实用动物营养学PPT演示课件

Briefintroductiontothenutrients,1,Water,Accountsfor70%ormoreofthecompositionofmostplantsandanimals,2,Water,MostvitalnutrientingestedMaylose100%ofbodyfat,50%ofbodyproteinandliveLose10%ofbodywater,dehydrationoccursandmayresultindeath,3,Water,MostvitalnutrientingestedTypicallyconsume2-4timesmorewaterthandrymatterintakeFunctionsTransportofdigestaandnutrientsExcretionofwasteLubrication,shapingandcushioningSubstrate（基质）forchemicalreactions,4,Water,SourcesDrinkingwaterMoisturecontentoffeedsAs-fed（实样的）feedintakeDrymatterfeedintakeMetabolicwaterWaterreleasedthroughchemicalreactionsatthecelllevel,5,MetabolicWater,0.6gramofwaterproducedpergramofcarbohydratemetabolized0.4gramofwaterproducedpergramofproteinmetabolized1.0gramofwaterproducedpergramoffatmetabolized,6,Water,DietaryneedsCattle10-20gals/dayHorses10-20gals/daySheep1-3gals/daySwine1-2gals/dayPoultry2:1water:dryfeedratio,7,Water,Intakeincreasedby:WarmtohottemperaturesHighproteinlevelsHighsaltlevelsHighfiberlevelsHighdrymatterintakes,8,Water,Normallosses:UrineFecesLungsSkinsurfaceMilk,9,WaterQuality,Goodwaterquality=Lessthan0.25%dissolvedsolidsCanmeasurablyaffectfeedconsumptionandperformanceMayreducepalatabilityorevenmaybetoxicduetolevelsofheavymetals,10,Carbohydrates,PrimarynutrientcomponentoflivestockfeedsStructuralandenergyreserveofplants70-80%ofdrymatterofplantsarecarbohydratesLessthan1%ofanimalcompositionBloodglucoseMuscleglycogen,11,Carbohydrates,Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen=1:2:1ratioClassificationsMonosaccharides-Glucose,FructoseDisaccharides-Sucrose,Maltose,LactosePolysaccharides-Starch,Cellulose,12,Carbohydrates,StarchNon-structuralornon-fibrouspolysaccharideExtensivelydigestedEnzymaticormicrobialdigestion,13,Carbohydrates,CelluloseStructuralorFibrouspolysaccharideLessdigestibleRequiresmicrobialdigestion,14,Carbohydrates,FunctionsSourceofenergyforbodilyfunctionsCarbonskeletonsforbuildingothernutrientsMilksynthesis,15,Proteins,PrincipalconstituentoforgansandsofttissuesHighestconcentrationofanynutrient,exceptwater,inalllivingorganismsandanimalsRequiredforlifeContaincarbon,hydrogen,oxygenandnitrogen,16,Proteins,FunctionsStructureoforgansandsofttissuesEnzymesHormonesAntibodiesSkin,HairMilksynthesis,17,DietaryEssentialAminoAcids,Aminoacidsrequiredinthedietandcannotbesynthesizedataratesufficienttomeetthenutritionalrequirementsoftheanimal;therefore;mustbesuppliedinthediet,18,DietaryEssentialAminoAcids,Phenylalanine（苯丙）Valine（缬）Threonine（苏）Tryptophan（色）Isoleucine（异亮）,Methionine（蛋）Histidine（组）Arginine（精）Leucine（亮）Lysine（赖）,19,DietaryLimitingAminoAcid,Theessentialaminoacidthatispresentinthelowestquantityinthedietwhenexpressedasapercentageoftheanimalsaminoacidrequirement,20,ProteinDeficiency,ReducedappetiteandfeedintakeReducedbirthweightsandgrowthReducedcolostrum（初乳）andmilkproductionDecreasedhormonalproductionDecreasedfertility,21,ExcessiveProteinIntake,NitrogendeaminatedRemainingcarbonskeletonusedasenergysourceorstoredasfatExpensivemethodofsupplyingenergytotheanimal,22,NonProteinNitrogen(NPN),Nitrogensuppliedtotheanimalinanon-proteinstateUreaorBiuret（缩二脲）Requiresmicrobialsynthesis(Ruminants)CrudeProteinEquivalent%NitrogenfromNPNtimesafactorof6.25,23,Lipids(Etherextract),Aremadeofcarbon,oxygenandhydrogen,butContainmuchlargerproportionsofcarbonandhydrogenthancarbohydratesdoOrganiccompoundsthatarecharacterizedbybeinginsolubleinwater