culture-and-communicationPPT课件

.,1,Comparative（比较的）StudiesofOriental（东方的）andOccidental西方的cultures,.,2,Cultureandcommunication,Communicationisdonenaturallybyallofusthatwetakeitforgrantedandwedontthinkverymuchaboutwhathappenswhenwecommunicate.Wethink,wereallhumanandweallcommunicatethereforecommunicationmustbeeasymustbeuniversal通用的,.,3,Cultureandcommunication,Successfulcommunicationis:aquestionofgettingthelanguagerightaquestionofusingthelanguagethatsrightforthesituation,.,4,Cultureandcommunication,Verbal口头的；言语的andnon-verbalcommunicationLanguageisonewaywehaveofcommunicatingWeusebody-languageWevarythesoundofourvoicestoexpressemotionsOurfacesandeyescancommunicateaswell,.,5,Cultureandcommunication,Isnon-verbalcommunicationreallyimportant?Ifpeopleunderstandthewordsweresayingtheyllgetthemessage,wontthey?,.,6,Cultureandcommunication,Agroupofresearchersconductedanexperiment:oneverydaycommunicationsituations:howmuchofthecommunicationwasthroughfacial面部的，表面的expressionhowmuchthroughthecontext.环境andintonation声调，语调Howmuchthroughlanguageitself,.,7,Cultureandcommunication,Results:55%ofthemeaningcamethroughfacialexpression38%ofthemeaningcamethroughintonationandthecontextOnly7%ofthemeaningwastransmitted传送throughlanguageitself,.,8,Cultureandcommunication,Non-verbalwaysofcommunicatingourmessagesarevital至关重要的tothecommunicationprocess.Oneofthebigdifferencesbetweenculturesishowimportantaculturethinkswordsare.,.,9,Cultureandcommunication,Verbalculturesvalue重视andenjoytalk,argument论证,explanation说明，解释non-verbalcultureswherepeoplerespectlistening,silence,socialharmony,.,10,Cultureandcommunication,Verbalvs.nonverbalHowwedealwithproblemsanddisagreementsHowwemanageaconversation会话；交谈；社交,.,11,Cultureandcommunication,ListentotheprogrammeNotedowntheexamples,.,12,Cultureandcommunicationgroupwork,Isyourcultureverbalornon-verbal?-Discusswithyourfriends,.,13,Cultureandcommunication,Nonverbalcommunication,.,14,Cultureandcommunication,Non-verbalcommunication:ThewayweusehandsThewayweuseourfacesThewayweuseoureyes,.,15,Cultureandcommunication,Non-verbalcommunicationisinterestingbecauseyoucanbeusingdifferentformsinmanydifferentwaysatonce!Useeyes眼睛Smile微笑Frown皱眉Orfreeofexpressionface面部自由表达,.,16,Cultureandcommunication,Alotofnon-verbalsignalsaredifficultforustocontrol.Theycontaininformationabouthowwereallyfeelandthink.,.,17,Cultureandcommunicationgroupwork,Discusswithyourfriendsthewaysofnonverbalcommunicationusedinyourculture.Aretheyverydifferentfromthewesterncultureyouknow?,.,18,Cultureandcommunication,Bodylanguageandthespace(personalspace)Rulesabout:HowcloseyoucanstandtosomeoneTheuseoftouch,.,19,Cultureandcommunication,Thefrequency频率withwhichwetoucheachothervariesfromculturetoculture.Researchincafesaroundtheworld(howmanytimescouplestouchedeachotherwithinthespaceofanhour:Brazil巴西:anaverageof180timesFrance:120timesGreatBritain:didnttouchatall,.,20,Cultureandcommunication,Discusswithyourfriendsrulesabout:HowcloseyoucanstandtosomeoneTheuseoftouchCanyouseeanydifferencebetweenyourcultureandanyothercultures?,.,21,Culturetimeandspace,Waysthatculturescanvary:Ourattitudestotimeandspace,.,22,Culturetimeandspace,Thewaywepackage将包装；打包thenotion概念；见解oftimeisimportant.Inordertodescribeitwedivideitupintomanageable易管理的periodssotherearedaysandyearsandseasonsandweeksandsoonbutwealsodivideitupintoperiodsoftimethatareculturalsowecanhaveperiodsbetweenfestivalsortheperiodsoffestivalssuchasRamadan斋月,Easter复活节orHanukkah光明节犹太教节日.,.,23,Culturetimeandspace,Wealsodivideitindividualtimesowehavetheperiodsbetweenbirthdaysorwhenourfirstchildrenoroursecondchildrenareborn.Timealsohasdepth(Imeanhistory)sothatcountrieslikeAmericaorAustraliaareyoungintermsofhistorywhereasculturessuchasChinaandArabcultureshavehistoriesthatlastforthousandsofyears.,.,24,Culturetimeandspace,EdwardT.Hallwasthefirsttoidentifytimeandspaceasimportantelements基础；原理inthestudyofculture.Cultureswherepeopleliketodo“onethingatatime”(monochroniccultures)Cultureswherepeoplehavenoproblemdoingseveralthingsatonce(polychronicc),.,25,Culturetimeandspace,Monochronismtendstogowithcultureswherepeoplevalueindividuality个性,personalspaceandpersonaltime;Timeislinear线的，线型的tothem,ismovingforward:theyputitintocalendars日历，日程,makeappointments,doonethingatatime,.,26,Culturetimeandspace,NorthAmericansandBritishpeopletimeisequatedwithdoingsomething,beingactive,butusuallydoingonethingatatime;doingnothingiswastingtime;,.,27,Culturetimeandspace,Polychroniccultureshaveadifferentattitudetotime;dontstructure组织；建造；构成theirtimeinthesameway;aremuchmoreabletobedoingseveralthingsatonce;Arab,Turk土耳其,Spanish,Indianculturesaretheexamples;theycanbetalkingtomorethanonepersonatatime;canbeinteracting相互制约withmorethanonepersonatatime,.,28,Culturetimeandspace,Thewaywethinkabouttimeisareflection反映ofourideasaboutorder规则andorganization.组织Thesamesort种类ofconsiderationsanddifferencescanbeseeninthewayculturesliketoorganizespace,.,29,Culturetimeandspace,Publicspacef.e.InArabculturesapublicspaceisaplacewherepeoplecancometogether,ofteninvarylargenumbers,totalk,dobusiness,socialize交际;Theseareoftenverybusy,activeplaces,withlotsofthingsgoingonatonce,.,30,Culturetimeandspace,BritishorAmericanstownsareorganiseddifferently;areoftenbuiltaroundalongthinmainstreetwherepeoplecantgatheringroupsinquitethesameway.Thedifferencesinthedesignanduseofthesepublicspacesareculturaldifferences.WEcanseethemevenmoreclearlyinthewaywedesignandusethespacesinourhouses.,.,31,Culturetimeandspace,Arabsdonthavemuchspaceinpublicbuttheylovehavebigspacesinsidetheirhouses.Theyidealizelargeemptyroomswithnotmuchfurniturebecausetheydontliketobealone.,.,32,Culturetimeandspace,Personalspaceismuchanissue问题forWesterners.Wevalue重视veryhighlyourprivacyandourrighttoprivacy.IntheMiddleEastthatisjustnotavaluethatpeoplehold.InArabictheyusethesamewordforlonelyandalonethereforemeaningthatifyouvechosentobeinasolitary独居的statethereisaproblemwiththis,youmustbeunhappy.,.,33,Culturetimeandspace,TheJapanesedonthavemuchphysicalspacetheyhavevarysmallapartmentsandhouses.Butwhattheydowiththespaceisveryclever.Thespacesaremultifunctional多功能的.Soduringthedaytheyllhaveasittingroomwhereatnighttheyllmoveallthefurnitureanditbecomesabedroom.,.,34,Groupwork,Discusswithyourfriendswhatcultureisyourownone:rathermonochronicorpolychronic?Why?,.,35,Culturetimeandspace,Monochroniccultures-wherepeopleliketodoonethingatatime-alsoseemtobethosethatvalueprivacyandindividualspace,whereasculturesthatarehappytodoseveralthingsatonce;Polychroniccultures-seemtofavourspaceswherepeoplecancometogetheringroups.,.,36,Culturetimeandspace,Thisleadsustooneofthemostimportantwaysofdescribingthedifferencesbetweencultures-thedifferencesbetweencultureswheretheindividualisseenascentral,andthosewherethegroup-orthecollectiveisseenasthemostimportantunit.,.,37,ComparativeStudiesofOrientalandOccidentalcultures-individualandcollective,.,38,Cultureindividualandcollective,Theindividualismandcollectivismmodelreferstotherelationshipbetweenanyindividualinasocietytoanygrouporcollectiveinthatsociety-nowwhatdowemeanbycollective?,.,39,Cultureindividualandcollective,Acollectivecouldbeasmallgroupsuchasafamilyoraworkplaceoragroupoffriendsoracluboritcouldbebiggroupslikeanindividualsrelationshiptothenationasawhole.,.,40,Cultureindividualandcollective,Thewayyoulivetogetherwiththepeopleinyoursocietywillaffectthewayyoursocietyisorganised.Peopleinbothindividualistandcollectivistculturesbelongtogroups,butthedifferenceliesinwhetherpeoplechoosetobelongtoagroup,howtheyfeelaboutthegroupstheybelongto,andhowimportantaninfluencethegrouphasonapersonslife.,.,41,Cultureindividualandcollective,Inindividualistculturespeoplearelinkedtogetherveryloosely.Theyarebroughtuptofollowtheirownindividualgoalsandtheirownpreferencesandeveryoneinthesocietyisrewardeddifferentlyaccordingtowhattheypersonallymanagetoachieve.,.,42,Cultureindividualandcollective,Theyllmakechoicesaboutwhichworkgroupstheybelongtowhotheirfriendsarewhichreligiontheywanttobelongtowhichclubstheywanttobelongtoandsoon.,.,43,Cultureindividualandcollective,Incollectivistculturespeoplesownpersonalpreferencesaredownplayed不被重视andtheirloyaltyisfirstandforemost居首位的toagrouporacollective.Sowhathappensisthatthegroupgoalsbecomethemostimportantthingandpeopleactinaccordance一致withthedutiesofanyparticularcollectivethattheyrein.,.,44,Cultureindividualandcollective,Youllprobablyhaveaverystrongaffiliation从属关系withyourfamilygroupnotbychoicebutbecausethatspartofhowyoursocietyisorganisedanditllbeveryimportantthatwithinthesegroupsyouworktogetherandtherellbeamutualsearchforacollectiveharmonywithinthesegroups.,.,45,Cultureindividualandcollective,Butwhyshouldsomeculturesvaluetheindividualwhileothersvaluethegroup?,.,46,Cultureindividualandcollective,Individualsinindividualisticsocietieswillbelookingfor:-individualfreedom-personaltruth,ownpersonalidealofwhatissincereandreal,-personalgoals,personalobjectivestobefulfilled.,.,47,Cultureindividualandcollective,Inthecollectivistsocietiestherellbemuchgreaterneedforsocialharmonyandaction,actionthatwillbeacceptedandapprovedofbyagroupandtherellbealotofloyaltywithinthosegroups.,.,48,Cultureindividualandcollective,Peopleincollectivegroupsgettounderstandeachotherspersonalities,eachothersrolesinthatgroupandtheybegintocommunicateintuitively.Silenceismuchmoreanintegralpartofthiskindofgroupbecausepeopleknowwhatsgoingoninanotherpersonsmind-youdonthavetosayeverythingthatyourethinking.,.,49,Cultureindividualandcollective,Communicationamongstindividualsinindividualistsocietiestendstobequiteverbal-youexplainyourfeelings,whatyouropinionisimportantandsilenceisinsomewaysquiteembarrassing.,.,50,Groupwork,Wheredoesyourculturefallalongtheline?Doyoubelongtoamoreindividualist,ormorecollectivistculture?,.,51,Cultureindividualandcollective,Itsveryimportantwhentalkingaboutindividualismandcollectivismtorememberthattheseareverybroadcategories类别.Infact,theyarereallythetwoextremeendsofalongline.Noculturereallyfallsateitherend.Culturestendtowardsoneendortheother.,.,52,ComparativeStudiesofOrientalandOccidentalcultures-individualandcollective,.,53,individualvs.collective,CultureswheretheindividualisseenascentralCultureswherethegroupisthemostimportantunit,.,54,individualvs.collective,Individualistsocieties:Peoplearelinkedveryloosely宽松的PeopleareindependentPeoplevalueautonomy自治,personalgoalsPersonalemotionsandhappinessareveryimportant,.,55,individualvs.collective,Peopleinindividualistsocietiesvalue:FreedomChoiceSelf-sufficiency自给自足EqualityThesetendtobeassociatedwitheducationandaffluence,socialandgeographicmobility