举例、列举、分类ppt课件

例证法/举例法,列举法,分类法,1,例证法/举例法,举例法是段落扩展最常用的方法，几乎所有的“主题”都可以用举例法来论证。因此，举例法也经常与其他段落扩展方法同时使用。这种方法是说明文、论说文的常用手段，也是大学英语四、六级考试作文中最常用的方法。它主要是通过举例、列举事实来说明主题，从而使文章显得言之有物，具有说服力。例如ItPaystoBeHonest(2003.1CET-4Itisreportedthat拓展段落的一些常用表达1.inotherwords换言之2.thatistosay也就是说3.tobemoreprecise说的具体一些,15,Forexample和suchas的使用,Forexample，一般是用一个句子作例子，而suchas是并列两个以上名词或动名词短语作例子。如：,1.Ihavemanyhobbies.Forexample,Ilikeplayingbadmintonverymuch.,2.Ihavemanyhobbiessuchasplayingbadminton,collectingstampsandgoingcamping.,3.Ihavesuchhobbiesasplayingbadmintonandcollectingstamps.,16,Suchas可以跟在一个“总体名词”（如句2中的hobbies）之后，并列几个实例（如句2），也可以将“总体名词”夹在suchas中间，然后再并列几个例子（如句3）。,17,Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample，thosehoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample，iftheyprefertoexercisealone，theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides，peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatingintheinter.Inshort，nomatterhattheirinterestsare，peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem.,18,本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中关键词组differentformsofexercises，这三个例子分别由连接词forexample，foranotherexample和besides引出，最后由引导结尾句总结全段内容。举例法中常用连接词有：forexample（instance），oneexampleis，besides，furthermore，moreover，inaddition等。,返回,19,列举法,运用列举法，是通过列举一系列论据对topicsentence中摆出论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释。列举法如果使用得当，能增强文章的说服力，使文章显得条理清楚。用列举法发展段落时，主题句常包含表示数量的词，如：several,many,some,four等。列举细节时，可以根据各种内容的相对重要性，按一定的逻辑顺序排列。,20,Socialactivitiesbenefitusinmanyways.Tobeginwith,theseactivitiescanwidenourknowledge,becausewecanlearnwhatwecantfromourbooks.Second,theseactivitiescanserveasabridgebetweentheoryandpractice,becausewecanlearnhowtoputourbookknowledgeintopractice.Lastly,theseactivitiescanenrichourexperience,inthatwecangettoknowthesocietywellsothatwecanadapttoiteasilywhenwegraduate.本段的第一句是段落主题句，inmanyways在这里为下面的列举作好了铺垫。作者用了tobeginwith,second和lastly作为连接语，条理清楚地列举了社会活动有益的三个方面。,21,举例法与列举法区别,举例法（example）是通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法一种，它们区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。我们来看下面这个用举例法展开段落。作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列论据对topicsentence中摆出论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举顺序可以按照所列各点内容相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。,22,列举常用的表达方法有:first,second,inthefirstplace,firstofall,tobeginwith,inthesecondplace,next,also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore,beyondthat,foronething,foranother,finally.,返回,23,分类法是将事物按照一定的标准、原则进行归类，然后再分别进行说明、解释。这种方法会使看似复杂的内容变得简单有序。:,分类法（developmentbyclassification）,24,例Activitiescanbedividedinto5categoriesaccordingtothenumberofcaloriespeopleuseup.Onekindofactivityisaseated(坐着的）activity.Apersonwhoisreading,writing,orwatchingTVuses88to100caloriesanhour.Anotherkindofactivityisalightactivity.Apersonwhoiscookingorwalkingslowlyuses110to160caloriesanhour.Thethirdkindofactivity,moderateactivity,uses170to240caloriesanhour.Suchactivitiesincludegardeningorcarpentrywork.,25,Thefourthgroup,vigorousactivity,uses250to350caloriesanhour.Theseareactivitiessuchaswalkingfast,bowling,orgolfing.Finally,apersonwhoisdoingastrenuous(消耗体力的）activityuses350ormorecaloriesanhour.Typicalactivitiesofthiskindareswimming,playingtennis,ordancing.,26,例Asfaraspoliticalviewsareconcerned,peoplefallintothreecategories.Firstaretheconservativepeople.Conservativesareopposedtosuddenorgreatchanges.Secondaretheliberalpeople.Thesepeopleareinfavorofprogressandreform.Buttheiropinionsoftenseemtooidealistic.Thirdarethemoderatepeople.Themoderateskeepeverythingwithinreasonablelimits.Theyar