,butsolubleinorganicsolvents,24,Concentratedsourceofenergy1gramoflipidcontains9.45kcalofenergyascomparedto4.2kcalofenergyforcarbohydratesandprotein(2.25timesmoreenergy)Sourceofdietaryfattyacids,25,Lipids,Essentialfattyacid=Thosefattyacidsthatananimalrequires,butwhichitcannotsynthesizeinadequateamountstomeettheanimalsneedLinoleicC18:2LinolenicC18:3ArachidonicC20:4Monogastricanimalsrequireaminimumof1%ofdietaryessentialfattyacidsinthediet,26,Lipids,FunctionsDietaryenergysourceSourceofessentialfattyacidsInsulation(隔热、保温）CarrieroffatsolublevitaminsMajorfactorinqualitygradingofbeef,27,Lipids,Fatdepositioninthebody:InternalIntermuscular（肌间）seamfatSubcutaneousbelowskinsurfaceIntramuscular（肌内）“marbling”（大理石花纹，肥瘦相间的）,28,Lipids,FeedapplicationIncreasecaloricdensityofdietControldustBindsmallparticlesMaintenanceofequipment,29,Minerals,Major(macro-elements)CalciumPhosphorusMagnesiumPotassiumSodiumChlorineSulfur,30,Minerals,Minor(microorTraceelements)IronCopperCobaltFluorineIodineManganeseSeleniumZinc,31,Mineral,FunctionsGrowthanddevelopmentofbones,teethandsofttissuesRegulationofcellacid:basebalanceComponentofenzymesRegulationofbodyproperties(viscosity（黏稠）,diffusion),32,Minerals,FeedapplicationInorganicsourcesSulfatesvs.oxidesOrganicsourcesChelates,proteinatesoraminoacidcomplexes,33,Minerals,Calciumimportantforskeletal,nerveandmusclefunctionDeficienciesincreasedbyExcessphosphorusLowlevelsofVitaminDHighfatlevels,34,Minerals,Phorphorusimportantforskeletal,carbohydrateandfatmetabolismMarkedinfluenceonreproductionImportantconsideration“PhytatePhosphorus”FormofphosphorusboundinphyticacidascalciumandmagnesiumsaltsPrimarilyincerealgrainsLowlyavailabletothenon-ruminant,35,Minerals,Calcium:PhosphorusRatio1:1to2:1Shouldneverhavemorephosphorusintotaldietinrelationtocalcium,36,Minerals,MagnesiumMajorconcern:GrassTetanyLowbloodlevelsofmagnesiumforcattlegrazingcoolseasonforagesWheatpasturepoisoning,37,Minerals,SaltWhitePlainsalt(NaCl)RedTraceMineralizedSaltYellowSulfuraddedSulfurImportantforMethioninesynthesisNon-ProteinNitrogenFeeding,38,TraceMinerals,ZincMajorconcern:SkinLesions“Parakeratosis”HoofProblemsIronMajorconcern:AnemiainyoungswineCopperMajorconcern:ReproductionfailureImmuneFunction,39,TraceMinerals,SeleniumMajorconcern:NutritionalMuscularDystrophyWhiteMuscleDiseaseCobaltMajorconcern:VitaminB12utilizationIodineMajorconcern:Heatproductionandoxidationofnutrientsatcelllevel,40,Vitamins,AreonlyneededinsmallamountsAreessentialforlifeandhealthProvideadefenseagainstdisease,promotegrowthandreproductionContributetothegeneralhealthoftheanimal,41,FatSolubleAVisionDCaandPabsorptionEAntioxidantKBloodcoagulation,42,Vitamins,WaterSolubleB-ComplexC,43,EnergyNutrients,44,Terminology,Calorie,(cal)-Onecalorieraisesthetemperatureof1gofwater1C(i.e.,14.5to15.5C);Kilocalorie,1,000calories.Megacalorie,1,000,000calories.,45,IUPAC（InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry国际理论和应用化学联合会）hasadoptedtheJoule:1Jouleis107ergs(0.239calories),1kcal=4.184kJoules,46,Terminology,GrossEnergy(GE)-thetotalamountofheatreleasedwhenasubstanceiscompletelyoxidizedinabombcalorimeter.DigestibleEnergy(DE)-Thegrossenergyoffeedconsumedminusthegrossenergyexcretedinthefeces.MetabolizableEnergy(ME)-Thegrossenergyofthefeedminustheenergyinthefeces,urine,andgaseousproductofdigestion.,47,Terminology,HeatIncrement(HI)-thatportionoftheMEwhichisusedfordigestionormetabolismofabsor