英国文学浪漫主义时期

TheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832),Introduction,EnglishRomanticismbeginsin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridgesTheLyricalBalladsandendsin1832withWalterScottsdeath.WilliamBlakeandRobertBurnsalsobelongtothisliterarygenre,thoughtheylivepriortotheRomanticperiod.,WhatisRomanticism,RomanticismisamovementthatemergedasareactionagainstNeoclassicism新古典主义,theageprecedingtheRomanticmovement.TheNeoclassicalagewasalsocalledthe“TheageofEnlightenment”,whichemphasizedonreasonandlogic.TheRomanticperiodwantedtobreakawayfromthetraditionsandconventionsthatweredeartotheNeoclassicalageandmakewayforindividualityandexperimentation.,DefinitionfromWikipedia,Romanticism(ortheRomanticEraortheRomanticPeriod)wasanartistic,literaryandintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyinEurope,andgainedstrengthinreactiontotheIndustrialRevolution.Inpart,itwasarevolt反叛;反抗againstaristocraticsocialandpoliticalnorms标准,规范oftheAgeofEnlightenmentandareactionagainstthescientificrationalizationofnature.Itwasembodiedmoststronglyinthevisualarts,music,andliterature,buthadamajorimpactonhistoriography,educationandnaturalhistory.,HistoricalBackground,Politically:theFrenchRevolutionDeclarationofRightsofMan(1791-2),ThomasPaineInquiryconcerningPoliticalJustice(1793),WilliamGodwinAVindicationoftheRightsofWoman(1792),MaryWollstonecraftWorkersMovement,Economically:theIndustrialRevolutionContinuedfastchangestookplacebothinthecountryandinthecities;Manyfarmhandsdrivenoutoflandrushedintothecity;Womenandchildrenwereemployedascheaplabor;Newmachinesweresetup,renderingmanyoutofwork;Disparitywasgrowingbetweentherichandthepoor;,IdeologicallyTheprincipleofRationwasgivingwaytoanindividualized,free,liberal,imaginativeattitudetowardslife;atendencytoturnorescapefromthetumultuous嘈杂的动乱的andconfusingsociety,CharacteristicsofRomanticism,LoveofNature:TheRomanticsgreatlyemphasizedontheimportanceofnature,andoneofthemaincharacteristicsofRomanticisminpoetryisthebeautyofnaturefoundinthecountrylife.Thiswasmainlybecausetheindustrialrevolutionhadtakenmanfromthepeacefulcountrylifetowardsthecitylife,transformingmansnaturalorder.NaturewasnotonlyappreciatedforitsphysicalbeautybytheRomantics,butalsoforitsabilitytohelptheurbanmanfindhistrueidentity.,Emotionsvs.Rationality:UnliketheNeoclassicalagewhichfocusedonrationalityandintellect,Romanticismplacedhumanemotions,feelings,instinctandintuitionaboveeverythingelse.Whilethepoetsintheformereraadheredtotherulesandregulationswhileselectingasubjectandwritingaboutit,theRomanticwriterstrustedtheiremotionsandfeelingstocreatepoetry.ThisbeliefcanbeconfirmedfromthedefinitionofpoetrybyWilliamWordsworth,wherehesaysthatpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.TheemphasisonemotionswasalsospreadtomusiccreatedintheRomanticperiod,andwasseeninthecompositionsmadebygreatmusicianslikeWeber,Beethoven,Schumann,etc.,Artist,theCreator:AstheRomanticperiodemphasizedonemotions,thepositionorroleoftheartistorthepoetalsogainedsupremacy.Intheearliertimes,theartistwasseenasapersonwhoimitatedtheexternalworldthroughhisart.However