英语雅思大作文ppt课件

.,1,IELTS,大作文写作手法IDA,IELTS,IELTS,.,2,目录,.,3,Examinersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteria,TaskResponse(i.e.howfullyandappropriatelythecandidatehasansweredallpartsofthetask;theextenttowhichthecandidatesideasarerelevant,developedandsupported;theextenttowhichthecandidatespositionisclearandeffective),.,4,Examinersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteria,Coherence连贯性andCohesion衔接(i.e.howwelltheinformationandideasareorganisedandpresentedi.e.paragraphing;howwelltheinformationislinked),.,5,Examinersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteria,LexicalResource词汇资源(i.e.therangeofvocabularyused,howaccuratelyitisusedandhowappropriateitisforthetask),.,6,Examinersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteria,GrammaticalRangeandAccuracy(i.e.therangeofstructuresused,howaccuratelytheyareusedandhowappropriatetheyareforthetask),.,7,段落的组织,250字，4段至5段话，4段更容易操作第一段：2至4句第二段：4至6句第三段：4至6句第四段：2至4句Introduction:stateyourviewBody:supportyourviewwithreasons,arguments,examplesConclusion:restateyourview主体段落：Topicsentence+supportingsentences,.,8,Argumentativedevices-Waystodevelopaparagraph（论证方法）,exemplification（举例说明），explanation（解释说明），causeandeffect（因果论证），comparisonandcontrast（比较与对比）concessionandrefutation（让步与反驳），classification（分类）,.,9,Exemplification,Example:aspecificfact,idea,person,orthingthatisusedtoexplainorsupportageneralidea,ortoshowwhatistypicalofalargergroup举例相关关联词：ForexampleForinstanceTake(Consider)asanexampleAcaseinpointsuchasincluding,.,10,Somepeoplethinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedasfriends.Yetothersonlyconsideranimalsassourcesoffoodandclothing.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?,SampleAnswerThereisagrowingtendencynowadaysforsomepeopletotreatanimalsaslivingmeatandwalkingfur.Thisleadstothecruelslaughterofanimalsallovertheworldeveryyear.Yet,inmyopinion,insteadofkillinganimals,humanbeingsshouldtreatthemastheirfriends.Itisanundeniablefactthatanimalsplayavitalroleinmaintainingthesubtlebalanceoftheearthsecologicalsystem.Thelackofthisessentialpartwillbringaboutthedestructionofthewholeworld.Therefore,tosomeextent,killinganimalsisequaltodiggingourowngraves.Forthousandsofyears,manyanimalshavegivenloyalservicetohumans.Pigeonsconveymessagesinwartime,anddogshelptodetectcrime.Evenpigs,whichmanypeoplethinkarethemoststupidanimals,areusedinthebattleagainstdrugs.Thereisnodoubtthatourliveswouldbefarlessconvenientwithoutalittlehelpfromouranimalfriends.Animalsalsohelphumansinaspiritualway.Thereisnothingbetterthankeepingacatoradogifyouwantyourkidstobemoreindependentandresponsible.Itisalsonotedthatseniorcitizenslivelongeriftheykeeppetsaftertheirretirement.Tosumup,animalsarehumanbeingsfriends.Thosewhoregardanimalsasmerelyasourceoffoodandclothingshouldatleastbearonethinginmind:Beingkindtoanimalsisbeingkindtoourselves.Therefore,forourownfuturebenefit,pleasetreatanimalswithloveandcare.,.,11,Topicsentence:Agrowingnumberofenvironmentalproblemsarenolongerconfinedtoacertainregionorcountry.Forexample,oilspillscanpolluteinternationalwatersandthelossoftheozonelayermayleadtothemeltingoficecapsandglaciers,whichinturn,mayraisesealevelsworldwide.,.,12,练习,Topicsentence:TheadvertisementsonTV,newspaperandotherkindsofmediamayconfuseconsumersandmakethemrushtopurchaseproductswhichtheydontreallyneed.Takethecellphoneforexample.Itsfunctionsandpracticaluseareoftenexaggeratedinadvertisements.Whatsmore,theadvertisementsevencreateafashionableatmosphereforcellphoneswhichappealstoyoungpeopletochangetheirphonescontinuouslywhileignoringthebasicserviceofcellphonesisjusttomakeaphonecall.,.,13,Explanation,解释：ItmeansThatistosayInotherwordsToputitanotherwayBythatImean,.,14,Ibelievethetraditionalfamily,withbothparentsprovidingemotionalsupportandrole-modelsfortheirchildren,isthemostsatisfactorywayofbringingupchildren.Educationafterbirthplaysasignificantroleinonesdevelopment.Education,whichhelpschildrendeveloptheirthinkingandaccumulatetheirknowledge,isadecidingfactorofonessuccess.Forexample,ahigh-schoollevelpersoncommonlymaynotsucceedtotheextentofapersonwhohasreceivedauniversityeducation.Thisisnotonlybecauseofthegreaterbreadthofknowledgeacquired,butalsoduetoamorecriticalandfocusedwayofthinkingthatisimpartedandrefinedduringonessenioreducation.Ithinkanabilitytokeepclearperspectivesinlifeisamoreessentialfactorinachievinghappiness.BythatImeananabilitytohaveaclearsenseofwhatisimportantinourlives(thewelfareofourfamilies,thequalityofourrelationships,makingotherpeoplehappy,etc.)andwhatisnot(aproblematwork,gettingannoyedabouttrivialthings,etc.),.,15,CauseandEffect,Cause:becauseofasaresultofduetothankstoowingtobecauseassinceforResult:asaresultasaconsequenceaccordinglyinthiswaythushencesotherefore,.,16,练习,妇女不应该当兵，因为她们的体力不如男子。WomenshouldbejoininthearmyWomenshouldnotbeamemberofthearmyWomenshouldnottakeupamilitarycareerbecausetheyarenotasstrongasmenbecausetheyareinferiortomeninphysicalstrengthbecauseoftheirphysicalinadequacies,.,17,Inmanycountriesschoolshavesevereproblemswithstudentbehavior.Whatdoyouthinkarethecausesofthis?Whatsolutionscanyousuggest?,范文：PoorstudentbehaviorseemstobeanincreasinglywidespreadproblemandIthinkthatmodernlifestylesareprobablyresponsibleforthis.Inmanycountries,thebirthrateisdecreasingsothatfamiliesaresmallerwithfewerchildren.Thesechildrenareoftenspoilt,notintermsofloveandattentionbecauseworkingparentsdonothavethetimeforthis,butinmorematerialways.Theyareallowedtohavewhatevertheywant,regardlessofprice,andtobehaveastheyplease.Thismeansthatthechildrengrowupwithoutconsiderationforothersandwithoutanyunderstandingofwheretheirstandardoflivingcomesfrom.Whentheygettoschoolagetheyhavenotlearntanyselfcontrolordiscipline.Theyhavelessrespectfortheirteachersandrefusetoobeyschoolrulesinthewaythattheirparentsdid.,.,18,ComparisonandContrast,similarlylikewiseinthesamemannerinthesamewaybutwhilewhereaswhilstonthecontraryincontrastbycontrastontheotherhandinsteadratherconversely,Planeisthefastestmeansoftransportation.Itusedtotakeusabout10hourstogotoaplacebycar.Now,wecangothereinnomorethan1hourbyair.Whatusedtotakeus10hoursbycarcannowbecoveredwithin1hourbyair.,.,19,ConcessionandRefutation,althoughwhileadmittedlyitistruethatitisoftenthecasethatbuthowevernevertheless,.,20,Althougholdpeopleareunlikelytofacephysicallychallengingtasks,therearemanyjobsthatareespeciallysuitableforoldpeople,suchasjobsthatcallformoreexperienceandwisdomthanphysicalpower.Withtheirrichexperienceinbothworkandlife,manyoldpeoplewouldmakegoodconsultants,instructors,coaches,doctorsandpsychologists,tomentiononlyafew.Girlsalsoappeartobelessaggressivethanboys.Inadulthood,itismen,notwomen,whoprovetobetheaggressorsincrimeandinwar.Obviously,inraisingchildren,amorepatient,gentlemannerispreferabletoamoreaggressiveone.Althoughtherearecertainlygentlemenandaggressivewomen,byandlarge,femalesarelesslikelytoresorttoviolenceinattemptingtosolveproblems.,.,21,论证方法总结及分类论证,妇女是否应当参军？Inmanycountries,womenarenotabletojoininthearmytoshareequalbasiswithmenandsomepeoplethinkthatonlymenshouldbeamemberofthearmy,navyandairforce.