《英语词汇学第一章》PPT课件

ChapterIIntroduction,1.1TheEnglishVocabulary1.2TheStructureofEnglishWords,TeachingObjectives,HaveagoodunderstandingofEnglishlexicology,itsaimsandmeaningsLearnsomegeneralinformationaboutEnglishvocabularyLearnthestructureofEnglishwords,Teachingfocus,Definitionof“aword”DefinitionofmorphemesDefinitionofallomorphsTypesofmorphemesfreemorphemeboundmorpheme,1.1TheEnglishvocabulary,AnInternationallanguageEnglishasL1:Britain,U.S.A.,Ireland,Australia,Newzealand,Canada,SouthAfricaetc.Population:340million,EnglishasL2:India,Pakistan,Nepal,Sikkim,Myanmar(Burma)，Singapore，Zimbabwe,Nigeria,Ghana，Namibia，Jamaica，Bermuda，MalaysiaPopulation:?MillionsEnglishasFL:Population:750millions,OxfordEnglishDictionaryNumberofEnglishvocabulary:414,829(1928);500,000(1989)2millionsofwordincreasingrate:850peryearCf:German185,000French100,000Howmuchvocabularydidliterarymastershave?Shakespear:24,000Milton:16,000Englisheducatedpeople:25,000Chineseeducatedpeople:5000,HowmuchvocabularyshouldaChinesestudenthave?mostfrequentlyusedcoverageofreadingmaterials1,00080.5%2,00089%3,00093%4,00095%5,00097%P.3-4table,FourlevelsofvocabularySpeakingActivevocabularyWritingReadingPassivevocabularyGuess,Activity,Readthefollowingparagraphandseewhichwordsbelongtowhichlevelofvocabulary:TheUnitedStatesThursdaypaidtributetoAfghanswhoturnedouttovoteinthecountryscrucialpresidentialelectiondespiteanintimidationcampaignbytheTaliban.U.S.officialssayitstooearlytoassessthecredibilityoftheelection.,EnglishlexicologyThestudyofEnglishvocabularyExercises:Tobedoneafterclass,1.2TheStructureofEnglishWords,Lead-inWhatisaword?Anelusivenotionhavehashad？friendfriends？entry词条inadictionary-lexeme词位wordform词形：词的不同形状lexicalunit词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合,Definition:Awordisanindependent,minimal,meaningfullinguisticunit.,classificationofwordsaccordingtosyntacticfunction,Functionwordsdeterminer,pronoun,preposition,conjunction,auxiliaryverb,interjection.Contentwordsnoun,verb,adjective,adverb.,MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords,OutlineMorphemes词素A.basicinformationaboutmorphemesB.Allomorphs词素变体ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类A.Freemorphemes&boundmorphemesB.Roots&affixes,Morphemes词素A.basicinformationaboutmorphemesQ:Whatisthemorpheme?A:Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13),Q:Whatsthedifferencebetweena“word”&a“morpheme”?词：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体词素：不一定能独立运用Example试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？nationnation+alnation+al+izede-nation+al+izede-nation-al-iz-ation使非国有化,使私营化,Awordmaybeanalyzableintooneormoremorphemes.1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenamorphemelikede-andaphoneme(音素)like/k/and/ju:/?Phonemeshavenomeaningwhilemorphemesdo.2.Isamorphemeidenticalwithasyllable(音节)?No,becausesyllablehasnothingtodowithmeaning.Amorphememayberepresentedbyonesyllable,likeboyandchild,orbytwoormoresyllables,asinlady,crocodile,etc.,B.Allomorphs词素变体Amorphememaytakevariousshapesorforms.如：books,pigs,horses共同词素是什么？曲折词素-(e)s。有三种不同发音：/-s,-z,-iz/,这三种形式都是同一曲折词素-s的变体，称为词素变体。Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.Moreexamples给下列动词加上后缀使其变为名词：InventExpand,omitJustify,modernizeDescribe,Invention,expansion,omission,justification,modernization,description这几个都是词素变体。,请在以下单词前加前缀，使其具有“不”的意思：Perfect,balance,mobileResponsibleLogicalFlexible,excusableim-,ir-,il-都是in-的词素变体,ClassificationofMorphemes词素分类两种分类方法（P13）从可否独立使用来看：A.Freemorphemes&boundmorphemes自由词素&粘着词素从所含的语义来看：B.Roots&affixes词根&词缀,A.Freemorphemes&boundmorphemes自由词素：Man,faith,read,etc.粘着词素：un-,-ly,-ish,toler-,etc.B.Roots&affixes词根&词缀Roots:arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.(P13)Work,workable,worker,worked,working中词根是work,词根自由词根粘着词根自由词根（P15）自由词根又叫做“简单词”。数量不多，但使用频率高；是英语词汇中最稳定、最具生命力的词。粘着词根粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。,观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根：revive,vitamin,vital,vivacious,vivid拉丁词根：vit-/viv-,意思：lifeorlive复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的,Affixes词缀Definition:Affixisacollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Affixinflectionalaffixes曲折词缀derivationalaffixes派生词缀inflectionalaffixes曲折词缀(P14)曲折词缀只表达一定的语法范畴，是词的语法功能的标记。Itdoesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.,曲折词缀大致只有以下几种：1.pluralmarker复数标记2.genitivecase所有格3.theverbalending动词时态词缀4.erandest比较级与最高级标记derivationalaffixes派生词缀derivationalaffixesprefixes前缀suffixes后缀,注意：1、不少派生词缀不止一个意思2、有些派生词缀带有感情色彩examplede-means:1.toundowhathasbeendone,toreversetheactionofeg.decentralize,decode2.toremoveeg.todebone3.toreduceEingfromsth.else(esp.ingrammar)Eg.adeverbalnoun,带有感情色彩的词缀，例如：mi