现在完成时与被动语态

一. 被动语态 主动语态：主语 主动 执行被动语态：主语 被动 承受例句： The lazy sheep was caught by the gray wolf again!1. 被动语态的基本机构：be +及物动词 过去分词2. 主动变被动的基本规则：主动语态： 主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 其他成分被动语态： 主语 + be +过去分词 + by +宾语 + 其他成分例1： Many people speak English. 被动句： English is spoken by many people. 例2： He cheated her. 被动句： She was cheated by him. 3.主动句变被动句的主要规则：(1). 人称代词主格做主语，宾格做宾语。 (2). 被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词 (如果是不及物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词) He gives up smoking. 被动句：_ (3). 被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。 一般现在时被动语态为： 一般过去时被动语态为： 一般将来时被动语态为： 现在完成时被动语态为： (4).情态动词 + be done 由上可见，被动语态的时态 由_be 动词_ 来体现。 (5). 被动语态中，by+动作的发出者 放在句末(课省略)，by 表示“由，被”的意思。4.被动语态的注意点（1）“三看一听”hear, see, watch, notice，使役动词make等 主动句中 to 走开， 被动句中 to 回来。 I heard my sister sing in her room yesterday. 被动句： My mother always makes me do some housework. 被动句：_ （2）say, believe, consider, know, expect, think 等词接宾语从句，变被动句用 It is / was said/believed. that. People believe he told the truth. 被动句：_ （3）常见无被动的词：happen 意为“发生”时，主语为物，sth happen to sb, 无被动 belong to, take place, rise, sell well, remain, run out, come true等无被动 (4) 感官动词_feel, look, smell, taste, sound_, 主动表被动 The news sounds terrible.二. 现在完成时1、语境分析 动作发生在过去，已完成，强调对现在有影响 -Are you hungry? -No, I have had breakfast. 动作发生在过去，未完成，持续到现在或未来 I have studied English for 10 years.2. 标志性的时间状语： already_, yet_ _， ever_ never_, before_ In the last/past + 一段时间_ So far _ For + 一段时间_ Since + 过去的时间点 since then，since two years ago, since 1996 + 从句（过去式） 次数（twice， three times , four times）注意：1）already用于肯定句， I have already eaten lunch.yet用于一般疑问句或否定句 _ you eaten lunch _? I havent eaten lunch _. 2）Have you ever read this story (before)? -I have never read it.3) In the last three weeks, I have read 5 books.4) We have known each other for 5 years.5) Qingdao has changed greatly so far.6) I havent seen my teachers since I left school.7)I have lived here since 2010. (since 3 years ago)3、重点词组辨析 have/has gone to 去了(人未回) Have/has been to 去过(人已回) Have/has been in 去多久（有一段时间）4. 与延续性的时间状语 连用的必须是延续性动词 初中阶段常考的延续性时间状语： 1）for +一段时间 2）Since + 过去的时间点 + 从句（过去式） 3）How long?真题链接1. -When _ he _ for London? -The day before yesterday. He _ for two days. A. did, leave; has left B. has, left; has left C. did, leave; has been away D. will, leave; is leaving 附：常见短暂性动词 与 延续性动词的转化 buy_; borrow_; die_; leave_ (from); put on_ make friends_come back_ start/ begin-_fall asleep_; open_; t