗原则。这个几个世纪以来的医疗道德原则认为，如果一种行为具有双重效果-既有医治的良好效果又有可以预见的有害效果-为了达成良好效果，应当允许这一行为实施。,next,3题,1.whoever/whomeverTheyalwaysgivethevacantseatsto_comesfirst.Giveitto_youlike.2.who/whoever_leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelight._willgiveusatalkisunknowntousall.3.whoever/nomatterwho_toldyouthatwaslying.Comeoutofthere,_youare.连接代词、连接副词：引导名词性从句关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句.,whoever,whomever/whoever,Whoever,Who,Whoever,whoever/nomatterwho,next,8题,1.Wearetryingtoreachapoint_bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.when2.-Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourself?-Yes,theresonepoint_wemustinsiston.A.whyB.whereC.