英文科技论文写作语法和修辞ppt课件

.,from:TheACSStyleGuide:AManualforAuthorsandEditors,1stedition(1986),2ndedition(1997),英语科技论文语法和修辞（表达）概要,.,一点说明不同来源的资料，说法不完全相同气象科技英文编辑曾晓梅：“信中谈到的问题我也注意到了。不同的书、不同出版单位有自己的说法和做法，不同国家的英文，差异也很大。,.,我在中国科技期刊研究上文章根据的是几本美国大学英语课常用教学参考书（已列作该文的参考文献），我习惯遵守这几本书的规定。实际上，一些权威的书和期刊上前后都不一致。现在，我在改稿时的做法是，在两者均有根据（或范例）时，一般来说不改，除非文中内容是指个体还是整体非常明显。*”*指主谓一致。,.,第1部分几个语法问题科技英语写作语法错误举例第2部分修辞与表达英语写作表达的几个问题,.,.,平山健三英语化学论文写作方法市原英语论文的写作方法孙娴柔实用英语科技论文写作周春晖科技英语写作冯志杰汉英科技翻译指要任胜利英语科技论文撰写与投稿英文现刊以及英文学术专著,.,第1部分几个语法问题,.,科技英语写作语法错误举例1Subject-VerbAgreementsRestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClausesDanglingModifiers（垂悬修饰语）4AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbs,.,1Subject-VerbAgreements（1）在主语中含并列连词“and”时，应正确区分是单个主语还是并列主语。若属前者，谓语动词为单数形式，若属后者，谓语动词则为复数形式。例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed.说明Thesubjectis“application”,whichissingular.Applicationofthistechniquetoisdescribed.,.,例2Descriptionoftheexperimentalconditionsandtheresultsofthepresentinvestigationismadeindetailinthispaper.此句中的主语为description,theexperimentalconditionsandtheresults是并列的，与of构成介词短语作定语，故谓语动词用“ismade”。,.,例3Theexperimentalconditionandtheresultofthepresentinvestigationaredescribedindetailinthispaper.此句中的主语为theexperimentalconditionandtheresult,为并列主语，故谓语用aredescribed.,.,Sometimes,twosingularsubjectsjoinedby“and”causethiserror.例4GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribed,GrowthandisolationofM13virusweredescribed.,.,Exception:Asubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesasingularverb.例5Thenameandaddressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage.例6Researchanddevelopmentisattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists.Rinthatcasetheyareoftenprecededbytheword“the”.Collectivenounstakeapluralverbwhenindividualsofthegrouparemeant;inthatcase,theyareoftenprecededbytheword“a”.contentsmajorityrangecouplenumberseriesdozenpairvarietygroup,.,例13Theseriesisarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize.说明Referstotheseriesasaunit.例14Aseriesofcompoundsweretested.说明Referstoeachcompound.,.,例15Thenumberofmetalamidessynthesizedwasthelargesttodate.(Referstothenumberasaunit.)Anumberofmetalamidesweresynthesized.(Referstoeachamide.)例16Theseriesofcompoundswaspreparedtotestthehypothesis.(Referstotheseriesasaunit.)Aseriesofcompoundsweretested.(Referstoeachcompound.),.,例17Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins(Mn500-700)hasbeenpreparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrinusingK2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2OascatalystsinsteadofNaOH/H2O.,Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins(Mn500-700)hevebeenpreparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrinusingK2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2OascatalystsinsteadofNaOH/H2O.,.,anaverageof+数词（意思为平均数量有之多）作主语，谓语动词用复数形式,Anaverageof100kindsofreagentswereinregularsupplyfromthecompanyeachyear.,.,theaverageof+数词意思为平均数（值）作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。,Theaverageofaseriesofvaluesisobtainedsimplybyaddingalltheindividualvaluesanddividingthesumbythenumberofvalues.