生物技术未来

The future of biotechnology,袁梦思生物s1412014年10月,Contents,PrefaceAdvances in biotechnology,Preface,The 21st century will undoubtedly witness unprecedented advances in understanding the mechanisms of the human body and in developing biotechnology. With the mapping of the human genome, the pace of discovery is now on the fast track. By the middle of the century we can expect that the rapid progress in biology and biotechnology will utterly transform human life.,The coming biotechnology revolution, far from endangering human dignity, will liberate human beings to achieve their full potentials by enabling more of us to live flourishing lives free of disease, disability, and the threat of early death. It covers the full range of the coming biotechnology breakthroughs, from stem-cell research to third-world farming, from brain-enhancing neuropharmaceuticals to designer babies.,Biotechnology is the research and development in the laboratory using bioinformatics for exploration, extraction, exploitation and production from any living organisms and any source of biomass by means of biochemical engineering where high value-added products could be planned (reproduced by biosynthesis, for example), forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured and marketed for the purpose of sustainable operations and gaining durable patents rights (for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on the pharmaceutical branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects or safety concerns by using the products),Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the Department of Energy estimating ethanol usage could reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U.S. farming industry to rapidly increase its supply of corn and soybeansthe main inputs into biofuelsby developing genetically modified seeds which are resistant to pests and drought. By boosting farm productivity, biotechnology plays a crucial role in ensuring that biofuel production targets are met.,The researchers will know more of the genome. They will know more about the relationship between polymorphism of specific and specific disease exacerbations, relationship between interference and specific polymorphism特定多态现象and certain medications or even the value of drugs. The patient will ask his health care doctor : please test my genetic makeup, by which I can see whether this drug may be applicable to this kind of disease. In most cases, the doctor will meet his requirements.,Progress in the future can only calculate system by hybrid system混合系统 to realize, the system must be able to simulate biological processes, synthesis based on silicon and non life materials, based on the new concept of biochemical materials of DNA and proteins. The integrated system based on DNA to system speed than silicon-based以硅为基础 much faster, better energy efficiency over 10 hundred million times. The combination of these progress realized depending on space and on the ground research platform and the best simulation system, biological technology and entrepreneurial spirit of the idea.,Through the computer hardware and software and multi functional materials, biological technology has the potential to bring significant change of electronic products, computer components.,The space shuttle program will biotechnology into space, allowing scientists to recognize the gravity of formation and tissue culture effect on protein crystal, also prompted them to study the regeneration of nerve in the overweight and microgravity .,Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization as well as analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as computational biology, and can be defined as, conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale.,Advances in biotechnology,Genetic engineeringStem cells DNA microarrayGene therapy,Genetic engineering,New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism. Genes may be removed, or knocked out, using a nuclease. Gene targeting is a different technique that uses homologous recombination to change an endogenous gene, and can be used to delete a gene, remove exons, add a gene, or introduce point mutations.,Knockout mice,An organism that is generated through genetic engineering is considered to be a genetically modified organism (GMO). The first GMOs were bacteria in 1973 and GM mice were generated in 1974. Insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized in 1982 and genetically modified food has been sold since 1994. Glofish, the first GMO designed as a pet, was first sold in the United States December in 2003.,A-genetically modified mouseB-normal mouse,Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Enzymes used in laundry detergent and medicines such as insulin and human growth hormone are now manufactured in GM cells, experimental GM cell lines and GM animals such as mice or zebrafish are being used for research purposes, and genetically modified crops have been commercialized.,An example of BioArt, made with bacteria expressing 8 different colors of fluorescent proteins,Genetic engineering is also being used to create BioArt. Some bacteria have been genetically engineered to create black and white photographs,Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells. They are found in multicellular organisms,Transmission electron micrograph of an adult stem cell displaying typical ultrastructural characteristics.,Stem cells,DNA microarray,A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome. Each DNA spot contains a specific DNA sequence, known as probes . These can be a short section of a gene or other DNA element that are used to hybridize a cDNA or cRNA sample under high-stringency conditions. Probe-target hybridization is usually detected and quantified by detection of silver-labeled targets to determine relative abundance of nucleic acid sequences in the target.,Hybridization of the target to the probe.,Gene expression values from microarray experiments can be represented as heat maps to visualize the result of data analysis.,Microarray data sets are commonly very large, and analytical precision is influenced by a number of variables.,Gene therapy is the use of DNA as a drug to treat disease by delivering therapeutic DNA into a patients cells. The most common form of gene therapy involves using DNA that encodes a functional, therapeutic gene to replace a mutated gene. Other forms involve directly correcting a mutation, or using DNA that encodes a therapeutic protein drug (rather than a natural human gene) to provide treatment.,Gene therapy,Gene therapy using an adenovirus vector. A new gene is inserted into a cell using an adenovirus. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make functional protein to treat a disease.,Two ways of gene-therapy,wector,Aim gene,in vivo,ex vivo,Target cell,In March 2014 researchers at the University of Pennsylvania reported that 12 patients with HIV had been treated since 2009 in a trial with a genetically engineered virus with a rare mutation known to protect against HIV (CCR5 deficiency). Results were promising.,In March 2006 an international group of scientists announced the successful use of gene therapy to treat two adult patients for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease慢性肉芽肿病, a disease which affects myeloid cells and wh