韩礼德 系统功能语言学 人际功能PPT演示课件

Interpersonalmetafunction,1,Introduction,InterpersonalmetafunctionisoneofthethreemetafunctionsinSystematicFunctionalGrammarproposedbyHalliday.“Thespeakerusesspecificlanguagestructuresasthemeansofsocialcommunicationtoinvolvethespeechevent:theexpressionsofhiscomments,hisattitudes,hisevaluations,andalsotherelationshiphesetsupbetweenhimselfandthelistener,whicharedecidedbydifferentcommunicationrolesheadopts,likeinforming,questioning,persuading”.(Halliday,2000:69),2,Byfarthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageistheinterpersonalfunction,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.,3,RolesofAddressersandAddressees,Themostfundamentalpurposesinanyexchangearegivingordemandingacommodityofsomekind.Inaverbalexchange,thecommoditythatthespeakermaybegivingordemandingisinformation.Inanon-verbalaction,thecommodityisalsocalledgoods-and-services.,4,thefourbasicspeechroles:,givinginformationdemandinginformationgivinggoods-and-servicesdemandinggoods-and-services,5,theusuallablesforthesefunctionsrespectively,givinginformationstatementdemandinginformationquestiongivinggoods-and-servicesofferdemandinggoods-and-servicescommand,6,thebasicfunctionsandthegrammaticalstructures,threeofthesebasicfunctionsarecloselyassociatedwithparticulargrammaticalstructures.Theyare:statementsaremostnaturallyexpressedbydeclarativeclausesquestionsbyinterrogativeclausescommandsbyimperativeclausesNote:anoffercanbecarriedoutwithoutusinglanguage.,7,somespecialcases,Youdbettercomein.Areyoureadyforcoffee?Ooh,yesplease.,8,Mood,Moodisthecoreoftheinterpersonalmetafunction.Wecaninvestigatetheseinteractivefunctionsfocusingonaparticularelementoftheclause,whichweshallcalltheMood.SubjectthestructureofMoodFinite,9,SubjectvsFinite,Subjectisafamilartermfromtraditionalgrammar,althoughitshouldberememberedthathereitisbeingreinterpretedinfunctionalterms.TheFiniteisthefirstfunctionalelementoftheverbalgroup.forexample:Didyouseehimthatday?,10,identifyingSubjectandFinite,tagquestionAtagquestionrepeatsthetwoelementsintheMoodattheendoftheclause,forexample:Tedwouldnthavemarriedher,wouldhe?SFFSemptyitandthereforexample:Itwashalfpastseven.Thereshouldbeanotheronelikethis.,11,thenorminalgroupA:consistingofmorethanoneconstituentfunctioningtogetherasSubjectB:bothitandtheembeddedclauseasSubject,12,theResidue,TherearethreekindsoffunctionalelementsintheResidue:thePredicator,ComplementsandAdjuncts.ThePredicatorisexpressedbytherestoftheverbalgroupapartfromtheFinite.TherecanbeonlyonePredicatorinanyclause.,13,ComplementAcomplementisanelementintheResidue,typicallyrealizedbyanominalgroup,whichcouldhavebeenchosenasSubject,butwasnot.forexample:Thestrongestshapeisthetriangle.Thetriangleisthestrongestshape.,14,AdjunctTheroleofAdjunctistypicallybyanadverbialgrouporaprepositionalphrase.threekindsofAdjunct:CommentAdjunctModalAdjunctMoodAdjunctConjunctiveAdjunctcircumstantialAdjunct,15,examples:1.Haveyoudecidedonacolouryet?2.Thepunctuation,ontheotherhand,isreproducedwithdiplomaticfaithfulness.3.Unfortunately,IdidnotmeetPaulKleethereorlaterinmylife.,16,PolarityandModality,Inonesense,polarityisamessagethatiseitherpositiveornegative.Besides,theFinitemustbeformallypositiveornegaive.Theyes/nointerrogativeispreciselytoenquireaboutthepolarityofamessage.polaritymayalsobeexpressedthroughMoodAdjuncts.,17,modalityItisthespacebetweenyesandno.Morespecifically,theintermediatestages-pointsbetweenyesandno,suchasmaybe,sometimesorsupposedly,areexpressedbymodality.example:ShemightteachLatin.,18,typesofmodality,modalizationtypesofmodalitymodulationIfthecommoditybeingexchangedisinformation,themodalityrelatestohowvalidtheinformationisbeingpresented,whichiscalledmodalization.Ifthecommodityisgoods-and-services,themodalityrelatestohowconfidentthespeakercanappeartobeintheeventualsuccessoftheexchange,whichisreferredtoasmodulation.,19,modalization,probabilitymodalizationusualityprobability:howlikelyitistobetrue,suchaspossible/probable/certainexample:Thechildmightbehers.usuality:howfrequentlyitistrue,suchassometimes/often/alwaysexample:Sheoftenwentthere.,20,modulation,obligationmodulationinclination/willingnessobligation:thedegreeofobligationtocarryoutthecommand,suchaspermissible/advisableexample:Youshouldgonow.inclination:thedegreeofwillingnessofthespeakertofulfilltheoffer,suchasability/determinationexample:Iwillgiveyouahand.,21,Appraisal,DefinitionAppraisalcanbesimplydefinedastheindicationofwhetherthespeakerthinksthatsomething(aperson,thingetc.)isgoodorbad.Morespecifically,therearemanyotherscalesofappraial,revealingtoseewhatkindsofvaluesareestablishedinanyparticulargenre.,22,accordingtoMartin,theappraisalsystemisdividedintothreecatergories.AttitudeAppraisalEngagementGraduation,23,Attitude,definitionAttitudeisconcernedwithourfeelings,includingemotionalreactions,judgementofbehaviourandevaluationofthingsaffectAttitudejudgementappreciation,24,AffectfocusesonthefeelingsoftheappraiserJudgementandAppreciationfocusonthequalitiesoftheappraised.Thedistinctionbetweenthemdependsonwhetherweareappraisingaperson(judgement)orsomethingelse-athing,anaction,anevent,etc(appreciation),25,Examples:Ilikeher.Marycouldbereliedupontomakemefeelbetter.Winterhaseverybitasmuchcharmastheotherseasons.,26,Engagement,DefinitionBroadlyspeaking,engagementisconcernedwiththewaysinwhichresourcessuchasprojection,modality,polarity,conce