高中名词讲解ppt课件.ppt

,名词,1,名词可以分为_（ProperNouns）和_(CommonNouns),常见的专有名词有：_:China,Japan,England,Cuba,Australia,Brazil,France；_:ZhouEnlai,Jim,NewYork,Shanghai_:Chinese,Japanese,English,French_:theGreatWall,theSummerPalace,thePalaceofMuseum;thePeoplesHospital。注意：专有名词的中心词的第一个字母要大写。,名词的分类,国家名称,人名/地名,语言,由普通名词构成的专有名词,专有名词,普通名词,2,普通名词可分为下面四类：（1）_（IndividualNouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：pen,student,desk。（2）_（CollectiveNouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family,class,people（3）_（MaterialNouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air,water,paper。（4）_（AbstractNouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：dancing,work,modesty,happiness,time。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（CountableNouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（UncountableNouns）。,个体名词,集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,3,可数名词,不可数名词,个体名词,集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,4,特别要记住的不可数名词：fish,meat,rice,progress,woodmedicine,news,information,work,homework,knowledge,population,time,space（空间）,weather,music,advice,noise,furniture,5,名词单复数的一些特殊情况,考点一,6,7,1.单复同形：deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss，means，series，species2.形式上为复数，但实际上是单数的词：(它们作主语时，谓语用单数)maths/math,politics,physics,news3.形式上为单数，实际上是复数的词：(集体名词)police,cattle,audience,crew,crowd,committee，people4.常以复数形式出现的名词：glasses,trousers,jeans,socks,stockings,scissors,compasses,cross-roads,8,5.复数不规则变化的名词：child-ox-mouse-foot-tooth-goose-,children,mice,feet,teeth,geese,oxen,9,man-_woman-_Englishman-_(合成词)German-_(非合成词),men,women,Englishmen,Germans,10,6.以o结尾的名词：O前为辅音字母时，加-espotato-potatoestomato-tomatoesnegro-negroeshero-heroesecho-echoes注意：photo(photograph)-photoskilo(kilogram)-kilospiano(外来词)-pianos,黑人吃土豆，英雄吃番茄。,两菜两人一回声,11,2)O前为元音字母时，加sradio-radioszoo-zooskangaroo-kangaroosbamboo-bamboosstudio-studios注意：cargo-cargoes/cargos(货物)motto-mottoes/mottos(座右铭,格言)volcano-volcanoes/volcanoszero-zeroes/zerosmosquito-mosquitoes/mosquitosrhino-rhinoes/rhinos,12,7.以f或fe结尾的名词：规则:(变f或fe为-ves)thief-thieveswife-wivesknife-kniveswolf-wolveshalf-halvesleaf-leavesshelf-shelves(life-lives),小偷的妻子用刀把狼砍成几半，并用树叶将其盖在书架后面。,13,特殊(直接加-s)belief-beliefschief-chiefsgrief-griefsgulf-gulfsroof-roofsproof-proofssafe-safes,(信念),(首领),(悲伤),(海湾),(屋顶),(证据),(保险柜),14,8.一些合成名词的复数构成(1)将中心词变为复数1.girlfriend-2.grandchild-3.passer-by-4.looker-on-5.stander-by-6.mother-in-law-7.grown-up-8.go-between-,girlfriends,grandchildren,passers-by,lookers-on,standers-by,mothers-in-law,grown-ups,go-betweens,过路人,旁观者,旁观者,中间人,15,(2)man,woman构成的合成词，每个名词都要变成复数。amandoctorawomanteacher,mendoctors,womenteachers,16,9.单复数形式意思极不相同的名词：good-goodswater-waterssand-sandswood-woodswork-workstime-timesgreen-greensmanner-mannerscustom-customsfish-fishes,value-values(价值观)force-forces(军队),arm-arms(武器,战争),货物,水域,沙滩,树林,著作,时代,蔬菜,礼貌,关税,各种鱼,17,有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化，同一个词，但意思不同(1)glass()aglass()paper()apaper()work()awork()room()aroom()(2)fruit()fruits()fish()fishes()hair()hairs()time()times(),玻璃,玻璃杯,纸,报纸,工作,著作,空间,房间,水果,各种水果,鱼,各种鱼,所有头发,几根头发,时间,时代,注：,18,Exercises：（名词的单复数）.Writedownthepluralforms.mouthstomachmonkeyfactoryhalfbeliefGermanmanteacherFrenchman,mouthsmonkeyshalvesGermansmenteachersFrenchmen,stomachs,factories,beliefs,19,修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有these,those,few,afew,many,agoodgreatmany,agreatgoodnumberof等：Fewpeoplewouldagreewiththis.