泛读教程-language

Language,祝苗周婷郑舒吴晓璐汪苗苗冯选丽,By:,Background,ClassificationofworldlanguagesIndo-EuropeanFamily印欧语系Sino-TibetanFamily汉藏语系Non-PacificlanguagesFamily非太语系ArtificialInternationalLanguages人造国际语系Esperanto,GermanicisabranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.,TheGermanicFamilyofLanguages,EnglishisamemberoftheGermanicfamilyoflanguages.,Doyouknow？,ThelanguagehistoriamdividesEnglishhistoryintothreetimes:,TheOriginOfEnglish,Englishisactuallyamixofseverallanguages,adoptingandadaptingfromvariouscultures,bothconqueringandconquered.In500BC,theCeltsinvadedBritainandfannedoutthroughouttheentireland.Assuch,CelticwasthefirstlanguagewidelyinuseinBritain.ThislanguagewasalsowidelyusedinScotland,northoftheBritishisland.,英语是在特定的地理和历史环境中，经过一系列的民族迁移和征服过程所形成的。公元前500年，凯尔特人进犯并占领了不列颠岛。凯尔特语言是史料依据所发现的不列颠岛上最早的语言，这种语言当今还为苏格兰北部、西部山地民族使用。,PartofBeowulf,apoemwritteninOldEnglish.,ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeganover1500yearsagointhenorthofEurope.AroundthefifthcenturyA.D.,tribesofpeopleknownastheAnglo-Saxons,andJutestraveledwestfromGermanyandDenmarkacrosstheNorthSea.TheysettledinBritain,andbythelateseventhcentury,theywerespeakinganearlyformoftheEnglish.,AncientEnglish(450-1100),英语的历史从1500多年前的北欧开始。在公元5世纪左右，称为盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人的部落从德国和丹麦旅行向西过北海。他们迁入英国，并在7世纪末以前，他们所讲的即为早期形式的英语。,GermanicinvadersenteredBritainontheeastandsouthcoastsinthe5thcentury.,Inthelate8th,9thand10thcenturies,theVikingsattackedEngland.Fightingcontinuedfor200years.Duringthistime,manyLatin,Danish,andNorsewordsenteredtheEnglishlanguage.LatingaveEnglishwordslikekitchenandcup.FromDanishandNorse,Englishborrowedskin,leg,takeandgetandthepronounsthem,their,andthey.manysynonymsfromtheNorselanguagebecameintegratedintoEnglish,forexample,wrath(English),anger(Norse);sick(English),ill(Norse).,AnexampleofMiddleEnglishbyChaucer.,MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)In1066,NormansconqueredEngland.Thecountrynowhadthreelanguages:Frenchforthenobles,LatinforthechurchesandEnglishforthecommonpeople.SoFrenchwereusuallyusedtodescribethelifeintheuppersociety.Forexample,EnglishmenliveinhouseswhileFrenchmenliveintowers.,HamletsfamousTobe,ornottobelines,writteninEarlyModernEnglishbyShakespeare.,BritishEnglish1601,AmericanEnglish1831,ModernEnglish(1500),ModernEnglishdevelopedfromtheMiddleEnglishdialectoftheEastMidlandsandwasinfluencedbytheEnglishusedinLondon,whereaprintingpresswassetupbyWilliamCaxtonin1476.Englishchangedagreatdealfromthistimeuntiltheendofthe18thcentury.DuringtheRenaissance,manywordswereintroducedfromGreekandLatintoexpressnewideas,especiallyinscience,medicineandphilosophy.Theyincludedphysics,species,architecture,encyclopediaandhypothesis.Inthe16thcenturyseveralversionsoftheBiblehelpedbringwrittenEnglishtoordinarypeople.TheElizabethanperiodisalsofamousforitsdrama,andShakespearesplayswereseenbymanypeople.,TodaywestillborrowfromLatinandGreektonamenewinventions,likevideo,televisionandcyberspace.,TheEuropeanrenaissanceandtheprintingpressbroughtmanynewwordsfromLatinandGreek.,LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)Duringthe19thandearly20thcenturiesmanydictionariesandbooksaboutlanguagewerepublished.NewwordsarestillbeingaddedtoEnglishfromotherlanguages,includingChineseandJapanese.Existingwordsgainnewsenses,andnewexpressionsspreadquicklythroughtelevisionandtheInternet.,Englishisnowaninternationallanguageandisusedasameansofcommunicationbetweenpeoplefrommanycountries.AsaresulttheinfluencesontheEnglishlanguagearewiderthaneveranditispossiblethatWorldEnglishwillmoveawayfromusingaBritishorAmericanstandardandestablishitsowninternationalidentity.,Conclusion,SectionC,SomeNotesonGender-NeutralLanguage,MAN,INdifferentterms,“man”hasdifferentsenses.,1.Anglo-Saxonwriterreferredtoaseventh-centuryEnglishprincessas“awonderfulman”.2.Bythe18thcentury，themodern，narrowsenseof“man”wasfirmlyestablishedasthepredominantone.Forexample，EdmundBurke（埃德蒙伯克），writingoftheFrenchRevolution，used“men”intheold，inclusiveway，hetookpainstospellouthismeaning：“Suchadeplorablehavocismadeinthemindsofmen（bothsexes）inFrance”3.Inatimewhenwomen，havingnovote，couldneithergivenorwithholdconsent,Jefferson（杰佛逊）hadtobeusingthewordmeninitsprincipalsenseof“males”.,ThePronounProblem,ThefirstgrammarsofmodernEnglishwerewritteninthe16thand17thcenturiestohelpboysfromupperclassfamiliesprepareforthestudyofLatin.Hestartedtobeusedasagenericpronounbygrammarianswhoweretryingtochangealongestablishedtraditionofusing“they”asasingularpronoun.In1850anActofParliamentgaveofficialsanction(批准)totherecentlyinventedconceptofthegeneriche.Justasmanisnottrulygenericinthe1990s,heisnotatruegenericpronoun.Studieshaveconfirmedthatmostpeopleunderstandhetorefertomenonly.,SolvingthePronounProblem,Mostpeople，whenwritingandspeakinginformal