（=Theaverageofaseriesofvaluesisobtainedsimplybyaddingalltheindividualvaluesanddividingthesumbythemeasurementtimes.）,.,（4）“Data”canbeasingularorpluralnoun.例18Experimentaldatathatweobtainedarecomparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults.说明Referstothedataasindividualresults.例19Afterthedataaredistributed,wecanmeettodiscussthem.,Afterthedataisdistributed,wecanmeettodiscussit.说明Referstothewholecollectionofdataasoneunit.,.,（5）Unitsofmeasurementaretreatedascollectivenounsandthereforetakeasingularverb.例20Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwereadded.,Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwasadded.,.,例21FivegramsofNaCLwereaddedtothesolution.,FivegramsofNaCLwasaddedtothesolution.,.,例22Threeweeksareneededtocompletetheexperiment.,Threeweeksisneededtocompletetheexperiment.,.,例23Noneofthesampleswassoluble.Noneofthesamplesweresoluble.说明Referstoindividuals.例24Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities.,Thisgroupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities.说明Referstothegroupasaunit.,.,（6）某些特殊变化的复数名词切不可误认为是单数名词，这样的词（如analyses,bacteria,criteria,formulae,phenomena,spectra，data等）作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例25Extensivedataonthethermodynamicalpropertiesoftheelementsareavailable.例26TheIRabsorptionspectraprovidesignificantinformationregardingfunctionalgroups.,.,（7）Nounsendinginicsanddenotingascientificdisciplineareusuallysingular.dynamicsmechanicskineticsphysicsmathematicsthermodynamicsMechanicsinvolvestheapplicationofNewtonsthreelawsofmotion.Thekineticsofelectrontransfertoandfromphotogeneratedradicalswasexaminedbylaserflashphotolysis.Thethermodynamicsisgovernedbythepositionsofthevalenceandconductionbands.,.,（8）Compoundsubjectscontainingthewords“each”,“every”,and“everybody”maytakesingularverbs.例27Eachflaskandeachholderwassterilizedbeforeuse.,.,Bothcomponentsofthecompoundsubjectmustcontainthewordsinquestion.Otherwise,theverbmustbeplural.例28Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswereinvited.,.,（9）Sometimes,oneofthesewordsisimplicit;suchcasestakeasingularverb.例29Eachnameandaddressisenteredintothedatabase.,.,（10）Indefinitepronounsthemselves(oradjectivescombinedwiththeindefinitepronoun“one”)canbethesubjectofthesentence.Thosethattakeasingularverbare“each”,“either”,“neither”,“noone”,“everyone”,“anyone”,“someone”,“everyone”,“anybody”,“somebody”,and“everybody”.,.,例30Eachwasevaluatedforitseffectonmetabolism.例31Neitherdisruptsthecellmembrane.例32Regardingcompounds1-10,everyonereactswiththecontrolagent.例33Someonemeasuresthevolumeeveryday.,.,Thosethattakeapluralverbare“several”,“few”,“both”,“and“many”.例34Severalwereevaluatedfortheireffectsonmetabolism.例35Fewdisruptthecellmembrane.例36Regardingcompounds1and2,bothreactwiththecontrolagent.例37Manywerechosentobepartofthestudy.,.,Thosethattakeeitherasingularorpluralverb,dependingoncontext,are“some”,“any”,“none”,“all”,and“most”.Thenumberoftheobjectoftheprepositiondeterminesthenumberoftheindefinitepronounrelatedtoit.例38Someofthemoneywasstolen.例39Someofthebookswerelost.