(11)Unit 5《信息管理与信息系统专业英语》networked economy

信息管理与信息系统专业英语Unit5NetworkedEconomy,NetworkedEconomy,Inthislesson,wecoverthefollowingarea:Networkedeconomy(page97-108)Vocabulary,NetworkedEconomy,词汇(Vocabulary)NetworkedEconomyTakeintoaccountDigitaldivide(p.98)Salestax/taxrevenuePowerplant(powerstation)Globalpositioningsystem(GPS)PersonaldigitalAssistants(PDAs),NetworkedEconomy,词汇(Vocabulary)Moorslaw(p104)RadioFrequencyIdentificationDevices(RFID)P106Transistor-electronicon/offswitchesFiber-opticcableCopperwireTwo-wayticket/communicationmediumBandwidth/computerchipShareware/firmware/software/hardware,NetworkedEconomy,词汇(Vocabulary)Cornerstone/milestoneAdult-oriented(p115)/object-orientedpremise/promise(p122)ContactlesstollcardCommoditycombinationCostcurveAutomobile/automotiveindustryBroadbandaccess,NetworkedEconomy,词汇(Vocabulary)Deflation/inflationSocialist/capitalist/collective/market/state-owned/Plannedeconomy.Developing/developedcountryPrimary/secondary/tertiaryindustryScarcityUnderdevelopment/underdevelopedEconomicdepression/slumpPurchasing/buyingpowerRawmaterial,NetworkedEconomy,Thenetworkedeconomyhasalreadybroughtoutmanychangesinourlives.Onedramatic(unusual)changeinvolves(卷入)thedefinitionofscarcity(稀少性定义).Likeland,labor,andcapital,consumerattentionspan(消费者注意广度)hasbecomeascarcecommodity(商品).Companiesseekingtodobusinessinthenetworkedeconomymusttakethischangeintoaccount（考虑）.网络经济给我们的生活带来许多变化。一个重大变化就是像消费者广泛关注的土地，劳力，资金，这些已成为稀少性商品的界定的变化。因此寻求通过网络经济方式去做生意的公司必须要把这种变化考虑进去。,NetworkedEconomy,Inadditiontothisnewversionofscarcity,thenetworkedeconomyhascreatedoramplified(扩大)othereconomicissues,includingthedivision(separation)betweenthosewhohaveaccesstotheinternetandelectroniccommerce(?)andthosewhodonot,andwhetherandhowtotaxelectroniccommerce.另外，针对于新的不足，网络经济产生或者激化了其它经济问题。像如何区分那些人使用因特网和电子商务网站和那些人没有使用因特网和电子商务网站的问题，以及是否和如何对电子商务征税的问题。,NetworkedEconomy,Becausethenumberofmanufacturingjobsisdecliningandthedemandforworkersisshiftingtowardsoftwareandservice,mostnewhires*inthefuturewillbeknowledgeworkers.Recall*thataknowledgeworkerissomeonewhoworkwithinformationinanorganization.Inthenetworkedeconomy,knowledgeworkerswillbeingreatdemand,astheverynatureofworkchangesfromrequiringphysicalstrength(体力)anddexterity(熟练)torequiringknowledge.,NetworkedEconomy,InSeptember2001aU.S.DepartmentCommercesurveyfoundoutthatmorethan80percentofmanagerialprofessionalworkersuseacomputeratwork;thispercentagehascertainlygoneupsincethen.ThesamesurveyfoundthatcollegegraduatesarethreetimesmorelikelytousetheInternetthanhighschool(高中)graduates,tentimesmorelikelythannon-highschoolgraduates.,NetworkedEconomy,Basedontherates,whichwillassuredlyincreasethroughoutthetwenty-firstcentury,itwillbeincreasingly*moredifficulttoentertheworkplacewithoutsomeunderstandingofinformationtechnology.整个21世纪，懂得信息技术的人的比例将在此基础上不断增加，这样使得不懂信息技术的人获得一份工作将变得更加困难。,NetworkedEconomy,Evenpositionssuchasautomobilemechanicshaveundergonerestructuring(调整)toreflectthehigherlevelofinformationtechnologyrequiredtoservetodaysautomobiles.Informationtechnologyisnecessarytomostjobs.即使像汽车技术工人的职位也曾经经历过定位调整，从而使这些工人的信息技术水平达到高于当今汽车业服务的所要求的水平。