unit-8-Writing-Abstract.ppt

AcademicWritingCourse,Contents,DefinitionofAbstract?,aone-paragraphsummaryofaresearchproject.aself-contained(completeandseperate),short,andpowerfulstatementthatdescribesalargerwork.acondensedversionofalongerpieceofwritingthathighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesthecontentandscopeofthewriting,andreviewsthewritingscontentsinanabbreviatedform.thelastsectiontobewritten,butthefirstsectiontoberead,PurposesofanAbstract?,HelpreadersdecideiftheyshouldreadanentirearticleHelpreadersandresearchersrememberkeyfindingsonatopicHelpreadersunderstandatextbyactingasapre-readingoutlineofkeypointsabstractindexing,Featuresofabstracts?,avoidrepetitionusuallyarelimitedtooneparagraphofabout250wordscanstandaloneusethethirdpersonusethepassivevoicearehighlysignposted,TypesofAbstract?,TypesofAbstract,Descriptive/Indicativeabstract指示性摘要,Informativeabstract报道性摘要,Non-structuredabstract非结构性摘要,Half-structuredabstract半结构式摘要,Full-structuredabstract,Structuredabstract结构式摘要,Nature,Structure,Content,purpose,scopeandmethods,purpose,scope,methods,results,conclusionsandrecommendations,50-150wordsaround100words,200-300wordsmoreorless250words,reviewarticles,researchpapers,Descriptivevs.Informative?,10%ofthetotallength,StructuredAbstract,StructuredAbstract:结构式摘要在形式上按一定的格式列出项目名称，逐项叙述。1objective,methods,results,conclusion,(background),(remainedquestions)2context/background,objective,design,setting,subjects,interventions,mainoutcomemeasures,results,conclusionsEg:AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion,Non-structuredAbstract,Non-structuredAbstract:非结构性摘要是将论文的主要内涵包括。purpose,result,conclusion,非结构式摘要的主要缺点是：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。与非结构式摘要相比，全结构式摘要观点更明确（moreexplicitness），信息量更大（moreinformation），差错更少（fewererrors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长,于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要,Half-structuredabstract,半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：目的（objective/purpose/aim）、方法（methods）、结果（results）和结论（conclusion）,Thisdissertationexaminestheimpactsofsocialmovementsthroughamulti-layeredstudyoftheMississippiCivilRightsMovementfromitspeakintheearly1960sthroughtheearly1980s.Byexaminingthishistoricallyimportantcase,Iclarifytheprocessbywhichmovementstransformsocialstructuresandtheconstraintsmovementsfacewhentheytrytodoso.,Thetimeperiodstudiedincludestheexpansionofvotingrightsandgainsinblackpoliticalpower,thedesegregationofpublicschoolsandtheemergenceofwhite-flightacademies,andtheriseandfalloffederalanti-povertyprograms.Iusetwomajorresearchstrategies:(1)aquantitativeanalysisofcounty-leveldataand(2)threecasestudies.,Datahavebeencollectedfromarchives,interviews,newspapers,andpublishedreports.,Thisdissertationchallengestheargumentthatmovementsareinconsequential.Someviewfederalagencies,courts,politicalparties,oreconomicelitesastheagentsdrivinginstitutionalchange,buttypicallythesegroupsactedinresponsetotheleveragebroughttobearbythecivilrightsmovement.TheMississippimovementattemptedtoforgeindependentstructuresforsustainingchallengestolocalinequitiesandinjustices.Bypropellingchangeinanarrayoflocalinstitutions,movementinfrastructureshadanenduringlegacyinMississippi.,P100,ComprehensionofanAbstract,Whatthestudydoes,Howthestudydoesit,Whatmaterialsareused,conclusion,pointouttheimportanceofthestudy,theimpactsitmighthave,bringouttheobjectiveandthescopeofthestudy,pointoutthewayofcarryingoutthestudy,demonstratetheachievementsofthestudy,putforwardtheimplicationsorsignificanceofthestudy,Motivation,Researchobjective,Methods,Results,Conclusion,ElementsinanAbstract?,P100,PurposeThepurposeofthispaperistoestablishtheimportanceandapproachesinsecuringanorganizationslegitimacyfromthenetworkcommunityofcustomers,suppliersandmanufacturers,includingprivateinvestorsandstate-ownedinstitutionswhenmarketingtheirproducts.Design/methodology/approachThepaperpresentsaninductiveinterpretativeapproachcomplimentedbyaction-basedresearchfoundedoninquiryandtesting.FindingsThepaperfindsthatthekeytolegitimacysuccessinvolvesusinglegitimacyorientationstodemonstratecommitmenttotheinterestsofconstituents,acquiringlegitimacyfromthem,butconcurrentlyconsideringthecentralgovernmentsinfluenceonafirmslegitimacyperformance.Researchlimitations/implicationsThemultipleinteractionsproposedinthispaperremainuntestedandmighthavetobemodifiedpendingfurtherempiricaltestingandanalysis.PracticalimplicationsInChinastelecommunicationmarket,acompanyslegitimacyemanatesfirstandforemostfromthedevelopmentandcommercializationofinnovativeandcreativetechnologicalsolutions.Thisrequiresgood,creativemanagementoftechnologicalresourceandactivitylinks,connectingthecompanystechnologytonetworkconstituentswhichincludelocalmanufacturers,carriers,softwaredevelopers,investors.Originality/valueThisisthefirstpublishedpaperthatexaminestheproposedinteractionsamonglegitimacyorientations,alignments,andperformancesfroma“market-as-network”perspectiveinadynamic,transitionalChinesetelecommunicationmarket.,P108,Example,Tensesusedinanabstract?,P102,3,focusedon,1,2,4,met,isofgrowingconcernareontheincrease,5,wascarriedout,Simplepresent,6,produced,confirmed,lacked,dependedon,werenotawareof,SimplepresentPresentperfect,7,8,9,are,fail,hashindered,arguesfor,takes,Structuredabstractsample2,P108,Readthefollowingstatementsandputthemintoordertocomposeastructuredabstract,ThisstudyprovideshistoricalcontextforrecentdevelopmentinpublicsectorreportingandaccountabilityinAustralia,particularlythe(re)introductionofaccrualaccounting,andprovidesinsightsintothenatureofaccountingchangeinpublicsectors.Thehistoricalanalysisdrawsonprocessandconceptualchangeandstakeholdertheory,andusesbothprimaryandsecondarydata.Todescribepatternsofchange(andnon-change)inhospitalsfinancialreportingandtoidentifythesocialandpoliticalinfluencesassociatedwithsuchreporting.ThisstudytracesthedevelopmentoffinancialreportingintwopubliclyfundedhospitalsinNewSouthWalesovertheperiodfrom1857to1975,withparticularfocusontheuseofcashandaccrualaccounting.,PurposeTodescribepatternsofchange(andnon-change)inhospitalsfinancialreportingandtoidentifythesocialandpoliticalinfluencesassociatedwithsuchreporting.Design/methodology/approachThehistoricalanalysisdrawsonprocessandconceptualchangeandstakeholdertheory,andusesbothprimaryandsecondarydata.FindingsThisstudytracesthedevelopmentoffinancialreportingintwopubliclyfundedhospitalsinNewSouthWalesovertheperiodfrom1857to1975,withparticularfocusontheuseofcashandaccrualaccounting.Originality/valueThisstudyprovideshis