英国历史与文化英文版PPT课件

AnIntroductiontoBritishHistoryandCulture,EnglishHistory,PrehistoricEnglandRomanBritain(43-410)TheAnglo-SaxonsandVikings(450-1066)NormansandPlantagenets(1066-1272)LancasterandYork(1272-1485)TheTudors(1485-1603)TheStuarts(1603-1714)OrderandDisorder(1714-1837)VictoriaandEmpire(1837-1910)PeaceandWar(1910-1945)ContemporaryBritain(1945-),.,3,Chapter1EarlyEngland,OldStoneAge,70,0008000BCMiddleStoneAge,83003500BCNewStoneAge,35002500BCBronzeAge,2500700BC(Iberians)IronAge,700100BC(Celts)TheDawningofEnglishHistory150BC50,.,4,OfficialtitleUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandBritishIslesincludingGreatBritain,thewholeofIreland,alltheoffshoreislands,1.1Geography:SomeTerminology,.,6,isolatedfromEuropebytheEnglishChannelandtheNorthSeaonceperceivedasbeingontheedgeoftheworldTheseasaroundBritainalsoactedasbarriersagainstattemptedinvasions:TheArmada,1588;theFrench,1805,NaziGermany,1940,1.1Geography:GeographyandHistory,.,7,GenerallymildandtemperateweatherallowsfarmingtoflourishacrossthecountryNorth:lessfertileland,wetterSouth:fertileland,drier,1.1Geography:Weather,.,8,HuntersandgatherersOldStoneAge(Paleolithic),70,0008000BCMiddleStoneAge(Mesolithic),83003500BCNewStoneAge(Neolithic),35002500BC,1.2EarlySettlers,.,9,NewStoneAge,35002500BCStonehenge史前巨石阵amonumentalcircularsettingoflargestandingstonessurroundedbyanearthwork,1.2EarlySettlers,Stonehenge,InSearchofHistory00:2001:38,.,12,TheCelts(IronAge,700100BC)fromnorth-westernEurope,ancestorsofthehighlandScots,theIrishandWelshGaelic盖尔语:languageofCelticorigin,1.2EarlySettlers,.,13,Chapter2RomanBritain,.,14,RomanInvasion(55BC-410AD),BritishrecordedhistorybeginswithRomaninvasion.firstlandingin55B.C.ledbyJuliusCaesarcompletecontroloverthelandin43A.D.leavinginaround410A.D.,.,15,WhatisthemeaningofB.C.andA.D.?,BCstandsforbeforeChristADstandsfortheLatinphrase“annodomini”meansintheyearofourLordThepurposeoftheBC/ADdatingsystemtomakethebirthofJesusChristthedividingpointofworldhistory,.,16,GaiusJuliusCaesar(July13,100BCMarch15,44BC)aRomanmilitaryandpoliticalleaderplayedacriticalroleinthetransformationoftheRomanRepublicintotheRomanEmpire,.,17,RomanInvasion(55BC-410AD),Firstlandingin55B.C.ledbyJuliusCaesarReasonsthelureoftreasurestopunishtheCeltsbecauseofthehelptheyrenderedtheirfellowtribesmeninGaulResultsfailedbecauseofweatherwithdrawwithhostagesandprisoners,.,18,RomanInvasion(55BC-410AD),2.Completecontroloverthelandin43A.D.LeaderheadedbytheEmperorClaudiusReasonscameasimperialiststoexploitandgovernbyrightofbeingthesuperior,.,19,.,20,RomanInvasion(55BC-410AD),3.Leavinginaround410A.D.TheRomanEmpiredisintegratedin476A.D.leftbehindawellestablishedCeltic-Romanculture,.,21,RomanSoldiers,.,22,ResistancetoRomanOccupation,Fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,butitwasneveratotaloccupation.Romantroopsoftenwithdrew.Resistance:thePictsTwogreatwallstokeepthePicts:HadriansWallAntonineWall,.,23,.,24,RomanInfluence:TheRomanisationofBritannia,Romanlaws,taxes,engineeringskillsArchitectureRomansocialsystemTheLatinLanguageSystemofwritingandnumberingIntroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintownsBroughtthenewreligionChristianitytoBritain,.,25,RomanInfluence:TheRomanisationofBritannia,Romantowns:London,York,Bathbaths,temples,amphitheatres竞技场,Romanaqueducts高架渠Romanroads:morethan5000roads,anetworkofroadstoconnectlargetowns,Romancivilizationwasbasedoncitylifeinhundredsofwalledtownlinkedbymilitaryroads.,.,26,Romantown:Bath,.,27,.,28,BathAbbey,.,29,.,30,Romanamphitheatre,.,31,Romanaqueduct,.,32,RomanRoad,.,33,TheImpactofChristianity,TheCeltsReligionPolytheism(多神论)Animals,rivers,andlakeswerealsotreatedasgods.,.,34,Celticgodsandgoddesses,.,35,RomanBritain.ChristianmerchantsandtradersarrivedinEnglandinthe1stcenturyA.D,butmadelittleimpact.Inthe2ndcentury,Christianityslowlyspread.Inthelate6thcentury,ChristianitywasintroducedwidelyinEngland.,.,36,Christianity:beliefinonegodhead,TheCeltsReligion:beliefinseveralgodsAfterConstantinesconversiontoChristianity,Polytheism(多神论)monotheism(一神论),Britannia,.,37,Anglo-SaxonperiodInthemiddleofthe5thcentury,Anglo-Saxonssettledhere.Englishpeopleowemuchoftheirtradition,language,physicalheritagetothem(tall,fair-haired).Vikinginvasion:bythe8th,theDanishbegantoinvadeEnglandinasuccessfulwayuntilAlfredtheGreatdefeatedthem.KingAlfredtheGreat(r.871-899阿佛列大帝)HeisoftenregardedasthefirstkingofaunitedEngland.HedefeatedtheDanesatbattles.,.,38,28,Beowulf,theoldestEnglishepic,tellsthestoryofaScandinavianhero.ProbablywritteninNorthumbriaintheearlyeighthcentury,itprovidesastrikingpictureofearlyGermaniclife.TheearliestsurvivingmanuscriptofBeowulfwaswritteninSaxoninthelatetenthcentury.p73,.,39,29,TheManuscriptofBeowulf,.,40,32,Anevildragonrobbedthehollycupawayandguardedthecupinhiscavenotallowinganyonetotouchit.,.,41,33,Beowulfledhismentosailacrosstheseatofindthehollycupbackforhispeople.,.,42,TheNormanConquestAfterEdwarddied,DukeofNormandy-WilliamI,wascrownedinLondon,onChristmasDay1066.Significance:A.Anewdynasty,anewaristocracyB.AstrongNormangovernment,feudalsystemC.TheupperranksoftheclergywereNormanizedandfeudalized.,.,43,封建时代,1)Williamsrule(1066-1087)A.strongmonarchywasestablishedB.FrenchlanguagewasusedinthecourtandupperclassesC.DomesdayBook:greatsurveyoftherealmin10892)Henrysreform(1154-1189)A.EstablishedthePlantagenetDynasty(1154-1485)B.replacedthefeudallawwithroyalorcommonlaw,thejuryof12swornmen3)MagnaCarta(theGreatCharter)in1215A.signedbykingJohnB.thebasisofmodernEnglishconstitutionC.theupholdingofindividualrightsagainstarbitrarygovernment,.,44,4)theparliamentin1265A.duringHenry,SimondeMontfortcalledthefirstparliamentB.commonerssatforthefirsttime5)theHundredYearsWar(1337-1453)A.betweenFranceandEngland,FrenchwonB.introducedthefirststandingarmiesinWesternEuropeC.bourgeoisiewaspushedonahigherrangofsocialladderD.fallofFrenchlanguageinEnglandE.EnglandandFrancewasseparatefromeachotherentirelyforever,.,45,6)Thebackdeathin1348A.spreadbyratfleasB.killed1.5millionoutofthetotal4millionpeopleC.grainfarmingturnedtosheepfarming7)WatTylersUprisingin1381A.infightingagainstthePollTaxin1380B.markedthebeginningoftheendofserfdominmedievalEngland8)ThewaroftheRosesA.betweenHouseofYork(whiterose)andHouseofLancaster(redrose)B.Markedtheendofmiddleagesandbeginningofmodernworld,46,.,Great-great-great-grandsonofEdwardIII,HenryVII,HenryVIII,EdwardVI,MaryI,ElisabethI,.,47,3.走向现代英国,1）Henry（1509-1547）A.theChurchofEnglandseparatedfromRomanCatholicismB.kingofEnglandbecameboththesecularandreligiousworldC.kingbecametherealheadofEnglandasanationstate,48,.,MaryI,CatholicburningnearlythreehundredProtestantsatthestakelosingCalais,.,49,2)Elizabeth(1558-1603)A.thelastTudormonarch,nevergotmarriedforthegoodofthenationB.securethechurchofEngland,compromisebetweenRCandPC.destructionofSpanishArmadashowedEnglandssuperiorityasanavalpower,50,.,ElisabethI,ProtestanttheVirginQueenSpanishArmadaNeutralityandcompromise,.,51,3)TheEnglishRenaissanceA.fromthebeginningof16thcenturytothe17thcenturyB.thegreatestEnglishhumanist:,52,.,JamesI1603-1625CharlesI1625-1649CharlesII1660-1685JamesII1685-1688WilliamIII1688-1702andQueenMaryII1688-1694QueenAnne1702-1714,53,.,JamesI,54,.,CharlesII,Plague(1665)GreatFire(1666)St.PaulsCathedralbySirChristopherWren,55,.,JamesII,escapedtoFrancein1648,disguisedasagirlCatholicpersecutionoftheProtestants,.,56,4)Thecivilwars(1642-1651)A.parliamentaryvictory1651B.executionofCharlesI1649C.Protectorate(1653-1659)OliverCromwellandhisson5)Restoration(1660)CharlesreturnswithabigwelcomeandwascrownedinApril1660,astherestorationofStewartDynasty,.,57,6)GloriousRevolution(1688)A.JameswasoverthrownbyparliamentarianswithaninvadingarmyledbytheDutchstadtholderWilliamofOrangeB.BillofRights,autocraticmonarchy-constitutionalmonarchyC.markedtheendoffeudalismandthebeginningofcapitalismBritaincameintobeingin1707withtheActofUnionwhichunitedEnglandandScotland.7)WhigsandToriesWhigsfavoredreformandToriesaremonarchists.,58,.,WilliamIIIandQueenMaryII,offeredtheEnglishcrowninv