,NetworkedEconomy,Theneedforworkerswhocanuseinformationtechnologyhaspromptedconcernsthatthosewholackknowledgeof/oraccesstoinformationtechnologyandtheInternetmightmissout(tofailtoinclude)onparticipatinginthenetworkedeconomy(p101).Thiswidening*gapbetweenthedigitalhavesandhave-notsoftheworldiscalledthedigitaldivide(数字鸿沟).Tomeasureit,studieshavebeguntoidentifytrendsinInternetusebyvariouscharacteristics(类型的人),includingeducation,race/nationalorigin,ruralversusurbanlocation,andcountryofresidence.,NetworkedEconomy,Althoughrace/nationaloriginhasandcontinuestobeaconcernintermsofthedigitaldivide.Studiesshowthateducationisactuallyamoreimportantfactor.Thisfindingshouldnotsurpriseanyone:Educationisessentialtomanaginginformationtechnologyandadaptingto(适应)thechangingworkrequirementsinthenetworkedeconomy.(学生),NetworkedEconomy,Educationisalsohelptochangethedigitalhave-notstodigitalhaves.Withouteducation,workerwillstruggletofindpositionsthatwillenablethemtoshareinthewealthgeneratedbythenetworkedeconomy(p101).Thedigitaldivideoccursnotonlybetweeneducationallevels,alsobetweenurbanandrurallocationswithintheUnitedStatesandbetweencountriesorregionsoftheworld.（学生）,NetworkedEconomy,Thecase(情况)ofdigitaldividebetweenurbanandrurallocationsisdiscussedhere;alatersectionwillfocusontheimplications(涉及)ofcountryofresidence.在这儿，探讨了大都市和偏远乡村之间的数字鸿沟的情况；接下来的部分将探讨国与国之间的数字鸿沟的情形。InSeptember2001,theoverallgapinInternetusebetweenpeoplelivingruralandurbanlocationsintheUnitedStatesnolongerexisted,morethan50percentofhouseholdsinbothareashadInternetaccess.,NetworkedEconomy,However,theDepartmentofCommercesNationOnlinestudyrevealsthatthegap(差距)inaccesstohigh-speedbroadbandInternetthrougheithercableorDSLremainssignificant(重大的).然而，国家商业调查部的在线研究揭示了在偏远地区和城市之间通过有线或者DSL来接入高速的宽带因特网仍存在较大差距。In2000,only7.3percentofruralareashadaccesstosomeformofbroadbandascomparedto12.2percentforcentralcities.,NetworkedEconomy,In2001,althoughthepercentageofruralhouseholdshadgrownto12.2percent,thepercentageofcentralcityhouseholdshadgrownto22percent,increasingthegapbetweenurbanandruralbroadbandaccessfrom5.2percentin2000to9.8percentin2001.Clearly,ruralareasremainlargelyrestrictedtolower-speedtelephoneconnectionsandthuswillenjoylessaccesstothemanyfeaturesofbroadbandaccess.,NetworkedEconomy,Withtherapidgrowthofelectroniccommerce,thereisheavypressureintheUnitedStatesandgloballytosubject(解决)thatcommercetosomeformofsalestax.IntheUnitedStates,becausesalesmadethroughelectroniccommerceoftengoacrossstateborders,manystateslosesalestaxrevenuethattheywouldotherwisecollectonsalesmadeatstoreswithintheirborders.,NetworkedEconomy,Becausetheyrelyonsalestaxesformorethanone-thirdoftheirrevenues,statesandcountiesaredefinitelyhurtbyWebsalesacrossstatelines(跨州).Infact,stateandlocaljurisdictions(管辖区)willloseanestimated$13billioninsalestaxesby(before)2004fromtheexpected$155billione-commercesales,whichisaprettylargeamount.事实上，到2004年为止，州和地方管辖区估计失去了来自于预期的1550亿的电子商务销售的130亿的销售税收入，这是一笔相当大的数目。,NetworkedEconomy,Becausethelong-termresultsofataxonelectroniccommercewereunclear,theInternetTaxFreedomAct(互联网免税法案)of1998placedathree-yearwaitingperiodonstateandlocalInternettaxesintheUnitedStatesandtheAdvisoryCommissiononElectronicCommerce(电子商务咨询委员会)tostudythisissueandmakerecommendationstoCongressbyApril2000ontaxingelectroniccommerce.,NetworkedEconomy,Thecommissioncompleteditsworkbysimplyrecommendinganextensionofthewaitingperiod.Someoftheissuesitencounteredinitsworkincludedthefollowing:1)Electroniccommercebusinesseshesitatetocollectsalestaxesinall50statesbecausetheyfearthestateswillbeginimposing(征。