名词化PPT课件

.,1,Nominalization名词化现象,.,2,语篇紧凑语言简洁,韩礼德（Halliday，系统功能语言学家）将名词化过程比喻为“打包”，原先的简单小句被打包成名词性词组，或者两三个小句被打包成一个小句，原来由两个或两个以上的小句表达的概念意义通过一个小句完整表达出来。语篇的句子数减少，每句的信息量相对增大，在信息量相同的情况下，名词化的表达往往比一致式更简洁。例如：,.,3,Ifyouwanttoinvestigatetherelativeeffectivenessofvariousswim-strokes,youwouldhavetodetailthenumberofswimmerstested.Aninvestigationoftherelativeeffectivenessofvariousswim-strokeswouldhavetodetailthenumberofswimmerstested.,.,4,虚化施事语篇客观,在一致关系中，动词体现过程，有自己的参与者，有时还带有环境。利用名词化可以不包含人称代词的特点，对施事进行虚化，使语篇显得更加客观。例如,.,5,Ifyouexposetheitemforlong,itwillrapidlydeteriorate.Prolongedexposurewillresultinrapiddeteriorationoftheitem.前一句中的动词expose体现过程，其参与者you带有一定的主观色彩，显得语化、不客观。而后一句中的名词化exposure体现过程，省去了主观性较强的参与者，显得客观、现实。名词化是一个重要的语法手段，通过词组结构的变化和句子的重新组合，可产生语言简洁、语篇连贯、表述客观、信息度高等效果，对指导我们的阅读、写作和翻译都有着重要的意义。,.,6,传统认为科技英语在词法方面的显著特点是名词化(nominalization),即指广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽象名词或起名词功能的非限定动词(刘宓庆，1998)，因为名词化结构使表达客观、句型简洁、信息量大(王治奎，2000；陈新，2001；秦秀白，2002)。,.,7,在英文中，动词常用来表达主语的行为、动作、状态等。如果不重视实义动词的作用，主语用这些动词演变的抽象名词来表达，而谓语部分则用“perform”、“conduct”、“carryout”、“achieve”、“occur”等空泛动词(generalpurposeverb)表达，会使动作显得苍白无力，句子变得繁杂、沉闷、难懂、重点不突出。,.,8,例1:Asignificantincreaseinthetotalantiplasminleveloccurredpostoperatively.术后,总的抗纤维蛋白溶酶水平明显提高。动词occurred既未表达本句的动作,又无实在意义。相反主语increase一词表达了动作,包含着新信息,应该放在述位的位置。改正:Thetotalantiplasminlevelincreasedsignificantlyafteroperation.,.,9,例2:FourteensensitiveisolateswerefoundwithnomutationofgyrAgene.14个药物敏感分离株未发现gyrA耐药决定区基因突变。改正:gyrAgenedidnotmutatein14sensitiveisolates.该研究的焦点是gyrA基因是否突变，将“gyrAgene”改为主动句的主语，“mutate”(突变)一词做谓语，不仅突出了述位所包含的新信息，而且句子表达显得简练。,.,10,例3:SignificantimprovementinthetreatmentofhepatocellularcarcinomahasbeenmadeinChina.在中国,肝细胞癌的治疗取得了明显提高。改正:TreatmentofhepatocellularcarcinomahasbeensignificantlyimprovedinChina.,.,11,例4:Detectionofserumendotoxinlevelwasperformed.对血清内毒素水平进行检测。改正:Thelevelofserumendotoxinwasdetected.,.,12,例5:Aretrospectivereviewofclinicaldataof124patientswithprimarymediastinltumorswasmade.对124例原发性纵隔肿瘤的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。改正:Clinicaldataof124patientswithprimarymediastinaltumorswerereviewedretrospectively.,.,13,例6:NosignificantmorphologicalterationsofthemesotheliuminGroup1werefound.组1腹膜未发现发生明显的形态学改变。改正:ThemorphologyofthemesotheliuminGroup1didnotaltersignificantly.或ThemesotheliuminGroup1didnotsignificantlyalterinmorphology.,.,14,例7:Theresultsindicatethatimmunizationandirradiationbothcausestimulationoflysosomalenzymeactivityinmacrophages.这些结果表明,免疫与照射两者都能引起巨噬细胞溶酶体酶活性的刺激作用。改正:Theresultsindicatethatimmunizationandirradiationbothstimulatelysosomalenzymeactivityinmacrophages.,.,15,例8:Injectionofmastcellsuspensionintoanimalsledtoaccelerationoftumorgrowth.肥大细胞悬液注射给动物导致肿瘤生长加速。改正:Injectionofmastcellsuspensionintoanimalsacceleratedtumorgrowth.,.,16,例9:Thus,GSHdepletionhadnosignificanteffectontheradioprotectivecapacityofWR1065.因而,GSH耗尽对WR1065辐射防护作用的能力没有明显的影响。改正:Thus,GSHdepletiondidnotsignificantlyaffecttheradioprotectivecapacityofWR1065.,.,17,例10:Duringthisperiod,therewasasignificantelevationofiNOSexpression,andreacheditspeaklevelat3daysafterischemiareperfusioninjury,anddecreasedtobasallevel.在此期间，iNOS表达明显升高，缺血再灌注损伤3天后达到高峰，此后逐步恢复正常。改正:Duringthisperiod,iNOSexpressionelevatedsignificantly,reacheditspeaklevelat3daysafterischemiareperfusioninjury,anddecreasedtobasallevel.,.,18,例11:Therewasnosignificantdifferenceat10minutesinthelevelofinsulinbetweenthecontrolgroupandtheexperimentgroup.10分钟时对照组与实验组血胰岛素水平差异无统计学意义。改正:Thelevelofinsulindidnotdiffersignificantlyat10minutesbetweenthecontrolgroupandtheexperimentgroup.或Thecontrolgroupandtheexperimentgroupdidnotdiffersignificantlyinthelevelofinsulinat10minutes.,.,19,例12:Therewasnocorrelationbetweentheantiplasminresponseandthelengthofoperationortheageofthepatient.抗纤维蛋白溶酶反应与手术时间长短或病人年龄之间没有关系。改正:Theantiplasminresponsedidnotcorrelatewitheitherthelengthofoperationortheageofthepatient.,.,20,例13:Theseagentsexerttheiractionbyinhibitionofsynthesisofcholesterolbytheliver.这些药剂有抑制肝脏合成胆固醇的作用。改正:Theseagentsactbyinhibitingthesynthesisofcholesterolbytheliver.或Theseagentsinhibitthesynthesisofcholesterolbytheliver.,.,21,例14:Itisespeciallyimportantthathealthscienceschoolshavepoliciesandguidelinesfortheeducationofundergraduateprofessionalstudentsandnursessothatthereisthoughtfulconsiderationanddiscussionoftheethical,legalandemotionalaspectsofabortion.医学院校在教育本科医学生和护士时应有政策和准则,以确保堕胎的伦理、法律及情感诸方面的问题得到充分考虑和讨论。改正:Ineducatingundergraduateprofessionalstudentsandnurses,healthscienceschoolsneedpoliciesandguidelinestoensurethattheethical,legalandemotionalaspectsofabortionarethoughtfullyconsideredanddiscussed.,.,22,造成名词化滥用的两个主要原因,1.我国对当前国际生物医学写作规范缺乏了解，我国语言学者仍认为名词化是科技英语的一个显著的文体特征，片面地认为名词化结构使表达客观、负载信息量大、结构紧凑。2.英汉两种语言之间的差异。英语是以动词为主导的语言，而汉语则往往以名词为主导，搭配的动词多无实在意义，如“进行”、“有了”、“引起”、“造成”等。因此，国内医学学者按照汉语思维模式撰写或翻译英文论文，过多使用名词，而不是其相应的动词形式。,.,23,当今国际生物医学界倡导的是尽量避免名词化:“Thefrequentuseofnounsformedfromverbsandendinginionproducesunnecessa