,Romanticismrevertedthisbelief.Thepoetorartistwasseenasacreatorofapieceofworkwhichreflectedhisindividualityandinnermind.Itwasalsoforthefirsttimethatthepoemswritteninthefirstpersonwerebeingaccepted,asthepoeticpersonabecameonewiththevoiceofthepoet.,Nationalism:TheRomanticsborrowedheavilyfromthefolkloreandthepopularart.Duringtheearlierperiods,literatureandartwereconsideredtobelongtothehighclasseducatedpeople,andthecountryfolkswerenotconsideredfittoenjoythem.Also,thelanguageusedintheseworkswerehighlypoetic,whichwastotallydifferentfromthatwhichwasspokenbypeople.However,Romanticismchangedallthis.Theirworkswereinfluencedfromtheballadsandfolklorethatwerecreatedbythemassesorthecommonpeople,ratherthanfromtheliteraryworksthatwerepopular.Apartfrompoetry,adoptingfromthefolkloreandballadsisalsooneoftheveryimportantcharacteristicsofRomanticisminmusic.AstheRomanticsbecameinterestedandfocusedondevelopingthefolklore,culture,language,customsandtraditionsoftheirowncountry,theydevelopedasenseofNationalismwhichreflectedintheirworks.Also,thelanguageusedinRomanticpoemsweresimplewhichwasusuallyusedineverydaylife.,Exoticism:AlongwithNationalism,theRomanticsevendevelopedtheloveoftheexotic.Hence,inmanyoftheliteraryaswellasartisticworksofthatperiod,thefaroffandmysteriouslocationsweredepicted.ThoughthiswascompletelyoppositefromtheidealofNationalism,theyneverclashedwitheachother.Thereasonforthisisthatjustliketheexoticlocations,thepeopledidnotknowaboutthefolkloreoftheirplacesbefore,andsotheyseemedtobeasvagueasthefarawayplaces.ExoticismisalsooneofthemostprominentcharacteristicsofRomanticisminart,alongwithsentimentalityandspirituality.,Supernatural:AnothercharacteristicofRomanticismisthebeliefinthesupernatural.TheRomanticswereinterestedinthesupernaturalandincludeditintheirworks.ThisfascinationforthemysteriousandtheunrealalsoleadtothedevelopmentoftheGothicromancewhichbecamepopularduringthisperiod.SupernaturalelementscanbeseeninColeridges,KublaKhanandinKeatspoemLaBelleDameSansMerci.,OverviewofRomanticliterature,Theromanticperiodisanageofpoetry.WordsworthandColeridgearethemostrepresentativewriters.Theyexplorenewtheoriesandinnovatenewtechniquesinversification诗律.Theybelievethatpoetrycouldpurifyindividualsoulsandsociety.,Lakepoets,Wordsworth,ColeridgeandSoutheywereknownasLakePoetsbecausetheylivedandknewoneanotherinthelastfewyearsofthe18thcenturyinthedistrictofthegreatlakesinNorthwesternEngland.TheformertwopublishedTheLyricalBalladstogetherin1798,whileallthreeofthemhadradicalinclinationsintheiryouthbutlaterturnedconservativeandreceivedpensionsandpoetlaureateshipsfromthearistocracy.,SatanicPoets,OthergreatestRomanticpoetsare:JohnKeats,P.B.ShelleyandG.G.Byron.TheyarereferredtoasSatanicPoetsbyRobertSoutheyfortheirviolentimaginationandrebelliousspirit.,Feministworks,MaryWollstonecraftwroteAVindicationoftheRightsofWomanin1792.Gothicnovelisatypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatesinthelate18thcenturyandcontinuestoshowitsinfluenceinearly19thcentury.Itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror,andthesupernatural.Frankenstein(1818)byMaryShelleyandTheMysteriesofUdolpho(1794)byAnnRadcliffearemasterpiecesofEnglishgothicnovel.,RomanticFictions,EnglishfictiongropesitswayamidsttheoverwhelmingRomanticpoetry.ItrevivesitspopularityinthehandsofJaneAustenhisgreatestworkPoemsinTwoVolumes(1807):contains“Ode:IntimationsofImmortality”,theautobiographicalnarrative“ResolutionandIndependence”TheExcursion(1814),Subjects,Poemsonnature“ToaButterfly”“ToaSkylark”“TotheCuckoo”“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”“TinternAbbey”,PoemsonsimplerusticlifeinthecountrysideLucypoems“SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays”Otherpoemsaboutcommonpeopleandtheirhumblelife“Michael”“TheSolitaryReaper”,CharacteristicsofWordsworthspoety,Wordsworthspersonalityandpoetryweredeeplyinfluencedbyhisloveofnature,especiallybythesightsandscenesoftheLakeCountry.Aprofoundlyearnestandsincerethinker,hedisplayedahighseriousnesscomparable,attimes,toMiltonsbuttemperedwithtendernessandaloveofsimplicity.Pioneerintheuseofthelanguageofordinaryspeech.(criticizedforthisquality),Wordsworthstheoryofpoetry,“Theprincipalobject,then,whichIproposedtomyselfinthesepoemsaretochooseincidentsandsituationsfromcommonlifeandtorelateordescribethem,throughout,asfaraswaspossible,inaselectionoflanguagereallyusedbymen;and,atthesametime,tothrowoverthemacertaincolouringofimagination,wherebyordinarythingsshouldbepresentedtothemindinanunusualway;andaboveall,tomaketheseincidentsandsituationsinterestingbytracinginthem,trulythoughnotostentatiously,theprimarylawsofournature:chieflyasfarasregardsthemannerinwhichweassociateideasinastateofexcitement.”(PrefacetothesecondeditionoftheLyricalBallads),华兹华斯的诗论,关于诗歌的题材问题以微贱的田园生活作题材关于诗歌的语言问题采用人们（农村的下层民众）真正使用的语言来加以描述或描写关于诗的本质问题诗是强烈情感的自然流露诗人的特殊才能想象力和语言表达能力,抒情歌谣集序言,Significance:,WithSamuelTaylorColeridgeusheredintheEnglishRomanticmovementManyconsiderhimthemostimportantEnglishRomanticpoetsucceededSoutheyasPoetLaureate,她住在人迹罕至的小路间SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWay,她住在人迹罕至的小路间在鸽子谷的清泉旁一个无人赞扬也很少人爱的姑娘。青苔边的一朵紫罗兰一半令人看不见美得像颗星星，孤孤单单在天上闪现。她默默无闻，很少有人晓得露西死于何时但她已在墓中，啊！我怅然若失！,Itisathree-stanzapoem,isthebestknownofWordsworthsseriesoffiveworkswhichcomprisehisLucyseries,andwasafavouriteamongstearlyreaders.Itwascomposedbothasameditationonhisownfeelingsoflonelinessandloss,andasanodetothebeautyanddignityofanidealisedwomanwholivedunnoticedbyallothersexceptbythepoethimself.,我曾远游海外ITravelledamongUnknownMan,我曾远游海外，周围都是陌生的眼光;英格兰，不知爱你有多深沉，只因未曾去过异国他乡!忧郁的梦全都散去，远游的念头旱已消亡，只因爱你越发深沉，我不愿再次背起行囊。,你的崇山中有我的欢乐，你的峻岭下有我的期望;傍着英格兰炉火摇着纺车，还有我那心爱的姑娘。你的展曦照着她在林阴流连，你的夜幕伴着她在茅舍徜徉;还有你那碧绿的田野。引来露西最后深情的眺望。,IWanderedLonelyasacloud,我如行云独自游IWanderedLonelyasacloud,我好似一朵孤独的流云，高高地飘游在山谷之上，突然我看到一大片鲜花，是金色的水仙遍地开放。它们开在湖畔，开在树下它们随风嬉舞，随风飘荡。它们密集如银河的星星，像群星在闪烁一片晶莹；它们沿着海湾向前伸展，通往远方仿佛无穷无尽；一眼看去就有千朵万朵，万花摇首舞得多么高兴。,粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳，却不如这水仙舞得轻俏；诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴，又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃进；我久久凝视-却未领悟这景象所给予我的精神至宝。