税收)corporateincomeandfranchise(专利权，专营店，加盟店)taxesonthem.Currently,abusinessissubject(上交)suchtaxesonlyifithasapresence(出现)inthestateintheformofanofficeorstore.,NetworkedEconomy,2)With7600stateandlocaltaxingjurisdictions,electroniccommercefirms(公司)wanttoavoidhavingtocollectandremit(免除)taxestoallofthem.3)Localgovernmentsdonotwanttolosetheirabilitytosetsalestaxratesforfearoflosingtaxrevenue.Manycountiesandcitiescollectlocal-optionsalestaxesontopofthesalestaxescollectedbythestate,whichproviderevenuetofundoperations(运作)ornewprojects.,NetworkedEconomy,Shortlyafterthethree-yearwaitingperiodfortheimposition（税收）ofInternettaxesexpired,atwo-yearextensionwaspassedthatwillcontinuethemoratorium(延期)untillate2003.Thisextensionalsogivesthestatesfiveyearstocomeup(consider)withasimplifiedtax-collectionplanwithonenationaltaxrateoronetaxrateperstate.Theplanwillhelptoreducetaxloss.,NetworkedEconomy-ElementsoftheNetworkedEconomy,Bynow,youshouldbeconvinced(信服)thatthenetworkedeconomyisbringingaboutgreatchangesinourpersonallivesaswellasinbusinessandindustry.Letsnowtakeacloserlookattheneweconomicrelationshipsandnewjobsbeingspawned(产生)bythenetworkedeconomyandtheelements*worktogethersothateachelementmultiplies(greatlyincrease)theeffectsoftheotherelements,therebyenhancing,transforming,andcreatingneweconomicrelationships.,NetworkedEconomy,Traditionally,managementprimarilyhasbeenconcernedwiththreestakeholder(利益相关方)relationships:relationshipswithcustomers,relationshipswithemployees,andrelationshipswithsuppliers.However,inthenetworkedeconomy,awholehost(largeamount)ofdifferentrelationshipsarenowpossible.Consumersarenotalwaysjustcustomers;insomecases,theytakeontheroleofemployees.,NetworkedEconomy,Forexample,whenMicrosoftwaspreparingtheWindows95operatingsystem,ithadmorethan1millionconsumersactingastestersusingadvancecopies.Whileperformingthetesting,werethesetestersconsideredcustomersorunpaidemployeesofMicrosoftwhobenefitedfrombeingamongthefirsttousethenewoperatingsystem?Itsnoteasytoname(界定)them.,NetworkedEconomy,Inadditiontomodifyingexistingrelationships,thenetworkedeconomycanbringnewrelationshipsintobeing.Forexample,relationshipsamongcustomershavebecomemoreimportanttofirmsbecausethosecustomersmayformusergroupsthatprovideimportantfeedbacktothefirmsabouttheirproducts.Insomecases,employeeswithinthefirmsactuallyformdirectrelationshipsamongthemselvesandcustomers,astheybecomespecialservicerepresentatives.,AnyQuestionsorComments?,Ifyouhaveanycommentsandworthsuggestions,pleasedonothesitatetocontactwithmebymobilemessageoremail.Dontforgetyourlearningjournal!Nextsession,wewillmentionthee-government.Bye-Bye,NetworkedEconomy,Forexampleacustomermightworkdirectlywithatechnicianonaproblemorcommunicatewiththecustomersthrough(page102错though)anInternetnewsgroup.Thefirmsthatbenefitmostfromthesechangeswillbethosethattakethegreatadvantageofnewanddifferentrelationshipsbythinking“out-sidethebox(创新，新奇)”aboutwaystoimprovecustomerservice.,NetworkedEconomy-Economyrelationships,Theindustrialeconomyandtheagriculturaleconomythatpreceded*it(networkedeconomy)werebothsupportedbyinfrastructures.Aninfrastructureistheunderlying*foundationorbasicframeworkofasystemororganization.Theinfrastructureoftheindustrialeconomyincludedcanals,roads,railways,powerplants,factories,andsoon;thesecomponentsenabledcompaniestobringinrawmaterials,producefinishedgoods,andtransportthemtothecustomer.,NetworkedEconomy-Economyrelationships,Theinfrastructureofthenetworkedeconomyisbasedoncomputersandcommunicationnetworks,anditiscommonlyreferredtoasinformationtechnology.InformationTechnology(IT)referstotechnologythatisusedtocreate,store,exchange,anduseinformationinitsvariousforms.ThemostobviousITdeviceisthecomputerfoundonmillionsofdesksinofficesaroundtheworld,butmanyotherITdeviceshelprunthenetworkedeconomyaswell.,NetworkedEconomy-Economyrelationships,TheyincluderoutersthatcontroltheInternet,alltypesofofficemachines,PersonalDigitalAssistants(PDAs)likethePalm,mobilephones,manufacturingrobots,contactlesstollcards(非接触式交费卡),andGlobalPositioningSatellite(GPS)systemsamongmany,manyotherITdevices.Computersprovidetheprocessingandcommunicationscapabilitiesforthenetworkedeconomy.Whenyouthinkofacomputer,youprobablyimmediatelyenvision*adesktoporlaptopcomputer.,NetworkedEconomy-Economyrelationships,Infact,computersarepresentvirtually(almost)everywhere,ineveryaspectofdailylife.ComputershandlethemillionsoftransactionsthatoccureverydayovertheInternet,atlocalgrocerystores,oratshopsinthemall,forinstance(forexample).Computersprovidetrackofinventoryatallstagesofproductionanddistributionareincludedinthenetworkedeconomy,asarecomputersthatareusedtodesignproductsortorun*thenetwork.Today,closeto600millioncomputersareinuseworldwide.,NetworkedEconomy-Computers,Allofinformationtechnologyisbuiltaroundthechip,theever-shrinking(缩小)marvel(惊奇的事)ofminiaturizedelectroniccircuitry(微型电路)thatcarriesoutinstructionsfromtheuserorthemanufacturer.Somechipscontainmorethan20milliontransistors-electronicon/offswitches-thatareconnectedonthechipinsuchawayastocarryoutalmostinfinitevarietyofoperations.,NetworkedEconomy-Computers,Ifyouthinkforamomentyoullrecognizethatfaxmachines,mobilephones,pages,handheldgames(错，computers，pp104),digitalclocks,andotherelectronicdevicesallhaveatleastonechipinthem.However,thechipsuseisfarmorewidespreadthanthosedevicesandcomputers.Chipsareusedinmanyotherdevicestomeasureandreportdatatocomputers,wherethedataareprocessedorusedtocontroloperationsofsomemachine.Forexample,therearemorechipsintodaysautomobilethanthereareinapersonalcomputer.,NetworkedEconomy-Computers,Sincetheirinventionintheearly1970s,chipsthatpowertodayscomputersandotherinformationtechnologyhavefollowedMoorslaw(摩尔定律),whichstatesthattheywilldoubleinpowerevery18months.Thisevolutionhasresultedinfaster,easier-to-usecomputersaswellasincheaper,moreusefulmachinesofalltypes.Infact,itnowappearsthatchipsaredoublinginspeedevenfasterthanpredictedbyMoorslaw.,NetworkedEconomy-Computers,Chipsarealsobecomingsocheaptomanufacturethattheyhavebecomepartourthrow-awayeconomy.Forexample,chipsareusedinone-timeusagesmartcardsandRadioFrequencyIdentificationDevices(RFID)whichcanbeusedtoidentifyalmostanything,evenitemsinabox.,NetworkedEconomy-Connectivity,Althoughcomputersareakeyelementinourchangingworld,anotherdevelopment-connectivityhasmagnified(放大，扩大)theirpotential.Connectivityreferstotheavailabilityofhigh-speedcommunicationslinksthatenablethetransmissionofdataandinformationamongcomputersandconversationbetweenpeople.Thiscommunicationhasinvolvedtheuseofbothwiredandwirelessmedia.,NetworkedEconomy-Connectivity,Onthewiredside,connectivityincludestheuseoffiber-opticcable,newwaysofusingtraditionalcopperwiretosendvoiceanddataovertelephonelines,andincreasinguseofTVcableastwowaycommunicationsmedium.Onthewirelessside,alargevarietyofapproachesarebeingusedforprimarilyshort-distance(line-of-sight)communications.,NetworkedEconomy-Connectivity,Theever-increasingpowerofchipshasalsosignificantlyaffectedcommunications,leadingtodramaticallyincreasedcapacity,orbandwidth,fortransmittingdataandinformationbetweencomputers.AuthorGeorgeGilderhasnotedthatbandwidthisincreasingatamuchfasterratethancomputerpower.Becausecommunicationisthebasisfortheentirehumanculture,increasedcommunicationscapabilitieswillhavefar-reachingimplications(深远意义).,NetworkedEconomy-Connectivity,Intheyear2000,thevolumeofdata(computer-to-computer)trafficovertelecommunicationsnetworkssurpassed(exceed)thatofvoicetraffic(语言业务).Expertspredictthat,inthenextfewyears,voicetrafficwillmakeuponlyfivepercentofthetotaltrafficvolume.Inasense(在某种意义上),theeraofcomputersascomputationaldevicesmaysoonbeoverbecausetheirgreatestusewillbecomethatofcommunicationdevices.,NetworkedEconomy-EthicalIssues,Allculturesandeconomieshavedevelopedrulesaboutwhethercertainactsare“good”or“bad”,or“right”or“wrong”.Theserules,knownasethics,areinherently*valuejudgmentsthathaveresultedfromaconsensus(共识)insociety.Suchrulesareoftenexpressedorsupportedbylaws.Thenetworkedeconomyisnodifferentfrompreviouseconomiesintermsofethicalissues.,NetworkedEconomy-EthicalIssues,Forexample,isitethicaltowritevirusprogramsthatannoyuserswithoutdestroyinganything?Isitethicalforemployerstoreadtheiremployeesemailwithnoreason?Similarly,isitethicaltocompilepersonalinformationoncustomerswithorwithouttheiracknowledge(page106cuo)?Thisarticlecouldexamineahostofethicalissues,butIwilluseacode(行为准则/代码？)ofethicsdevelopedbytheComputerEthicsInstituteasaframeworkforthediscussion.,NetworkedEconomy-EthicalIssues,TohelpyouunderstandtheethicalissuesfacingcomputerInternetusersinthenetworkedeconomy,letslookateachoftheserules(slightlymodifiedtoincludenetworks).(1)Youshouldnotuseacomputer(ornetwork)toharmotherpeople.Inthiscommandment(戒律),thekeytermisharm,whichyoucaninterprettomeananytypeofharm-physical,emotional,monetary,orotherwise.,NetworkedEconomy-EthicalIssues,Forexample,justasitisunethicaltoharmpeoplebyplantingabombinapublicbuilding,accordingtothisrule,itisalsounethicaltopostinstructionsforbombmakingontheInternet.Hackingintoacreditunion(信用合作社)databaseandaccessingpersonalfinancialdatawouldalsobeconsideredunethical(aswellasillegal)underthiscommandment,aswou1dpurposefullyexposingpersonaldataontheWeborcollectingpersonaldatawithoutanindividualspermission.,NetworkedEconomy,(2)Youshouldnotinterferewithotherpeoplescomputerwork.Interfereisthekeywordinthiscommandment,becauseprogrammerscanreadilysendvirusesandotherprogramsovertheInternettointerferewithorevendestroyotherpeoplescomputerwork.Sendingevennondestructive(非破坏的)virusestoothercomputerusersviolatesthiscommandmentiftheyinterferewithworkbytakingoverinternalmemory.,NetworkedEconomy-EthicalIssues,Also,sendinganoverwhelming(verylarge)numberofe-mailsorrequestsforWebpagestoaserverwiththeintentionofcrashingitwouldbeconsideredunethical,nomatterwhatyourfeelingsareaboutthepurposeoftheserver.(3)Youshouldnotsnoop(探听)aroundinotherpeoplesfiles.Filesoncomputersownedbyindividuals(notorganizations)eitherarethepersonalpropertyoftheindividualsoraresoftwarethathasbeenlicensedtothatperson.,NetworkedEconomy-EthicalIssues,Ineithercase,itisunethical(and,inmanycases,illegal)toaccessthesefiles,includinge-mailsentfrompersonallyownedcomputers.Ontheotherhand,filesoncomputersownedbyorganizationshaveruledtobethepropertyoftheorganizations,althoughsomeemployeeorganizationsinsistthatitisunethicalforemployerstoreadtheiremployeese-mail.,NetworkedEconomy-EthicalIssues,(4)Youshouldnotuseacomputertosteal.Usingacomputertostealfromindividualsororganizationsisbothunethicalan