一轮虚拟语气

Unit3Understandingeachother,GrammarandusageUnrealconditionals虚拟语气中的非真实条件句,虚拟语气可用于条件句和其它一些从句中。虚拟语气用于条件句中比较多，情况也比较复杂，所以要特别加以注意。首先要判断一下是否应该用虚拟语气，因为条件句分为两种，一种是真实条件句，一种是非真实条件句，只有在非真实条件句中才用虚拟语气，在真实条件句中，要用陈述语气。,虚拟语气的介绍,Observethefollowingsentencesandtellwhethertheyarerealorunrealconditionalclauses.,Ifwegoonpollutingtheworld,itwontbefitforustolivein.Ifyouarebusydoingyourhomework,Iwontinterruptyou.Ifyouhavefinishedcleaningtheclassroom,youcangohomenow.(Undertheseconditions,thethingsaresuretohappen.),Iftherewerealotofgoodrestaurantsinthecity,thiswouldmakeitmoreattractive.(Therearentmanygoodrestaurantnow.)IfalotofpeoplespokeEnglish,itwouldbeveryhelpfulfortourists.(NotmanypeoplecanspeakEnglishnow.),非真实条件句的时态表达,如果假设的情况完全不存在或者实现的可能性很小,可以说几乎没有时,就需要用虚拟语气来表达,也就是说,这时的条件句是非真实的条件句。此时的句子时态比真实条件句中的时态后退一步。,虚拟语气,一、条件从句和主句中的虚拟语气,主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形,主语+should/would/could/might+have+过去分词,注意：在ifI/he/she/it之后，可用were代替was。两者在意义上没有区别，但是were更为正式，特别是在陈述心存怀疑的事情时，如：Ifshewereready,wewouldgo.,在与将来事实相反的条件从句中，我们可以用wereto或should+do来表示,如:IfIweretofailmyEnglishtest,Iwouldhavetotakeitagainattheendoftheterm.Ifheshouldcometomorrow,Iwouldtalktohimaboutit.,在非真实条件句中，如果有were，had，should，我们可以将if省略，把这些词置于句首，采用倒装形式，如:IfIshouldmeether,Iwouldtellher.=ShouldImeether,Iwouldtellher.,虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装,IfIwereinyourposition,Iwoulddoitbetter.=WereIinyourposition,Iwoulddoitbetter.Iftheyhadmadepreparations,theywouldhavesucceeded.=Hadtheymadepreparations,theywouldhavesucceeded.,有时非真实条件句中，主句谓语动词所表示的动作和条件从句中谓语动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这时动词的形式并不完全按照上述表格来进行，而需要按照各自的时间来调整，这样的句子就叫错综时间条件句。,错综时间条件句,e.g.Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctorsadvice,thenyouwouldbeallrightnow.IfIhadntfinishedmycompositionbynow,Iwouldbeworkingonittomorrow.Ifshehadpreparedwellforherlessonsyesterday,shewouldnthavesomanydifficultiesnow.,有时一个假设的情况并不用条件从句表示,而用其它方式来表示,这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。,用with，without,under,butfor等介词短语或分词短语或者独立主格结构来代替条件从句。,二、含蓄条件句,e.g.Wemighthavediedwithoutyourhelp.=Wemighthavediedifyouhadnthelpedus.Havingknownintime,wecouldhavestoppedit.=Ifwehadknownintime,wecouldstoppedit.,Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions(=ifwehadbeengivenmorefavorableconditions).Withoutyourhelp(=Ifyouhadnthelpedme),Icouldnthavesucceeded.Butfortheheavytraffic(=Ifthetraffichadnotbeensoheavy),wewouldhavearrivedearlier.Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthehasbeensobusy(=ifhehadnotbeensobusy).,在条件从句中除最常见的连词之外,尚有下列连词:otherwise;incase;butthat;onconditionthat;unless;suppose/supposing(that);solongas;provided/providing(that),2.用相当于if的其他连词表示虚拟结构,e.g.Iwasbusylastweek,otherwiseIwouldhavecometoseeyou.Butthatyouhadofferedhelp,theycouldnthavefinishedtheirworkontime.,三、虚拟语气的常用句型,1、动词wish后的宾语从句中，haddone/(could/wouldhavedone)wishdid/werewould/could/mightdoHowIwishIwastherewithyou.IwishIhadntlostthechance.Iwishhewould/could/mightgowithustothetheatre.,sb.