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?,.,22,应当；不应当；主体客体分类Whyshould?战争的状态和要求Thewaybattlesarefoughthasundergonedramaticchangesandsowomenhaveanequalbasisasmen.参军的职责Justasmenhavetheresponsibilityofbringingupchildrenwithwomen,sowomenshouldbeartheburdenofprotectingtheirowncountrybyjoininginthearmy.Whyshouldnot?（军人必备的条件？物质/非物质？）妇女体力不行（妇女不应当当兵是因为她们的体力不如男子。）男女分工不同Culturallyspeaking,womenarenotfitforthepositionofkilling.分类：主体/客体主体分类：什么妇女？客体分类：当什么兵？,.,23,完整文章分析：Manypeoplebelievethatwomenmakebetterparentsthanmenandthatthisiswhytheyhavethegreaterroleinraisingchildreninmostsocieties.Othersclaimthatmenarejustasgoodaswomenatparenting.Writeanessayexpressingyourpointofview.,.,24,SampleAnswer:Theviewthatwomenarebetterparentsthanmenhasshownitselftobetruethroughouthistory.Thisisnottosaythatmenarenotofimportanceinchild-rearing;indeed,theyaremostnecessaryifchildrenaretoappreciatefullytherolesofbothsexes.Butwomenhaveproventhemselvessuperiorparentsasaresultoftheirconditioning,theirlessaggressivenatureandtheirgenerallybettercommunicationskills.Fromthetimetheyarelittlegirls,femaleslearnaboutnurturing.Firstwithdollsandlaterperhapswithyoungerbrothersandsisters,girlsaregiventheroleofcareer.Girlsseetheirmothersinthesamerolesandsoitisnaturalthattheyidentifythisasafemaleactivity.Boys,incontrast,learncompetitiverolefarremovedfromwhatitmeanstonurture.Whileboysmaydreamofadventures,girlsconditioningmeanstheytendtoseethefutureintermsofraisingfamilies.Girlsalsoappeartobelessaggressivethanboys.Inadulthood,itismen,notwomen,whoprovetobetheaggressorsincrimeandinwar.Obviously,inraisingchildren,amorepatient,gentlemannerispreferabletoamoreaggressiveone.Althoughtherecertainlyexistgentlemenandaggressivewomen,byandlarge,femalesarelesslikelytoresorttoviolenceinattemptingtosolveproblems.Finally,womentendtobebettercommunicatorsthanmen.Thisisshowninintelligencetests,wherefemales,onaverage,dobetterinverbalcommunicationthanmales.Ofcourse,communicationisofutmostimportanceinrearingchildren,aschildrentendtolearnfromandadoptthecommunicationstylesoftheirparents.Thus,whileitisallverywelltosuggestagreaterroleformeninraisingchildren,letusnotforgetthatwomenaregenerallybettersuitedtotheparentingrole.,.,25,雅思议论文论证结构,ArgumentSomepeoplethinkthatOthersbelievethatDiscussandgiveyouropinion.题目特点：题目当中包含着针锋相对的两种观点。要求讨论并且提出你自己的观点。平衡式交代双方观点观点一及其理由观点二及其理由我的观点（倾向性-一或二或折中）注意：中心思想常在末段首句,.,26,雅思议论文论证结构,Somepeoplebelievethatmoneyspentonspaceresearchbenefitsallofhumanity.Otherstaketheoppositeviewandsaythatmoneyforthistypeofresearchiswasted.Discusstheseviewsandgiveyouropinion.,.,27,雅思议论文论证结构,SampleAnswer：Foroverfiftyyears,anumberofnationshavebeeninvolvedintheexplorationofouterspace.Thisresearchhasbeenverycostly,ofcourse.Hasthismoneybeenwellspentorwasted?Somepeoplebelievethatallormostspaceresearchshouldbeeliminatedbecauseofitsincredibleexpense,notonlyintermsofmoney,butalsointermsofscientificandhumanresources.Thesepeoplepointoutthefactthatitcostbillionsofdollarstosendastronautstothemoon,butalltheybroughtbackweresomeworthlessrocks.Thesepeoplesaythatthemoneyandeffortnowbeingwastedinouterspacecouldbespentonmoreimportantprojectsrighthereonearth,suchasprovidinghousingforhomelesspeople,improvingtheeducationsystem,savingtheenvironment,andfindingcuresfordiseases.,.,28,雅思议论文论证结构,However,otherpeoplebelievethatspaceresearchhasprovidedmanybenefitstomankind.Theypointoutthathundredsofusefulproducts,frompersonalcomputerstoheartpacemakerstofreeze-driedfoods,arethedirectorindirectresultsofspaceresearch.Theysaythatweatherandcommunicationsatellites,whicharealsoproductsofspaceprograms,havebenefitedpeopleallovertheglobe.Inadditiontothesepracticalbenefits,supportersofthespaceprogrampointtothescientificknowledgethathasbeenacquiredaboutthesun,themoon,theplanets,andevenourownearthasaresultofspaceresearch.,.,29,雅思议论文论证结构,Iagreewiththosepeoplewhosupportspaceresearchandwishtocontinue.Spaceresearch,asshown,hasalreadybroughtmanybenefitstohumanity.Perhapsitwillbringevenmorebenefitsinthefuture,onesthatwecannotevenimaginenow.Moreover,justasindividualpeopleneedchallengestomaketheirlivesmoreinteresting,Ibelievethehumanraceitselfneedsachallenge,andIthinkthatthepeacefulexplorationofouterspaceprovidesjustsuchachallenge.,.,30,练习,Successfulsportsprofessionalscanearnagreatdealmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessions.Somepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedwhileothersthinkitisunfair.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion题解：和从事其他重要职业的人士相比，成功的职业运动员能挣多得多的钱。一些人认为这是完全合理的，而其他人认为不公平。讨论这两种观点并提出你的看法。,.,31,雅思议论文论证结构,范文：Asaresultofconstantmediaattention,sportsprofessionalsinmycountryhavebecomestarsandcelebrities,andthoseatthetoparepaidhugesalaries.Justlikemoviestars,theyliveextravagantlifestyleswithhugehousesandcars.Manypeoplefindtheirrewardsunfair,especiallywhencomparingthesesupersalarieswiththoseoftopsurgeonsorresearchscientists,orevenleadingpoliticianswhohavetheresponsibilityofgoverningthecountry.However,sportssalariesarenotdeterminedbyconsideringthecontributiontosocietyapersonmakes,orthelevelofresponsibilityheorsheholds.Instead,theyreflectthepublicpopularityofsportingeneralandthelevelofpublicsupportthatsuccessfulstarscangenerate.Sothenotionof“fairness”isnottheissue.,.,32,雅思议论文论证结构,范文：Thosewhofeelthatsportsstarssalariesarejustifiedmightarguethatthenumberofprofessionalswithrealtalentareveryfew,andthemoneyisarecognitionoftheskillsanddedicationapersonneedstobesuccessful.Competitionisconstantandaplayeristestedeverytimetheyperformintheirrelativelyshortcareer.Thepressurefromthemediaisintenseandthereislittleprivacyoutofthespotlight.Soallofthesefactorsmayjustifythehugeearnings.Personally,Ithinkthattheamountofmoneysuchsportsstarsmakeismorejustifiedthanthehugeearningsofmoviestars,butatthesametime,itindicatesthatoursocietyplacesmorevalueonsportthanonmoreessentialprofessionsandachievements.,.,33,雅思议论文论证结构,用词多样：“收入高”，题目中用的是earnagreatdealofmoney，文中几处地方分别改写成了arepaidhugesalaries,supersalaries,hugeearnings。“认为”，文中分别用了find,feel,和think等。句型多变：长短句结合：例如第二段和第三段论证用的长句和总结时的短句。分类式交代双方观点并指出其复杂性，进行分类情形一及做法情形二及做法总结,.,34,AgreeorDisagree?Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisview?,同意不同意题型的几种开头写法：直接提出观点，同意：情景+观点：让步反驳：事实+对方观点及理由+反驳并提出自己观点,.,35,直接提出观点，同意：,Creativeartistsshouldalwaysbegiventhefreedomtoexpresstheirownideas(inwords,pictures,musicorfilm)inwhicheverwaytheywish.Thereshouldbenogovernmentrestrictionsonwhattheydo.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?创造性艺术家应该拥有以自己想要的任何方式通过文字、图画、音乐或影像来表达思想的自由。对此政府不应该加以任何限制。你在何等程度上同意还是不同意这个观点？,.,36,展示+练习,范文一：Onthespecificissueofcreativefreedomversusgovernmentrestrictions,Iamfullyoftheopinionthatthelattershouldgiveplacetotheformer.范文二：Toaverylargeextent,Ibelievethattheworkofcreativeartistsshouldnotberestrictedbyanygovernment.,.,37,Usingacomputereverydaycanhavemorenegativethanpositiveeffectsonyoungchildren.Doyouagreeordisagree?每天用电脑对小孩来说弊大于利。你同意还是不同意？,范文：Itendtoagreethatyoungchildrencanbenegativelyaffectedbytoomuchtimespentonthecomputereveryday.Thisispartlybecausesittinginfrontofascreenfortoolongcanbedamagingtoboththeeyesandthephysicalpostureofayoungchild,regardlessofwhattheyareusingthecomputerfor.