很少人会同意这种看法。Hehasagreatmanyfriendshere.他在这儿有很多朋友。,20,修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有this,that,little,alittle,abitof,much,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等：Ihavelittletimetodoit.我没什么时间来做此事。Hedidntgivememuchmoney.他没给我很多钱。Agreatdealofmoneyisspentonresearch.研究工作上花了许多钱。,21,既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词，如all,some,enough,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,a(large)quantityof等：Youneednthurry.Theresplentyoftime.你不必着急。时间多着哩。Thereareplentyofmenoutofwork.失业的人很多。Weneedaquantityofbaskets.我们需要一批篮子。Heputasmallquantityofsugarinthemilk.他在牛奶中放了少量的糖。,22,名词的所有格,考点二,23,1.名词所有格的形式：1)单数名词直接在其后加汤姆的帽子2)复数名词则先加s再加一撇十分钟的行程教师节注意:不是以s结尾的复数名词还是直接在其后加,s,(s),s,Tomscap,tenminuteswalk,TeachersDay,ChildrensDay,24,2、有生命的名词，一般在名词后加s（表示时间、距离、金额、重量、机构、城市或国家的名词也可以直接加s）1）他妈妈的朋友2）狗的名字3）罗定的气候3、无生命的事物，一般借用ofthewindowofourclassroomthenameofthevillage,hismothersfriend,thedogsname,Luodingsclimate,3）我们课室的窗户,4）村庄的名字,25,4.表示“某人家”、“店铺”的名词所有格，一般省略后面的的名词。,atMrGreens,atmyuncles,atthetailors,atthebarbers,atthedoctors,在格林先生家在我叔叔家在裁缝店在理发店在肉店在诊所,atthebutchers,/clinic,26,5.双重所有格1)afriendofmine限定词（a/some/many/such/this/every等）+名词+of+名词性物主代词,=oneofmyfriends,=oneofTomsfriends,2)afriendofToms限定词+名词+of+名词所有格,Johnsunclehasmanyfriends.Mr.Brownisafriendof_.A.JohnsuncleB.JohnunclesC.JohnsunclesD.Johnuncle,C,27,Exercises,28,Tom的书我朋友的叔叔今天的报纸三百元的裙子学校的历史中国的人口十分钟的路程两周的假期教师节儿童节男鞋,Tomsbook,myfriendsuncle,todaysnewspaper,tenminuteswalk,threehundredyuansskirt,theschoolshistory,Chinaspopulation,TeachersDay,twoweeksholiday,ChildrensDay,mensshoes,29,墙壁的颜色这本书的封面房子的屋顶这篇文章的题目这本书的作者在我姑姑家在老师办公室这只猫的名字玛丽的一些照片我哥哥的三个同学,thecolorofthewallthecoverofthebooktheroofofthehousethetitleofthistextthewriterofthisbookatmyaunts(home)intheteachers(office)thecatsname/thenameofthecatsomephotosofMarysthreeclassmatesofmybrothers,30,完成句子：1、玛丽的书包和露丝的书包放在椅子上。_areonthechair.2、玛丽和露丝的房间在二楼。_isonthesecondfloor.3、她父母亲的一个朋友是农民。_isafarmer.4、步行二十分钟的路程不很远。_isnotveryfar.,MarysandLucysbags,MaryandLucysroom,Afriendofherparents,Twentyminuteswalk,31,D_isthetwelfthmonthinayear.CanadabelongstoN_America._(教授)Smithwillgivealectureonhowtopreventcancer.WestudentsusuallydonthaveclassesonS_andSunday.HissonwasadmittedtoPekingU_,whichtheytookpridein.,ecember,orth,Professor,aturday,niversity,要点：专有名词大写开头,32,Thenewapartmentisinroom302,entrance1,building49,thecenturygarden.Thestudentsofseniorthreeof(from)xinguangmiddleschoolwillgotothefirstpeopleshospitaltohaveaphysicalexaminationonsaturday,september9th.,Room302,Entrance1,Building49,theCenturyGarden,ThestudentsofSeniorThreeof(from)XinguangMiddleSchoolwillgototheFirstPeoplesHospitaltohaveaphysicalexaminationonSaturday,September9th.,33,1.Thecatissittingonmy_.(bed/beds)2.Therearefive_onmydesk.(pencil/pencils)3.Ihavegottwo_.(sister/sisters)4.Theyareridingtheir_.(bike/bikes)5.Wehavegota_.(dog/dogs)6.Howmany_haveyougotinyourbag?(book/books)7.Mymotherhasgotanew_.(computer/computers)8.Therearethreewindowsinthe_.(room/rooms)9.Susanhasgotfour_.(poster/posters)10.Thereisone_onthefloor.(pen/pens),pen,34,.Fillintheblanks.1.The(roof)ofthehouseswerecoveredwith(leaf).2.Therearethree(womandoctor)andfour(girl)nursesintheteam.3.Idlike(chicken)ratherthan(fish)forsupper.4.Myfamilyraisealotof(cattle),includingtwo(cow).5.SisterMaryworksina(shoe)factory.,roofs,leaves,womendoctors,girl,chicken,fish,cattle,cows,shoe,35,Translation.1、三块面包、四杯水、三杯咖啡4、咖啡杯、所得税、你喜欢哪一样，马铃薯