+haddone2.Ifonlysb.+did/weresb.+would/coulddo要是我能在一天里把英语学好就好了。要是我听了他的建议就好了。要是Simon能给我回信就好了。,3、wouldsoonerwouldratherIwouldsoonerheleftontheearliertrain.Idratheryouwenttomorrow.Idratheryouhadntdonethat.,（that）主语+haddone(过去),(that)主语+did/were(现在，将来),Sheiswalkingslowlyasifsheweretired.Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifhehadseenit.,主语+haddone4.asif/asthough主语+did/were主语+would/could/mightdo,但asif/asthough后的从句也常用陈述句与其，往往是可能发生的或真实的。,Itlooksasifwearegoingtowin.,主语+wouldhavedone(过去)5.Ifitwerenotfor，如果没有ifithadnotbeenfor主语+should/woulddo（现在）,Ifitwerenotfortherain,thecropswoulddie.Ifithadnotbeenforyourtimelyhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.,6.在状语从句引导词后在由lest,forfearthat,incase等引导的从句中，虚拟语气的形式为“should+动词原形”。如：IranasfastaspossiblelestIshouldbetoolate.Iwasafraidtoopenthedoorlestheshouldfollowme.Heranawayforfearthatheshouldbecaught.,在由inorderthat,sothat或that引导的目的状语从句中，虚拟语气的形式为“may/might/could+动词原形”。如：Inorderthateverybodymayunderstandit,writeitinsimplelanguage.Igavehimthebooksothathemightreaditonthetrain.,四、固定句式中的运用1.表示“建议、命令、要求、坚决做”等动词（如demand,suggest,advise,propose,insist,order,request,desire,urge,deserve,recommend,intend等）后的宾语从句中谓语常用“（should+）动词原形”。如：,Isuggestyou(should)haveenoughsleep.Irecommendthateveryone(should)attendtheparty.Ouronlyrequestisthatthis(should)besettledassoonaspossible.Hemadethedecisionthatnothing(should)holdhimback.,It+be+suggested/demanded+that引导的主语从句suggestion,proposal引导的同位语从句Itis+important/necessary+that从句Itshigh(about)time+sb.didsth.shoulddosthShould不能省略,如：Iwouldhavegivenyoumoremoney,butIwaspoorthen.Iwouldhavecalledyou,butIforgotyourtelephonenumber.,五.通过上下文来虚拟,_forthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetothefilmssooften.A.IfitisnotB.WereitnotC.HaditnotbeenD.Iftheywerenot,Practice,2.Hecamelate,otherwisehe_thefirstbus.A.caughtB.wouldcatchC.wouldhavecaughtD.hadcaught3.Marywasgoingtotheweddingifherfriend_her.A.hadntcalledonB.didntcallatC.didntcallonD.hadntcalledat,4.-LetsstopwatchingtheboringTVprogramme,Jack!-Ifyoudontwatchit,I_,either.A.dontB.wontC.amnotD.stop,5.-ShallItellJohnaboutthebadnews?-No,you_.Ithinkthatwillmakehimsad.A.needntB.wouldntC.shouldntD.mustnt,6.Whydidyouthrowthebottleoutofthewindow?You_somebody.A.mighthurtB.couldhavehurtC.wouldhurtD.musthavehurt7.-Mum,mayIgotoutandplay?-No,you_.A.wontB.dontC.arentabletoD.cant,8.FromwhatIhearabouttheirhotelandtheweather,they_theirholidayverymuch.A.wouldhaveenjoyedB.shouldnthaveenjoyedC.neednthaveenjoyedD.canthaveenjoyed,9.-Didyouhearmecomeinlastnight?-No,I_asleep.A.cantbeB.mustbeC.musthavebeenD.couldnthavebeen,10.-Illpayyoubychequemonthly.-Idratheryou_mecashweekly.A.payB.willpayC.aretopayD.paid11.Theydidntwanttocomewithusatfirst.Butthenwe_persuadethem.A.hadmanagedtoB.wereabletoC.didtrytoD.wouldhaveto,12.Thedoctorsaid,“Sir,you_besittinginthiswaitingroom.Itsforthechildrenonly.”A.oughtnttoB.cantC.mustntD.wont,13.-Did