后来多少次我郁郁独卧，感到百无聊赖心灵空漠；这景象便在脑海中闪现，多少次安慰过我的寂寞；我的心又随水仙跳起舞来，我的心又重新充满了欢乐.,Thisissimplyasuperbpoemdepictingpoetslovefornature.Itisalyricpoemfocusingonthepoetsresponsetothebeautyofnature.Thepoetisneveralonewhenheiswithnature.Poetneverfelthimselfisolatedinthecompanyofnature.HeistruelyaPantheist,wholovesnatureasamother.Thepoemtellsusthattheblisswecanenjoyintherealsenseofthetermifwecanmergeinthenature.,威斯敏斯特桥上ComposedUponWestminsterBridge(sonnet),大地再没有比这儿更美的风貌：若有谁，对如此壮丽动人的景物竟无动于衷，那才是灵魂麻木；瞧这座城市，像披上一领新袍，披上了明艳的晨光；环顾周遭：船舶，尖塔，剧院，教堂，华屋，都寂然、坦然，向郊野、向天穹赤露，在烟尘未染的大气里粲然闪耀。旭日金挥洒布于峡谷山陵，也不比这片晨光更为奇丽；我何尝见过、感受过这深沉的宁静！河上徐流，由着自己的心意；上帝呵！千门万户都沉睡未醒，这整个宏大的心脏仍然在歇息！,ThepoemisasonnetdescribingLondon,viewedfromoneofthebridgesovertheThames,intheearlymorning.Itwasfirstpublishedin1807.InthepoemthethemeisthatofNature.Thisreiterateshisconvictionthatthecity,atthisparticularpointofday,doesnotclashwithnaturebutbecomesapartofit.,Thesolitaryreaper孤独的割麦女,看，一个孤独的高原姑娘在远远的田野间收割，一边割一边独自歌唱，请你站住或者俏悄走过！她独自把麦子割了又捆，唱出无限悲凉的歌声，屏息听吧！深广的谷地已被歌声涨满而漫溢！,还从未有过夜莺百啭，唱出过如此迷人的歌，在沙漠中的绿荫间抚慰过疲惫的旅客；还从未有过杜鹃迎春，声声啼得如此震动灵魂，在遥远的赫布利底群岛打破过大海的寂寥。,她唱什么，谁能告诉我？忧伤的音符不断流涌，是把遥远的不聿诉说？是把古代的战争吟咏？也许她的歌比较卑谦，只是唱今日平凡的悲欢，只是唱自然的哀伤苦痛昨天经受过，明天又将重逢？,姑娘唱什么，我猜不着，她的歌如流水永无尽头；只见她一面唱一面干活，弯腰挥镰，操劳不休我凝神不动，听她歌唱，然后，当我登上了山岗，尽管歌声早已不能听到，它却仍在我心头缭绕。,Themes,ThepoemmainlydiscussesthethemeofpoetryWordsworthmaintainedthatpoetryshouldnotrelyonartificialdictionforitseffort.Rather,itshouldbewritteninmoreordinarylanguageandsimplerformsothatallclassesmightappreciateit.,Byron,Life,Family:BornlameinanimpoverishnoblefamilyFatherdiedwhenhewasthree;livedinlonelinessandpovertywithhismotherinScotlandMadeLordByronat10bythedeathofhisgranduncle,Earlyexperience:Cambridge:HoursofIdleness(1807);andEnglishBardsandScotchReviewerstwoyearslaterTourontheContinent(1809-1811):visitedPortugal,Spain,Albania,GreeceandTurkey,ReturntoEngland:Embarkedonhispoliticalcareer;madespeechesintheparliamenttosupporttheproletariatPublishedthefirsttwocantosofChildeHaroldsPilgrimage(1812);wrotesomenarrativepoemswhichwerecalled“OrientalTales”MarriedAnnMilbankwholefthimoneyearafterthemarriage,YearsontheContinentInSwitzerland:madeacquaintancewithShelleyInItaly:finishedChildeHaroldsPilgrimage;wroteDonJuan,CainInGreece:plungedhimselfintoGreekpeoplesstrugglefornationalindependence;diedoffever,MajorWorks,EnglishBardsandScotchReviewers(1809)OrientalTalesTheGiaour(1813)TheCorsair(1814)Lara(1814)ChildeHaroldsPilgrimage(1812-1818)DonJuan(1818-1819)PoeticDrama:Manfred(1817)Cain(1821)TheTwoFoscari(1821),ChildeHaroldsPilgrimage,4cantos,writtenintheSpenserianstanzaCantoI:Portugalthedifferencebetweenlifesappearanceanditsactuality)Epicsatire:asatireonabusesofthepresentsociety;,ArtisticFeatures,RevolutionaryspiritByronicheroVarietyinstylefrompassionateoutcriestopatheticutterance,fromsolemnexpressionstoironicmockeries,fromseriousmusingstoplayfulfancies,fromhighlylyricalpassagestoeverydayprosaicspeech,fromloftyphrasesingrandstyletoclownishplayonwords.,ByronicHero,aproudrevolutionaryfigureofnobleorigin,risingsinglehandedagainstanykindoftyrannicrulesingovernmentorreligionormoralsocietywithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.ThesetoweringfiguresstandinsharpcontrastwiththeheroesintheversenarrativesoftheLakePoets,whoareeithersubmissiveagentsofGodorofothersupernaturalforcesorarewrappedinthemysteriousatmosphereofmysticismormagic.,Evaluation,Havinggreatinfluenceontheromanticpoetrywiththenoveltyofhisorientalscenery,theromanticcharacteroftheByronichero,andtheeasy,fluentandnaturalbeautyofhisverse.Twocontroversialopinions:InEngland:thepervertedman,thesatanicpoetOntheContinent:thechampionofliberty,poetofthepeople,Shelley,Life,BornintoanaristocraticfamilyenteredtheOxfordUniversityCollegein1810;expelledfromthecollegeforpublishingTheNecessityOfAtheismin1811elopedwiththe16-yearoldHarrietWestbrook;spentthefollowingtwoyearstravelinginEnglandandIreland,distributingpamphletsandspeakingagainstpoliticalinjustice.In1813publishedhisfirstimportantpoem,theatheisticQueenMab.,In1814traveledabroadwithMaryWollstonecraftGodwin;marriedMaryWollstonecraftafterHarrietdrownedherselfin1816WroteTheSpiritofSolitude(1816)andTheRevoltofIslam(1817)movedtoItaly;drownedin1822,MajorWorks,InEngland:QueenMabTheSpiritofSolitudeTheRevoltofIslam,InItaly:Twopoeticdramas:PrometheusUnboundTheCenciProse:ADefenseofPoetry,Poems:Politicallyrics:TheMaskofAnarchySongtotheMenofEnglandLyricsonnatureandloveOdetotheWestWindToaSkylarkElegy:Adonais,Ode,alyricpoemofsomelength,dealingwithaloftythemeinadignifiedmannerandoriginallyintendedtobesung,Romanticode,EvolvedfromtheancientGreekode,writteninaseroustonetocelebrateaneventortopraiseanindividualNotintendedtobesung,yetquiteemotionalTheauthorfocusesonascene,pondersitsmeaning,andpresentsahighlypersonalreactiontoitthatincludesaspecialinsightattheendofthepoem,OdetotheWestWind,ContentsThisisoneofShelleysbestknownlyrics.Thepoetdescribesvividlytheactivitiesofthewestwindontheearth,intheskyandontheseaandthenexpresseshisenvyfortheboundlessfreedomofthewestwindandhiswishtobefreelikeitandtoscatterhiswordsamongmankind.Thecelebratedfinallineofthepoem,Ifwintercomes,canSpringbefarbehindhasoftenbeencitedtoillustrateShelleysoptimisticbeliefinthefutureofmankind.,Characteristics,agreatvarietyofpoeticalstylerichinmyth,symbolsandclassicalallusionsastrongdramaticpoweranintellectualthoughtabundantinpersonificationandmetaphorandotherfiguresofspeech,ShelleyandByronCompared,Byron:onlyattachedpoliticaltyranny;thoughtmoreofonespersonalhappinessandsorrowandbelievedchieflyinthemightofindividualheroesbuthadcontemptforthecommonpeopleShelley:alsosawthecruelrelationsofeconomicexploitationinthefeudalbourgeoisworld;hadfaithinthecollectivestrengthofthepeopleandworkedfortheinterestsofthemasses,JohnKeats,Life,Bornin1795;sonofalivery-stablekeeperapprenticedat15tolearnsurgerydevotehimselftopoetryundertheinfluenceofLeighHuntandtheartistHaydonin1816,Literarycreationfrom1816-1820:PublishedhisearlypoemsinTheExaminer(1816)Publishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetry,metwithveryseverecriticism(1818)Publishedhissecondvolumeofpoetry(1820)Fellillwithtuberculosis;traveledtoItalyupontheinvitationofShelley(1820)Diedofillness(1821),MajorWorks,OnFirstLookingintoChapmansHomerEndymionLamia,Isabella,TheEveofSt.Agnes,poorhealthandhopelessloveExclamationofhisartisticidea:“Beautyistruth,truth