例40Notallthedisksarehere;somewerelost.,.,（11）Whenafractionisthesubjectofthesentence,thenumberoftheattendantobjectoftheprepositiondeterminesthenumberofthesubject.例41Onethirdoftheprecipitatewasdissolved.例42Onefourthoftheelectronsareexcited.例43Theremainderofthecompoundsareyettobedescribed.,.,（12）Mostof（plentyof,alotof）+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；Mostof（plentyof,alotof）+不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式Mostofthebetter-knownorganicsolventsareallsuitableforthesetests.Thereisplentyofdistilledwaterinthebottle.(其中的water是不可数名词。),.,Thereareplentyoftesttubesontesttable.Thereisplentyoffood.Thereareplentyofapples.Istherealotofsupportfortheidea?Therearealotoftouristshere.,.,（13）Whenasubjectanditspredicativedisagreeinnumber,theverbtakesthenumberofthesubject.例44Thepreparationandstructuredeterminationofthesethreecompoundsarethetopicofpaper.例45Thetopicofthispaperisthepreparationandstructuredeterminationofthesethreecompounds.,.,RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClauses当复合句的某一从句是限制性从句，则该从句对句子的含义是必须的，如无该从句句子便失去意义。最好以“that”（而非“which”）引出限制性从句。Whenaclauseinacompoundsentenceisrestrictive,theclauseisnecessarytothesenseofthesentence,thesentencewouldbecomepointlesswithouttheclause.Restrictiveclausesarebestintroducedby“that”,not“which”.,.,例46Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupwhichwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupthatwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.,.,Aphraseorclauseisnonrestrictiveifitaddsinformationbutisnotessential;thatis,thesentencedoesnotloseitsmeaningifthephraseorclauseisdeleted.Nonrestrictivephraseandclausearesetoffbycommas.如短语或从句只是给句子增添信息，但并非根本性的，则为非限制性短语或从句，即如删去这类短语或从句，句子并不失去其意义。非限制性短语或从句前后用逗号分隔。,.,例47Thecurrent-voltagecurves,whichareshowninFigure6,clearlydemonstratethereversibilityofallfourprocesses.,.,例48MelvinCalvin,whowontheNobelPrizein1961,elucidatedthebiochemicalpathwaysinphotosynthesis.例49Here,theTotalsignal,whichistheanalogofstandardDSC,makesitveryhardtofindthepolymerTg.,.,3DanglingModifiers（垂悬修饰语）也称垂悬短语(Danglingphrases)Oneformofadanglingmodifierisaverbalphrasethatnotreferclearlyandlogicallytoanotherwordorphraseinthesentence.,.,Theunderstoodsubjectisusuallythesameasinthemainclause.Walkingacrossthefield,wesawaplaneflypast.(=Aswewerewalking,wesaw)与句子主语没有联系的短语修饰语，即动词短语的逻辑主语（隐含主语）与主句主语不一致。短语的隐含主语和主句中的主语应保持一致。,.,悬垂修饰语或称悬垂短语（Danglingphrases）是指对句子中的另一词或短语关系不清晰并不合逻辑非谓语动词短语。人们所理解的这类短语的逻辑主语通常与主句的主语是一致的。下面列举悬垂修饰语的几种情形：,.,（1）Ifamodifierprecedesthesubjectofasentence,itmustmodifythatsubjectandbeseparatedfromitbyacomma.Otherwise,itisadanglingmodifier.如果一个修饰语是在句子的主语之前，它必须修饰那个主语，并以逗号分隔。否则就是悬垂修饰语,.,例50Splittingtheatom,manynewelementswerediscoveredbySeaborg.此句中的splittingtheatom为现在分词短语，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，故需改成,Splittingtheatom,Seaborgdiscoveredmanynewelements.,.,或将splittingtheatom考虑为动名词短语,在其前加on或upon变成介词短语：UponSplittingtheatom,manynewelementswerediscoveredbySeaborg.UponSplittingtheatom,Seaborgdiscoveredmanynewelements.,.,例51Whenconfrontedwiththeselimitations,theexperimentswerediscontinued.Whenconfrontedwiththeselimitations,wediscontinuedtheexperiments.Inlightoftheselimitations,theexperimentswerediscontinued.,.,例52Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,theorthohydrogenscouldbeassignedtothehigh-frequencypeak.,Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,wecouldassigntheorthohydrogenstothehigh-frequencypeak.,.,例53Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluated.thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluatedbyusingtheproceduredescribedpreviously.Or,Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,wecanevaluatethepartitionfunction.,.,这种悬垂结构（例50、51、53）可修改为介词短语upon,inlightof,byusing但由于主句的主语并非介词短语中的行为执行者，有时仍视为悬垂结构,.,(2)Phrasesstartingwith“basedon”mustmodifyanounorpronounthatusuallyimmediatelyprecedesorfollowsthephrase.Usephrasesstartingwith“onthebasisof”tomodifyaverb.短语basedon在句中修饰一个名词或代名词，通常该短语紧跟被修饰的名词或代名词之后。应以“Onthebasisof”开头的短语去修饰一个动词。即一个句子可以Onthebasisof开头，而不是以Basedon开头。,.,例54Basedonresonanceenhancementandfrequencyshifts,changesintheinterringseparationwerecalculated.,Onthebasisofresonanceenhancementandfrequencyshifts,changesintheinterringseparationwerecalculated.,.,例55Basedonextensivestudy,thisgeneticdeficiencywasattributedtothelossofoneisozyme.(“Basedonextensivestudy”modifiesthenoun“deficiency”,butthisnotthemeaning.),.,Onthebasisofextensivestudy,thisgeneticdeficiencywasattributedtothelossofoneisozyme.(“Onthebasisofextensivestudy”modifiestheverb“wasattributed”.),.,例56Styleguidelinesbasedonauthoritativesourcesareincludedinthisbook.例57Figure8showstheanalysisofadrugdeliverysystembasedonamorphous,biodegradablepolymermicrospheres.,.,（3）“Dueto”means“attributableto”;useitonlytomodifyanounorpronoundirectlyprecedingitinthesentenceorfollowingaformoftheverb“tobe”.“Dueto”意思是“attributableto”（归因于）;用它只是去修饰一个名词或代名词，在句中直接将其前置；或在动词“tobe”的某种形式之后。,.,例58Delaysresultedduetoequipmentfailure.,Delaysduetoequipmentfailurewereunavoidable.Thedelayswereduetoequipmentfailure.,.,Danglingphrases包括悬垂分词短语、悬垂不定式短语和悬垂介词短语3种a.悬垂分词短语(Danglingparticiplephrases)Havingreviewedthetechnicalreport,severalmistakeswerefoundinit.,Havingreviewedthetechnicalreport,wefoundseveralmistakesinit.,.,Basedonthebiologicalandgeographicalcharacters,lakesinChinacanbedividedintofivemajorgroups.,Onthebasisofthebiologicalandgeographicalcharacters,lakesinChinacanbedividedintofivemajorgroups.LakesinChinacanbedividedintofivemajorgroupsaccordingtotheirbiologicalandgeographicalcharacters.,.,b.悬垂不定式短语(Danglinginfinitivephrases)Inordertorealizesustainabledevelopmentofsociety,itneedstoconsidertheprotectedareaconstructionasanimportantcomponentofregionaldevelopmentalplanningand,Inordertorealizesustainabledevelopmentofsociety,weshouldconsidertheconstructionofprotectedareaasanimportantcomponentofregionaldevelopmentalplanningand,.,c.悬垂介词短语(Danglingprepositionphrases)Afterremovingtheoutmostleaves,thematerialwasrubbedwith70%ethanolforsurfacesterilization.Thematerialswerecleansedwith70%ethanolforsurfacesterilization,aftertheiroutmostleaveswereremoved.主句和介词短语均为被动态，their是指代materials,.,下面几种情形不是danglingmodifiers:(4)Absoluteconstructionsarewords,phrases,orclausesthataregrammaticallyunconnectedwiththerestofthesentenceinwhichtheyappear.Theyaresometimescalled“sentencemodifiers”becausetheyqualifytherestofthesentence.Theymayoccuranywhereinthesentence,andtheyarealwayssetoffbycommas.Theyarenotdanglingmodifiers.,.,在句中出现的与句子的其余部分在语法上无联系的词、短语和从句。