Unit-16-Multimedia-Technology.ppt

Unit16MultimediaTechnology,幻灯制作：吴岱曦,Index,Pre-reading16.1Text16.2Readingmaterials16.3Knowledgeabouttranslation16.4Exercises16.5课文参考译文16.6阅读材料参考译文,Pre-reading,Readthefollowingpassage,payingattentiontothequestion.1)WhatisMultimedia?2)Whatdoesmultimediainclude?3)Whatcanwedowithmultimedia?,16.1Text,16.1.1WhatisMultimedia？16.1.2Multimediaassets16.1.3MultimediaApplications,16.1.1WhatisMultimedia？,Someelementsofmediaare:animationsoundgraphicstextvideophotography.,Multimediainvolvesthecombinationoftwoormoremediatypestoeffectivelycreateasequenceofeventsthatwillcommunicateanidea,usuallywithbothsoundandvisualsupport.Typically,multimediaproductionsaredevelopedandcontrolledbycomputer.,Multimediaisntnew，andthetermhasbeenusedfordecadestodescribeslidepresentationaccompaniedbyaudiotape(slide/tape).Thecombinationofslideandnarrationhasbeenbothapopularandsuccessfulformofbusinesspresentation.,Inthe1970stheslideshowformatwasintroducedtothecomputer,thistechnologyallowedthecomputertocontrolnumerousprojectors,coordinatingtheminamannerthatproducedfast-paceddissolvesandeffects.,Tapedsoundtrackswouldcontaincuesthattriggeredtheslideprojectorstodowhatitwasprogrammedtodo.,Inthe1980sPCsweredesignedtocutagraphicelementandpasteitintoanotherdocument.Sincethensoftwareandhardwaredevelopershavebeenscramblingtointegratevariousformsofmediaintothepersonalcomputer.,16.1.2Multimediaassets,Effectivemultimediaapplicationsdependonthemosteffectiveuseofvariousmaterials-referredtoasassetsorresources.,Therearevariousmultimediaresources:1.Text2.Audio3.Pictures4.Videoimages,1.Text,Thereare3majoradvantagesgenerallyassociatedwithscreen-basedtextcomparedwithpaper-basedtext:theabilitytospontaneouslyupdatethescreen,thereactivecapability,andtheabilitytoincorporatespecialeffects.,2.Audio,Interactiveaudiocanaddaparticulardimensionofrealitytomultimediasystems.Untilrecently,audio-basedsubjectdomains-suchasmusic,linguistics,languagesetc-havebeenvirtuallyignored.,Also,theefficiencyofinteractionbetweenthehumanandthemachinecouldhavebeengreaterhadsonicinteractionandaudioenhancementsbeenavailablesooner.,3.Pictures,Whenusingimages，thedesignermustdecideonthemosteconomicalandefficientmethodtogeneratethem.Attheplanningstageoftheapplicationthedesignermustdecidethemostappropriatecombinationoftechnologyandsoftwaretobeabletoreproduceandcreatenewimages.,4.Videoimages,Portablevideorecordershavemadeitrelativelyeasytocapturereal-timevideoimages.Videocanbeincorporatedintomultimediaapplicationsusingtwodifferentprocesses.Thefirstinvolvesusingavideosourceconnectedtothecomputerviaacontrollercard.,Thistechnologyhasbeenreferredtoasinteractivevideo.Amoreintegratedprocessconvertsvideofromanalogueintodigitalformatthatcanbemanipulatedbythedesktopcomputer.,16.1.3MultimediaApplications,Therearevariouswaystogroupmultimediatitles.Theycanbeclassifiedbymarket(suchashome,business,governmentandschool);byuser(suchaschild,adult,teacherandstudent);orbycategory(suchaseducation,entertainment,andreference