英语写作段落的扩展.ppt

ABasicCourseinWriting,DevelopingParagraphs,Chapter4,Whatisaparagraphlike?,Aparagraphisaunitofthought;itisatonceaunitinitselfandpartofalargerwhole,thatis,theessay;itislikeamini-essayallthesentencesinthepara.leadtoonecentralthemewhichisusu.summarizedinwhatiscalledthetopicsentence.Coherence:concernedwithitsformoritsorganization;allthesentencesshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorderRepeatingwordsorwordsgroups;Usingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentences;Beingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbs;Usingtransitionalexpressions,FundamentalFeaturesofanEffectiveParagraph,acentralideasupportingevidencecloseconnectionbetweenthesentences,Friend-typeparentstreattheirchildrenasfriends.Theyaregenerousandwise.Likegoodfriends,theydiscusswiththeirchildrenthelatestnews,sharetheirchildrensmanyinterests,andlistentotheirexpressionofemotion,whetheritisanger,fear,joyorsorrow.,Example1,TopicSentence:the1stsentence.,Example2,Ireallyhadabaddayyesterday.WhenIwenttodosomewashing,Ifelloffonthewetfloorandbrokemyglasses.AfterIhurrieddownstairstotakemybikeonlytofindIhadleftmykeysonthebedroomonthe7thfloor.,TopicSentence:the1stsentence.,Pollutionexistseverywhere.Peoplethrowawaymuchrubbisheveryday,andmuchofitismadeofplastic.Somefactoriessendoutheavysmokeintheair,andmuchwasteintorivers,andsomefactoriesproduceloudnoisewhichdrivepeoplemad.,Example3,TopicSentence:the1stsentence.,Onthesecondfloor,therearetwotoiletsandtwobalconies,andeachofthefourkidshastheirownseparateroomsonthisfloor.TheSmithsoftenenjoytheirmealsinabigsittingroomonthegroundfloor,andiftheweatherisfine,theymighteatinthegarden.Mr.Smithreallyhasabighouse.,Example4,TopicSentence:thelastsentence.,Sometimes,thetopicofapara.isnotstatedbutisimpliedinthecontent.,Thewindpicksupandbeginstohurlitselfthroughthosedesertedstreets.Signboardsswayviolentlyfromsidetoside,seemingalmosttowanttogowiththewindthatblowsthem.Treescomplainasthestrongwindtearsattheirbranches,causingthemtobendandbowdown.Withthewindcomestherain,stinginganyoneunfortunateenoughnotyettohavereachedthesafetyofhome.,Topic:thesceneofaviolentstorm,Readthefollowingparagraphandanswerquestionsafterit.,Usingaspellcheckeronacomputercanbeagreatadvantageforawriter.First,thewritercancheckthespellingofmanyofthewordsinthepaper.Thespellcheckertriestomatchthespellingofthewordwithawordinitsdictionary.Manyspellcheckershaveatleast100,000wordsintheirdictionaries.Second,thewritercanaskthespellcheckertosuggestaspelling.Ifthewordisalreadyspelledcorrectly,thewritercanasktheprogramtoignorethesuggestedspelling.Ifthewordismisspelled,thewritercanrequestthattheprogramcorrecttheerror.Manywritersrelyonspellcheckerstoimprovetheaccuracyoftheirwriting.1.Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?2.Underlinethetopicsentence.3.Identifythewordsorphrasesusedtoconnectthesentencesclosely.,Topic:thespellchecker.TopicSentence:the1stsentence.,Readthefollowingparagraphandanswerquestionsafterit.,Somepeopleseethingsonlyinblackandwhite.Inthisexpression,blackandwhiterepresentoppositeextremes,withnomiddlegroundbetweenthem.Mostissuesintheworldarenotsosimpleasblackandwhite.Onesideofanissueisnotallwhiterightorgoodandtheothersideisnotallblackwrongorevil.Intherealworldtherearemanygrayareaswhereblackandwhitemixtorepresentthetruesituation.fromWordsandTheirStories,VOASpecialEnglishWhatisthetopicoftheparagraph?Underlinethetopicsentence.Identifythewordsorphrasesusedtoconnectthesentencesclosely.,Topic:“blackandwhite”.TopicSentence:the1stsentence.,PlanningaParagraph,First,thinkofthetopicorthemeormainidea,andexpressitinacompletesentence.Second,thinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportthemainidea.Workoutanoutlinetoputthesedetailsingoodorder.,WaysofDevelopingaParagraph,1.DevelopmentbyTime,inchronologicalsequence=inorderoftime按时间先后顺序thingsarementionedaccordingtothetimewhentheyhappened,thefirstthingfirstthen;duringtherecess;soon;attheendoftheday,ExpressionsforDescribingChronologicalRelations,now,nowadays,when,before,after,while,duringbetween_and_,in_(year),since_later,earlier,formerlyattheturnofthecentury(decade)inthefirsthalfofthecenturyinthe1990s,etc.atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,inadolescence,asanadult,inadulthood,inoldage,atdeathsimultaneously,simultaneouswith,atthesametimeas,theformer,thelatter,previous,previously,priortofirst,second,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,etc.tobeginwith,next,then,subsequently,inthenextplaceinconclusion,finally,lastly,intheend,2.DevelopmentbyProcess,explainhowsth.isdoneaccordingtoitsrightsequencesoastoavoidmistakesorfailuresusu.followachronologicalorderandgiveastep-by-stepdescriptionimperativesentencesstateacauseandthenmentiontheeffects.,Sample1,AnalysisInthisparagraph,theopeningsentencepointsoutwhattherecordcompanieshavebeendoingrecently,andtherestoftheparagraphtellsushowthisaffectstheclassicalmusicindustryinanegativeway.Obviouslythefirstsentencestatesthecauseandthentherestoftheparagraphstatestheeffect.Intheparagraph,thoughwordslikewhyorreasonarenotused,thecause-effectrelationshipisclearlyimpliedinthecontent.,Sample2,AnalysisThisparagraphstartswiththeeffectthehousinginNewYorkisworseforthePuertoRicans.Thenaseriesofcausesarementioned,suchasPuertoRicanswhoemigratearepoor,cheapapartmentsarehardtofind,andcheapapartmentsareintheworseareas.Afterreadingtheparagraph,youcanseewhythehousinginNewYorkisworseforthePuertoRicans.Sample1isagoodexampleofacauseparagraph.Pleasefindouttheexpressionsusedforcauseintheparagraph.,ExpressionsforDiscussingCauseandEffect,so,consequently,asaresult,thus,therefore,theresultof,accordingly,becauseof,resultin,forthisreason,owingto,theeffectof,since,theconsequenceof,hence,dueto,haveaneffecton,because,thereasonfor,thecauseof,Itfollowsthatas,nowthat,sothat,seeingthat,thanksto,forfearthat,outof,such_that,owe_to,soas_to,classifications,make_possible,makeitpossible/impossiblefor_todo,7.DevelopmentbyClassification,Toclassifyistosortthingsintocategoriesaccordingtotheircharacteristics.Weclassifymanythings.Ifweclassifyapples,forinstance,wemayclassifythemaccordingtosizeintolargeonesandsmallones;accordingtocolorintoredonesandgreenones;accordingtopriceintoexpensiveonesandcheapones;accordingtolocalityofgrowthintoimportedanddomesticallyproduced.,Whenyoufaceanumberofideas,peopleorobjects,youmayclassifythemintogroupsaccordingtotheirsimilaritiesordifferences.Bysodoing,yougivethereaderaclearandin-depthviewofthemandsometimes,afeelingoforder.Clearclassificationoftenhelpsthereadertoseethedifferentvaluesofpeopleorideas.Themostimportantthingforagoodclassificationistohaveaclearandproperprincipleofclassification.,Parallelismofcategoryisessentialtoagoodclassification.Ifweclassifytypesofsports,wemayspeakoftrackandfieldevents,swimming,ballgames,etc.Ifweclassifysportsintojumping,ballgames,running,floorexercise(自由体操)andbackstroke(仰泳),wewouldviolateparallelism,forballgamesshouldbeconsideredageneralcategory,whilejumpingandrunningaresubcategoriesofthetrackandfieldevents,gymnasticsisageneralcategory,andfloorexerciseaparticularformofit.Inshort,inagoodclassificationthepartsmustbeparallel,andtheyshouldadduptothewholesubject.,Sample1,AnalysisWhenyoureadthisparagraph,youseeclearlyhowclassificationisappliedtodescribetheIndians.AtfirstthewordIndianisrathervaguetoyou.YoumaythinkthatIndiansareNativeAmericansandmustbeidenticaltoeachotherinmanyways.However,astheparagraphclassifiesthesepeopleintocategoriesbytheirdifferentcharacteristics,suchasoccupations,waysoflifeandlanguages,youbegintoknowtheIndiansbetter:theyarepeopleswithdifferentcultures,histories,languagesandwaysoflife.,Sample2,AnalysisInthisparagraph,youseeaclearclassification.Thepeopleonthebeacharedividedintotwomajorgroups,adultsandchildren.Then,theadultsarefurtherdividedintotwotypes,someenjoysittingintheshade,watchingtheseaandlisteningtothesoundofwaves;otherspreferbaskinginthesuntogetthemselvestanned.Thechildrenarealsodividedintotwogroups,theolderonesandtheyoungerones,w