由于它们是修饰句子的其余部分，有时将其称作句子修饰语“sentencemodifiers”。这种独立结构可出现在句子的任意处，并以逗号分隔，它们不是垂悬修饰语。例59Contrarytotheexcitedstatesituation,metalbondinginteractionsinthegroundstatesareweak.,.,例60Theconstructionswerepremature,consideringthelackofavailabledata.例61judgingfromthespectralchanges,exhaustivephotolysisofcompound4hadoccurred.例62TheconformationsabouttheReRebond,inaddition,aredifferentforallthreecomplexes.,.,Absoluteconstructionsoftenbeginwithoneofthefollowingwords:独立结构常以下列各词之一开头：consideringprovidedgivenprovidingjudgingregardingconcerningfailing,.,（5）Inmathematicalpapers,absolutephrasesbeginningwiththewords“assuming”and“taking”areoftenusedassentencemodifiers.例63Assumingthatdistancedisinducedbythenorm,Misasymmetricalandpositivelydefinedmatrix.例64Takingthisvalueasanupperlimit,thetwoshortestdistancesaresometimestoolongforincipienthydrogenbonds.,.,（6）Asubordinateorellipticalclausemaybeusedasasentencemodifier.例65Thecompoundisstableinair,asweconcludedfromtheexperimentevidence.例66TheMo5sorbitals,asexpected,interactstronglywiththeligands.（7）Anintroductoryinfinitiveorinfinitivephrasemaybeasentencemodifier.例67Topreparecompound2,themethodofGarnerwasfollowed.,.,4AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbsBesurethateachsubjectinacompoundsentencehastheproperverbsandauxiliaryverbs.例68Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesamplescollectedin10-mLincrements.,Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesampleswerecollectedin10-mLincrements.,.,小结1主谓一致以and连接的两个单数主语通常，谓语动词用复数有些主语形式上是复数，实际上是单数这时谓语动词用单数并列主语前后均含有“each”，“every”，“everybody”之类的词，用单数谓语动词,.,两个主语以“or”连接，谓语与最靠近的主语一致集合名词Theseries(tobe)视为整体，谓语用单数Aseriesof视为分别的，谓语用复数度量单位，单数由分数作主语，由随之的介词宾语的数决定主语的数,.,2限制性和非限制性从句that,which,3悬垂修饰语与句子主语没有联系的短语修饰语。由Onthebasisof开头,不是Basedondueto后跟名词或代名词，或(tobe)dueto,.,Sentencemodifiers独立结构数学论文，以assuming,taking开头的句子从句或省略句不定式短语4动词与助动词的不合理省略如助动词“tobe”的省略,.,Language,Thelanguagemustaidtheunderstandingofyourwork.Pooruseoflanguagewilldiscourageeditorsfromacceptingyourwork.Spendtimeonperfectingthelanguage.Communicatingthescienceisasimportantasthescienceitself.AskaskilledwriterorsomeonefluentinEnglishtocheckyourmanuscriptbeforesubmission.,.,Language,Sparethereaderthetroubleofguessingwhatyoumean!ComplaintfromanEditor:“Irefusetospendtimetryingtounderstandwhattheauthoristryingtosay.Theycannotexpectustocorrectapoorlywrittenmanuscript.Iftherearemorethan6grammaticalerrorsintheabstract,thenIdonotwastemytimereadingtherest.”,.,Language,Clarity,objectivity,accuracy,brevityUsescientificEnglish.PracticewritingEnglishwheneveryoucan.KeeprecordsinEnglishduringresearch.Payattentiontothefollowing:ConsistencyofthesentencesLogicofexpressionGrammar,spellingandpunctuationshouldbecorrect,.,Languagelongsentences,Directandshortsentencesarepreferred!Avoidlongsentences.Theaveragelengthofsentencesinscientificwritingisabout12to17words.TheChineselanguagecanexpressmorecomplicatedmeaningwithfewerwordsthanEnglish.ChangeyourstylewhenwritinginEnglish.Onepieceofinformationpersentenceissufficient,avoidmultiplepiecesinonesentence.,.,第2部分修辞与表达,.,科技英语写作表达的几个问题,.,1简明2富于变幻3辨析近义词4语法修辞及其他(1)时态、语态与人称(2)非谓语动词：分词短语或不定式短语(3)使用肯定句，不用“双重否定句”（4)由which,that,where引出的从句,.,(5)不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰(6)词序(7)利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系(8)介词1)与描写实验过程有关的介词2)由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构(9)“only”的具体含义视其在句中的位置而定(10)通常不应将诸如“differentfrom”,“similarto”,“identicalto”,“identicalwith”等惯用语拆开,.,(11)由“relativeto”,“ascomparedto”，“ascomparedwith”,以及单词“versus”引出的相比较的第二成分，与第一成分在语法结构上必须是平行的。(12)科学论文，不用wasnt之类的缩写形式(13)根据所要表达的意思，用“and”或“or”代替“and/or(14)正斜体缩写(15)语用含糊(16)英译应遵守的原则和修辞的一些问题,.,1简明科学论文不同于文学作品，要求必须简明、清晰、准确例AscanbeseenfromFig.1,growthisrapid.AsshowninFig.1,Growthisrapid(Fig.1).Fig.1showsthatgrowthisrapid.Fig.1shows,.,Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molbymeansofthethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.,Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molfrom(orby)thethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.,.,下述句式可以更加简洁的形式表达常以介词或副词代替anumberof=several,someatatemperatureofatatsomefuturetimelateratthepresenttime(moment)nowaverylimitednumberoffewbymeansofbyorwith,.,duetothefactthatbecauseorsinceduringthetimethatwhileforaperiodofforforthereasonthatbecauseorsincefromthestandpointofaccordingtogreater(orhigher)numberofmoreifconditionsaresuchthatifcomparedwithA,BwasbiggerBwasbiggerthanA,.,considerableamountofmuchconsiderablenumber(orproportion)manyormostinacarelessmannercarelesslyinaconsiderablenumberofcasesofteninasimilarmannersimilarlyinallcasesalways,allinanycaseanyhowinconsequenceofthisfacttherefore,.,inexcessofmorethaninfewcasessometimes,rarely,seldominmanycaseschemistsaremanychemistsareinordertoto,.,insomecasessometimesintermsofininthecaseofsodiumwithsodiumintheeventthatifinthenearfuturesooninthetemperaturerangeofbetweenandinviewofthefactthatsinceorbecause,.,largenumber(s)ofmanylargeproportionofmanyofgreatimportanceimportantofsuchhardnessthatsohardthatonthebasisoffrom,by,becauseontheorderofabout,.,overthepastfewyearsrecently,inrecentyearsowingtothefactthatsince,becauseasmallnumberofafewsubsequenttoafterasufficientnumberofenoughwithreferencetoaboutpriortobefore,.,ItisapparentthatApparently,hence,thusItappearsthatApparentlyItisinterestingtonotethatInterestinglyItwasin1977thatIn1977ItisclearthatClearlyItisourconclusionthatWeconcludethat,.,ItispossiblethatItmaybesaidthatPerhaps,Possibly,ProbablyItisoftenthecasethatOftenItispossiblethatthecauseisThecausemaybe,.,可去掉It,改用动词，而不用名词Itistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovide,Thisinvestigationisaimedtoproviding,.,ACS建议以如下几种方式，使文章写得更简明：（1）删去诸如下述短语AsalreadystatedIthasbeenfoundthatIthaslongbeenknownthatItisinterestingtonotethatItisworthmentioningatthispointItmaybesaidthatItwasdemonstratedthat,.,（2）删去多余的词Itisaprocedurethatisoftenused.Thisprocedureisoftenused.Therearesevenstepsthatmustbecompleted.Sevenstepsmustbecompleted.ThisisaproblemthatisThisproblemisTheseresultsarepreliminaryinnature.Theseresultsarepreliminary.,.,（3）不用短语，用单一词表达anu