).,Herewegroupthemintosevenapplicationareasandtolookateachinamoredetail.1.Reference2.Education3.Training4.Entertainment,5.Businesses6.Presentation7.InteractiveGame,1.Reference,Encyclopedias,censusdata,yellowpages,atlasesandstreetdirectoriesareexamplesofCDreferencetitles.Inmanycasestheyareelectronicversionsofreferencebooks.,Thechallengeforthedeveloperistomakeiteasyfortheusertofindthedesiredinformationandtoeffectivelyuseothermultimediaelementssuchassound,videoandanimation.,2.Education,Thegoaloftheeducatoristofacilitatelearning-tohelpthestudentgainabodyofknowledge,acquirespecificskillsandfunctionsuccessfullyinsociety.,Butoneofthegreatestchallengestoeducatorsisthediversityofstudents;especiallyinthedifferentwaystheylearn.Somestudentslearnbetterthroughassociation,othersbyexperimentation,somearemorevisuallyoriented,othersaremoreauditory.,Multimediahastheabilitytoaccommodatedifferentlearningstylesandcanpresentmaterialinanon-linearmanner.Itismotivating,itcanbehighlyinteractive,anditcanprovidefeedbackandevaluateskills.,3.Training,Everycompanyhasaneedtotrainitsemployeesonawiderangeofsubjectsfrompersonnelpolicytoequipmentmaintenance.,Withmultimediathetraineecanperformasimulatedjobfunctioninordertodevelopanadvancedlevelwithouthavingtouchedtheactualunit.,Theintegrationofaudioandvideoallowsthistrainingtechnologytobeahighlyeffectivemediuminareassuchasflightanddrivingsimulators.Similarly,NASAusesmultimediaextensivelyforflightcontroltrainingforastronauts.,4.Entertainment,Drawingthelinebetweeneducationandentertainmentinmultimediacanbealmostimpossible,hencethetermedutainment.Multimediacanmakelearningentertaining.,Butmultimediaalsohasapurelyentertainmentside.AnythingthatspossibleinsoundandimagesispossibleonamultimediaCD.,Foranexample,AIATSISisanencyclopediaoftheAustralianAboriginecontainingover2,000entries-1,000photos,230soundclipsand50videos.Itcoverssubjectsrangingfromarttohealth,fromtechnologytolaw,whichisintegratedinaCD.,5.Businesses,Asbusinesseshavetheneedtocommunicatewiththeoutsideworld,multimediaprocessesofferawidevarietyofoptionsforbusinesspresentations,marketingandsales.Multimediacanbeusedattradeshowsortoproduceelectroniccatalogues.,Themarketingofnewproductscanbegreatlyenhancedbyusingmultimedia;theseproductscanbemarketedinamannerthatwillprovidemoredetailedandstimulatinginformationthanprintedmedia.,6.Presentation,Thousandsofmultimediapresentationsaremadeinthebusinessworldeveryday.CompanyCEOsgivetheirannualreporttoameetingofstockholders.Salesrepresentativespitchtheirproductlinetoagroupofpotentialcustomers.,Aconferencespeakertellsanaudienceaboutindustrytrends.Fromanelectronicslideshowtoaninteractivevideodisplaymultimediacanenhanceapresentation.,Multimediaprovidesthepresenterwiththetoolstoattractandfocustheaudiencesattention,reinforcekeyconceptsandenliventhepresentation.,7.InteractiveGame,Multimediameansinteraction,andtomanyinteractiveentertainmentmeansgames.Gamedeveloperswerethepioneersintheuseofmultimediaandstillprovidethemostinnovativeandinteractiveapplicationsofmultimedia.,Inordertoattract,engage,captivateandchallengetheusermultimediaprovidesthefastaction,vividcolours,3Danimationsandelaboratesoundeffectsthatareessentialtoentertainment.,Itcanalsoprovidetherewards,recognitionandsenseofaccomplishmentthatareoftenpartofentertainmenttitles.,Manygameshavemovedfromthephysical(hand/eyecoordination)tothemental(solvingthemystery,overcomingevil,outwittingtheopponent).,Ontheotherhand,hobbiesandsportsareexamplesofmultimediatitlesthatprovidetheuserwithavicariousexperiencesuchasbeingabletoplaythebestgolfcoursesintheworldorsimulateflyingover3Dcityscapes.,16.2Readingmaterials,ThehardwareofmultimediaisincludinggraphicsCards,CRTmonitors,paneldisplays,soundcards,CDandCDplayer,digitalvideodisc(DVD)andDVDplayer.16.2.1DVD16.2.2News:VividAnimationsHelpStudentsWithScience16.2.3aboutGraphicsCards16.2.4DirectX,16.2.1DVD,ADVDisverysimilartoaCD,butithasamuchlargerdatacapacity.AstandardDVDholdsaboutseventimesmoredatathanaCDdoes.ThishugecapacitymeansthataDVDhasenoughroomtostoreafull-length,MPEG-2-encodedmovie,aswellasalotofotherinformation.,HerearethetypicalcontentsofaDVDmovie:Upto133minutesofhigh-resolutionvideo,with720dotsofhorizontalresolution(Thevideocompressionratioistypically40:1usingMPEG-2compression.),Soundtrackpresentedinuptoeightlanguagesusing5.1channelDolbydigitalsurroundsoundSubtitlesinupto32languagesDVDcanalsobeusedtostorealmosteighthoursofCD-qualitymusicperside.,DVDsareofthesamediameterandthicknessasCDs,andtheyaremadeusingsomeofthesamematerialsandmanufacturingmethods.LikeaCD,thedataonaDVDisencodedintheformofsmallpitsandbumpsinthetrackofthedisc.,Fig16.1DVDformats,ADVDiscomposedofseverallayersofplastic,totalingabout1.2millimetersthick.Forsingle-sideddiscs,thelabelissilk-screenedontothenonreadableside.Double-sideddiscsareprintedonlyonthenonreadableareaneartheholeinthemiddle.,EachwritablelayerofaDVDhasaspiraltrackofdata.Onsingle-layerDVDs,thetrackalwayscirclesfromtheinsideofthedisctotheoutside.Thatthespiraltrackstartsatthecentermeansthatasingle-layerDVDcanbesmallerthan12centimetersifdesired.,Youmaywonderhowincrediblytinythedatatrackis-just740nanometersseparateonetrackfromthenext(ananometerisabillionthofameter),andtheelongatedbumpsthatmakeupthetrackareeach320nanometerswide,aminimumof400nanometerslongand120nanometershigh.,Toincreasethestoragecapacityevenmore,aDVDcanhaveuptofourlayers,twooneachside(Fig16.1).Thelaserthatreadsthedisccanactuallyfocusonthesecondlayerthroughthefirstlayer.,Eventhoughitsstoragecapacityishuge,theuncompressedvideodataofafull-lengthmoviewouldneverfitonaDVD.InordertofitamovieonaDVD,youneedvideocompression.,AgroupcalledtheMovingPictureExpertsGroup(MPEG)establishesthestandardsforcompressingmovingpictures.,ADVDplayerisverysimilartoaCDplayer.Ithasalaserassemblythatshinesthelaserbeamontothesurfaceofthedisctoreadthepatternofbumps.TheDVDplayerdecodestheMPEG-2encodedmovie,turningitintoastandardcompositevideosignal.,TheplayeralsodecodestheaudiostreamandsendsittoaDolbydecoder,whereitisamplifiedandsenttothespeakers.,TheDVDplayerhasthejoboffindingandreadingthedatastoredasbumpsontheDVD.Consideringhowsmallthebumpsare,theDVDplayerhastobeanexceptionallyprecisepieceofequipment.,Thedriveconsistsofthreefundamentalcomponents:Adrivemotortospinthedisc-thedrivemotorispreciselycontrolledtorotatebetween200and500rpm,dependingonwhichtrackisbeingread.,Alaserandalenssystemtofocusinonthebumpsandreadthem-thelightfromthislaserhasasmallerwavelength(640nanometers)thanthelightfromthelaserinaCDplayer(780nanometers),whichallowstheDVDlasertofocusonthesmallerDVDpits.,Atrackingmechanismthatcanmovethelaserassemblysothelaserbeamcanfollowthespiraltrack-thetrackingsystemhastobeabletomovethelaseratmicronresolutions.,InsidetheDVDplayer,thereisabitofcomputertechnologyinvolvedinformingthedataintounderstandabledatablocks,andsendingthemeithertotheDAC,inthecaseofaudioorvideodata,ordirectlytoanothercomponentindigitalformat,inthecaseofdigitalvideooraudio.,16.2.2News:VividAnimationsHelpStudentsWithScience,Studentslearningscienceintheclassroomcannowgivetheirtextbooksabreak.Oneofthebestplacesforhands-onlearningisinscienceclass,butsmallbudgetexperimentsandtextbooksdontalwaysgetthepointacross.,Itstoomuchtextbased,toomuchreadingaboutdifficultconceptsandforalotofstudents,itsveryhardforthemtoseewhatthosewordsmean,saidLindaCauley,DirectorofShenandoahValleyGovernorsSchool.,Now,anewvirtualrealitywebsitehelpsstudentsgetabettergrasponbasicscienceconcepts.,Imaveryvisuallearner-itsaloteasierformetomemorizesayapictureoragraphasopposedtoaparagraphofletters,saidBenHolman,whoisahighschoolstudent.,Wewerelearninginthetextbookaboutit,butthenwewenttothecomputersandshowedadifferentwaytolookatit,saidKatieBlackard,anotherhighschoolstudent.,Thevirtuallab,developedbyengineersandstudentsattheUniversityofVirginia,guidesstudentsthrough50experiments(Fig16.2),alongwithtextandvividanimationsthatexplainhowthingswork-likesemiconductorsandgenerators.,Fig16.2virtualexperiment,ThethingaboutvirtualrealityisIcanshowthingsthatareinvisible.Oneofthethingsthatwedepictfrequentlyiselectricalfield.Youcantseethose.Icanmakethemvisiblewithvirtualreality,saidJohnBean,anengineerattheUniversityofVirginia.,Thesiteisgearedtohighschoolandcollegefreshmen-providingonlinestudyhelpforhomeworkassignments-forabetter,visualunderstandingofscience.,Seeingitonthecomputerscreenmakesitabetterpictureinyourhead,abetterwaytounderstandit,saidKatieBlackard.,16.2.3aboutGraphicsCards,Videoorgraphicscircuitry,usuallyfittedtoacardbutsometimesfoundonthemotherboarditself,isresponsibleforcreatingthepicturedisplayedbyamonitor.Onearlytext-basedPCsthiswasafairlymundanetask.,Astheimportanceofmultimediaandthen3Dgraphicshasincreased,theroleofthegraphicscardhasbecomeevermoreimportantandithasevolvedintoahighlyefficientprocessingenginewhichcanreallybeviewedasahighlyspecializedco-processor.,Bythelate1990stherateofdevelopmentinthegraphicschiparenahadreachedlevelsunsurpassedinanyotherareaofPCtechnology.Oneoftheconsequencesofthishasbeentheconsolidationofmajorchipvendorsandgraphicscardmanufacturers.,ThemodernPCgraphicscardconsistsoffourmaincomponents:thegraphicsprocessorthevideomemorytherandomaccessmemorydigital-to-analogueconverter(RAMDAC)thedriversoftware,Therearetwomainparametersaboutgraphicscard.1.Resolution2.ColourDepth,1.Resolution,Resolutionisatermoftenusedinterchangeablywithaddressability,butitmoreproperlyreferstothesharpness,ordetail,ofthevisualimage.Itisprimarilyafunctionofthemonitorandisdeterminedbythebeamsizeanddotpitch(sometimesreferredtoaslinepitch).,Acompletescreenimageiscomposedofthousandsofpixelsandthescreensresolution-specifiedintermsofarowbycolumnfigure-isthemaximumnumberofdisplayablepixels(Fig16.3).,Fig16.2displayablepixelsinadisplay,Thehighertheresolution,themorepixelsthatcanbedisplayedandthereforethemoreinformationthescreencandisplayatanygiventime.,2.Colourdepth,Eachpixelofascreenimageisdisplayedusingacombinationofthreedifferentcoloursignals:red,greenandblue.,Thepreciseappearanceofeachpixeliscontrolledbytheintensityofthesethreebeamsoflightandtheamountofinformationthatisstoredaboutapixelanddeterminesitscolourdepth.,Themorebitsthatareusedperpixel(bitdepth),thefinerthecolourdetailoftheimage.,Foradisplaytofooltheeyeintoseeingfullcolour,256shadesofred,greenandbluearerequired;thatis8bitsforeachofthethreeprimarycolours,hence24bitsintotal.,However,somegraphicscardsactuallyrequire32bitsforeachpixeltodisplaytruecolour,duetothewayinwhichtheyusethevideomemory.,16.2.4DirectX,Graphicstechnologyisaparticularlyfast-developingareaofthePCindustry,withnewchipsets,newrevisionsofchipsetsandevenentirelynewtechnologiesappearingatanalarmingrate.,Thispresentsaproblemforapplicationswishingtotakeadvantageofthelatest3Dhardware,asitsabsolutelyimpossibleforanyapplicationdevelopertowritenativecodeforeverygraphicsprocessor.,ThesolutionisanAPI(applicationprogramminginterface).APIsactasanintermediarybetweenapplicationsoftwareandthehardwareonwhichitruns.,ThesoftwarevendorwritescodethatoutputsitsgraphicsdatatotheAPIdriverviastandardizedcommands,ratherthandirectlytothehardware.,Thedriver,writtenbythemanufacturerofthehardware,thentranslatesthisstandardcodetothenativeformatunderstoodbyaparticularmodelofhardware.,Firstintroducedin1995,DirectXisanintegratedsetofprogrammingtoolsdesignedtohelpdeveloperscreateawholerangeofmultimediaapplicationsfortheWindowsplatform.,ItcoversalmostallaspectsofmultimediacontentandbythetimeofDirectX7.0-itssixthmajorreleaseintroducedin1999-comprisedthefollowingmaincomponents:Direct3D-usedreal-time3DgraphicsDirectDraw-usedaccelerated2Dgraphics,DirectSound-usedforaudioplaybackDirectPlay-usedfornetworkconnectivity(especiallyforInternetmulti-playergaming)DirectInput-usedforjoysticksandotherrelateddevices,DirectMusic-usedformessage-basedmusicaldataNowtheDirectX9.0iswidelyusedandhasmoreversionsforvariouslanguages.,16.3Knowledgeabouttranslation,Aresearchpaperisaformofwrittenacademiccommunication,whichcanbeusedtogiveusefulinformationandtoshareacademicideaswithothers.Mostoftheresearchpapersarewrittenforpublicationinjournalsorconferenceproceedingsinonesfield.,一篇研究论文是指用写作方式进行学术交流的的一种形式，它用来提供有用信息和与其他人共享学术思想。大部分学术论文都是为刊登在某一学术领域的出版物（杂志）上或参加某一领域的学术会议。,Publicationisoneofthefastestwaysforpropagatingideasandforprofessionalrecognitionandadvancement.Ifyouhaveclearideaaboutthefeaturesandstylesgetyourpaperpublishedinthetargetjournaloracceptedbyaninternationalconference.,出版物是传播学术思想，受到学术界公认和（倡导）学术进步的最快的途径之一。如果你在写论文时对论文的格式和特征很了解的话，你的论文就能在学术杂志上发表或被一个国际学术会议认可（允许你在会上宣读你的论文）。,FeaturesofAcademicPapersDivisionsofAcademicPapers,FeaturesofAcademicPapers（学术论文的特征）,Thefirstofthefeaturesofanacademicpaperisthecontent.Itisnomoreandnolessthananobjectiveandaccurateaccountofapieceofresearchyoudid,eitherinthehumanities,socialsciences,naturalsciencesorappliedsciences.Itshouldnotbedesignedtoteachortoprovidegeneralbackground.,学术论文的第一个特征是内容，每篇论文只要叙述一个观点，准确描述你所进行的研究中的一个部分，无论是人文科学，社会科学，自然科学或应用科学。不要把论文写成像教材或给出一般的背景（泛泛而谈）。,Thesecondfeatureisthestyleofwritingforthispurpose.Yourpapershouldcontainthreeingredients:preciselogicalstructure,clearandconciselanguage,andthespecificstyledemandedbythejournaltowhichitwillbesubmitted.Fromtheinstructionsonmanuscriptsinthe“AppendixesAtoE”youmaygetabriefideaofdifferentstylesrequiredbydifferentjournals.,学术论文的第二个特征是为写作目的所采用的写作格式。逻辑结构上论文应包含三个部分：准确的逻辑结构、清晰和精炼的语言和你准备投稿的杂志所要求的特定的格式。不同的杂志有不同的“投稿须知”，你可以通过它来了解各种杂志对格式的要求。,Thethird,whichisindeedapartofthesecond,isthesystemofdocumentingthesourcesusedinwritingthearticle,ateverystepintheprocessofwriting,youmusttakeintoaccounttheideas,facts,andopinionsyouhavegainedfromsourcesyouhaveconsulted.,学术论文的第三个特征实际上是第二个特征的一部分，是在写文章中所用的资料系统，在写作过程的每一步中，你都要考虑你已从查阅、参考的资料中所获取的思想，（实验，试验）事实和观点。,Oneofthemostconvenientfeaturesofacademicarticlesisthattheyaredividedintoclearlydelineatedsections.Thisishelpfulbecauseyouonlyhavetoconcentrateononesectionatatime.,学术论文最方便的特征之一是学术论文清晰地分成几个部分。这一点很有用，因为每次你只需集中考虑一个部分。,Youcanthusvisualizemorelesscompletelythewholepaperwhileyouareworkingonanypartofit.Thoughpapersofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesdonotalwayshavetheclearlydividedsections,theysharesomeofthecommonrequirementswiththescientificpapers.,（而当你在写任何一部分时，你或多或少地在完成整篇论文。）虽然人文学和社会科学（的学术论文）的几个部分之间并不总是分得很清楚，它们都为学术论文的同一观点而（从几个方面去）写。,DivisionsofAcademicPapers,Fortheaveragescientificpaperthefollowingsuggestedoutlineofthedivisionsofapaperisnormallyacceptableto,anddemandedby,theeditorsofjournalsorcompilersofconferenceproceedings:,一般学术会议或杂志的编辑要求学术论文按如下的大纲分成几个部分：,1）TitleofthePaper(subtitleifnecessary)2）BylinesName(s)ofauthor(s)Affiliation(a)ofauthor(s):presentand/orpermanentaddress,1）标题，副标题2）标题下作者的名字现在或永久联系地址（作者的）,3）AbstractThepurposeandscopeofthepaperThemethodofstudyorexperimentAverybriefsummaryoftheresults,conclusion,and/orrecommendations,3）摘要论文涉及的范围及写作目的实验研究的方法结果，结论或建议的一个简短的总结介绍,4）IntroductionAstatementoftheexactnatureoftheproblemThebackgroundofpreviousworkonthisproblemdoneeitherbytheauthororothersofdifferentapproachesThepurposeofthispaper,4）引言问题本质的介绍关于这个问题其他人或作者做的前期工作的情况，或采用其他方法作的情况这篇论文的目的,Theme