我同意小孩每天花太多时间在电脑上会受到负面影响。部分原因在于无论小孩用电脑从事什么活动，长时间坐在屏幕前对小孩的眼睛和身体姿势有害。,.,38,情景+观点：,Shoulddangeroussportssuchasboxingormotor-racingbebanned?范文：Millionsofpeopleplaysporteveryday,and,inevitably,somesufferinjuryorpain.Mostplayersandspectatorsacceptthisrisk.However,inmyopinion,dangeroussportssuchasboxingshouldbebanned.,.,39,让步反驳,Universitiesshouldacceptequalnumbersofmaleandfemalestudentsineverysubject.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?大学应该在每一个学科都招收同等数量的男女学生。你在何等程度上同意或不同意这个观点？范文：Althoughsomepeoplemaythinkthatitisfairtomaintaingenderequalityineverydisciplineintheuniversity,Itendtobelievethatsucharigidruleisimpracticalandevenharmful.虽然有的人认为大学里每个学科维持性别均等很合理，但我认为这种僵化做法不切实际，甚至有害。,.,40,改写的三种方法：Paraphrase,换词性；使用同义词；改变句型。,.,41,改写练习1：Thepositionofwomeninthesocietyhaschangedgreatlyinthepast20years.Womenssocialstatushasundergonedramaticchangesinthelasttwodecades.改写练习2：Widespreadtobaccoconsumptionhasledtograveconsequences,yetthetobaccocompaniesarestillclaimingthattheymakeavaluablecontributiontotheworldeconomy.Extensivecigarettesmokinghascausedseriousproblems.Butthetobaccocompaniesinsistthattheycontributegreatlytotheworldeconomy.改写练习3：Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest.Thereisprobablynootherfeelingthatisnoblerthanlove.,.,42,事实+对方观点及理由+反驳并提出自己观点,Everyyearseverallanguagesdieout.Somepeoplethinkitisnotimportantbecauselifewillbeeasieriftherearefewerlanguagesintheworld.Doyouagreeordisagree?范文：Recentsurveyssuggestthatmanyoftheexistinglanguagesarethreatenedwithextinction.（事实陈述）Somepeopleclaimthatthereisnothingtoworryaboutandcommunicationsbetweennationsmayevenbecomelessdifficultasaresult.（对方观点及理由）However,Idonotagreewiththisopinionbecauselanguagediversityiscrucialtothesurvivalanddevelopmentofhumancivilisationasawhole.（反驳，提出自己观点）,.,43,文章的主体段落论证反驳段支持段或者支持段1支持段2或者让步段反驳段,.,44,文章的三种结尾,总结本方中心思想及段落大意反驳对方观点并指出其谬误再次提出本方观点并融合对方观点的合理之处,.,45,第一种结尾举例：Manypeoplebelievethatwomenmakebetterparentsthanmenandthatthisiswhytheyhavethegreaterroleinraisingchildreninmostsocieties.Othersclaimthatmenarejustasgoodaswomenatparenting.Writeanessayexpressingyourpointofview.,.,46,开头：Theviewthatwomenarebetterparentsthanmenhasshownitselftobetruethroughouthistory.Thisisnottosaythatmenarenotofimportanceinchild-rearing;indeed,theyaremostnecessaryifchildrenaretoappreciatefullytherolesofbothsexes.Butwomenhaveproventhemselvessuperiorparentsasaresultoftheirconditioning,theirlessaggressivenatureandtheirgenerallybettercommunicationskills.结尾：Thus,whileitisallverywelltosuggestagreaterroleformeninraisingchildren,letusnotforgetthatwomenaregenerallybettersuitedtotheparentingrole.,.,47,第二种结尾举例：,明显的是，那种认为语言少一些生活会更方便的观点是过于短视的。持有这种观点的人们没有能够考虑到语言在文化多元化中所扮演的重要角色。Obviously,theopinionthatlifewillbesimplerwithfewerlanguagesisfartooshort-sighted.Peoplewhoholdthisviewhavenottakenintoconsiderationtheimportanceoflanguageinculturaldiversity.Peoplewhoholdthisview(Supportersofthisview/Proponentsofthisview)Opponents/Peoplewhoargueagainstthisview/Peoplewhoobjecttothisview/,.,48,第三种结尾举例：,Manypeoplethinkthatpubliclibrariesshouldonlyprovidebooksandshouldnotwastetheirlimitedmoneyonexpensivehi-techmediasuchassoftware,videoorDVD.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?题目核心词：publiclibraries,books(traditionalandlessexpensive),software/video/DVD(modernandmorecostly),limitedmoney分析：公共图书馆的角色/使命，有限的经费，应该用来买书：lessexpensive,andthereforecanbenefitmorepeopleeasytocarry,andsocanbereadanytime,a