.,.,56,individualvs.collective,Collectivistsocieties:ThegroupgoalsaremoreimportantThenorms规范,theduties,theobligation义务softhegroupareveryimportant,.,57,individualvs.collective,Collectivistsocieties:Uphold鼓励traditiontoamuchgreaterextent范围Security安全isimportantSocialrelationshipsareveryimportantHierarchy等级制度isimportant(theimportanceofseniority),.,58,individualvs.collective,.,59,individualvs.collective,InfluencesbetweenculturesTheAmericanwayoflife(profJ.Keegan)TheUSAprovidesmostoffilms,tvshowsTheworldisawareofAmericancustoms,Americanstyles,norms,values;,.,60,individualvs.collective,Aswemovetowardsamuchmoreglobalisedsocietyweregoingtohavethedominant显性的typeofbehaviourinordertoachieveasanIndividual.Asaconsequence结论,themodelwhichisverywellexported出口andseenallovertheworld,istheAmericanwayoflife.,.,61,Groupwork,Whatdoyouthink?ArecollectivesocietiesreallyfollowinganorthAmericanmodelandbecomingmoreindividualist?,.,62,individualvs.collective,Perhapsitsjustthat,astheworldgetssmaller,weadoptsomeofthethingswelikefromtheculturesthatwecomeintocontactwithandadaptthemtoourownculturalsituation.,.,63,individualvs.collective,Ontheotherhand,isitpossiblethatsomeculturesarebeginningtoreactagainstwhatProfessorKeegandescribesaswhatisseenasthedominantstyleofbehaviour,theAmericanwayoflife.,.,64,ComparativeStudiesofOrientalandOccidentalcultures-Hofstedesvaluedimensions维；尺寸；次元；容积,.,65,Hofstedesvaluedimensions,Hofstedeused116,000employeesinover40differentcountriesfromtheIBMcompanywhichisaninternationalbusinesscompany.Andheconductedasurveyonthedifferencesinvaluesandsocialbehaviouramongsttheemployees.,.,66,Hofstedesvaluedimensions,Hewasassumingthathumanbehaviourisntrandombuttosomeextentpredictableandsothatinconductingthissurveyhedbeabletoidentifysetsofresponseswhichmightrevealpatternsorvaluedimensionswithinandacrosscultures.,.,67,Hofstedesvaluedimensions,Theindividualism/collectivismdimensionThepowerdistancedimensionTheuncertaintyavoidancedimensionThemasculinity/femininitydimension,.,68,HofstedesvaluedimensionsThepowerdistancedimension,Thepowerdistancedimensionmeasurestheequalityorinequalityinaculture:StyleofdecisionmakingDegreeoffearExistenceofhierarchyDistancebetweenpeopleatthetopandpeopleatthebottom,.,69,HofstedesvaluedimensionsThepowerdistancedimension,thelevelofeducationinaculturewasadominantfactorindecidingthepowerdistance-soinhigherpowerdistanceculturesahighervaluewasputonobedienceandconformityasopposedtoindependenceandsomeofthiscouldbeseentobebecausetheworkforcewasperhapslesswell-educatedandmoreafraidofdisagreeingwiththeirbosses.,.,70,HofstedesvaluedimensionsThepowerdistancedimension,Theoppositeofthiskindofhighpowercultureisthelowpowerdistancecultureandinthosekindofculturesheexpectedtoseemoredemocraticsystemsofmanagementandmorefreedomonthepartoftheworkerstohaveasayinthewaythatdecisionsweremadeorthebusinesswasrun.,.,71,HofstedesvaluedimensionsTheuncertaintyavoidancedimension,TheuncertaintyavoidancedimensionCountrieswhichtrytoavoiduncertaintyareonesinwhichpeopledislikesituationsinwhichtheyfeelthatthingsareunstructuredortheyfeelthatthesituationsareunpredictableortheoutcomesmightbeunclear.,.,72,HofstedesvaluedimensionsTheuncertaintyavoidancedimension,Thesetypesofculturestendtoworryaboutthefutureforinstance.Cultureswhichworryaboutuncertaintytendtoadaptthemselvestothisbyinstigatingmeasurestopreventuncertainty.Nowhowdotheydothis?,.,73,HofstedesvaluedimensionsTheuncertaintyavoidancedimension,Nowhowdotheydothis?Theyformrulessotheyinsistonrulesofsocia