《计算机概论》PPT课件

交大資工蔡文能計概,1,計算機概論,蔡文能.tw交通大學資訊工程學系,ENIAC,.tw/tsaiwn/course/introcs/,2,ComputingHistory,Hardware,Software,AlgorithmWen-NungT.tw,計算機概論的概論,交大資工蔡文能計概,3,Agenda,概論?蓋論?計算機概論的概論資訊素養(電腦常識)?BCC?(BasicComputerConcept)電腦歷史ComputingHistory史上第一部大型電腦ENIACElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndCalculator誕生於58年前的情人節：19460214傷腦筋的頭字語(Acronym)電腦如何表示資料:二進位也可以很有趣電腦硬體?軟體?作業系統?演算法?,資工系到底學些什麼?其它.,交大資工蔡文能計概,4,概論?蓋論?,聽得懂別人蓋-為以後學習鋪路.,計算機概論學啥碗糕?,可以蓋別人助人為快樂之本,交大資工蔡文能計概,5,資訊素養?,電腦?頭字語(Acronym)?Internet是什麼?WWW是啥?Y2K電腦病毒?(害人為快樂之本?)駭客入侵?DoS(DenyalofService)?加密解密?數位簽章?CA憑證?GCA?,Year2000,交大資工蔡文能計概,6,ComputingHistory電腦歷史,0:BC500:abacus,1625:sliderule,byWilliamOughtred1642:Pascalsaddingmachine,byBlaisePascal,Pascaline:機器可以幫人做事,計概課本第O章,交大資工蔡文能計概,7,ComputingHistory(cont.-0a),0thGeneration:1673年德國GottfriedLeibniz製造了一部半個乘法器stepreckoner;1694年GottfriedLeibniz把巴斯卡的Pascaline改良，製造了一部可以做任何乘法的機器,StepReckoner,萊布尼茲(Leibniz),交大資工蔡文能計概,8,ComputingHistory(cont.-0b),1801年Jacquard發明織布機(Loom),JacquardsLoom,交大資工蔡文能計概,9,ComputingHistory(cont.-0c),1822年巴貝基(CharlesBabbage)製造差分機(DifferenceEngine)。1833年巴貝基開始設計分析機(AnalyticalEngine)，由於分析機有現代電腦的基本元件，所以巴貝基被稱為電腦之父。1842年AugustaAdaByron，CountessofLovelace把LuigiMenabrea有關分析機的小冊子加上自己的註解，成為第一個程式設計員(programmer)-程式設計員之母。,AnalyticalEngine,交大資工蔡文能計概,10,ComputingHistory(cont.-0d),1890年TabulatingMachine,byHermanHollerith。-1896年HermanHollerith成立了TabulatingMachineCompany-1911年和數家公司合併成Computing-Tabulating-RecordingCompany-1924年公司的總經理ThomasJ.Watson改公司名為IBM(InternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation),HollerithsTabulatingMachine,交大資工蔡文能計概,11,ComputingHistory(cont.-0e),1944年MarkI,byHowardAiken,HarvardUniversity。,電力機械式計算機,完成後就過時了,MarkI,1944atHarvardUniversity,交大資工蔡文能計概,12,ComputingHistory(cont-1),1stGeneration:Vacuumtubes1941:ABC,1946/2/14:ENIAC“AcomputerliketheENIACisequippedwith18,000vacuumtubes(真空管)andweighs30tons,computersinthefuturemayhaveonly1,000vacuumtubesandweighonly11/2tons.-PopularMechanics,1949edition.,交大資工蔡文能計概,13,ComputingHistory(cont-2),2ndGeneration:Transistor1947WilliamShockleyofBellLabsinventsfirsttransistor1948patenton1sttransistorbyWilliamShockley1948/1IBMmakesits1stcomputer1952IBMproducesIBM701,1stelectronicstoredprogramcomputer1954IBM650,machinelanguage+assemblylanguage,thereisnoOS.1954BellLabsconstructsanalltransistorcomputer,1947/12/23:firstPoint-contacttransistor,交大資工蔡文能計概,14,ComputingHistory(cont-3),3rdGeneration:IC=IntegratedCircuit1958JackKilbyofTexasInstrumentsandRobertNoyceofFairchildSemiconductorindependentlyinvent1stintegratedcircuit1963DECproducesPDP-8,1stcomputertouseintegratedcircuit1964IBMSystem/3601968RobertNoyce,inventorof1stintegratedcircuit,leavesFairchildSemiconductortostartownbusinesscalledINTEL,TIsfirstIC,交大資工蔡文能計概,15,ComputingHistory(cont-4),4-thGeneration:VLSI,ULSI?5-thGeneration?LargeScaleIc=LSIVeryLargeScaleIc=VLSIUltraLargeScaleIc=ULSI,ThePentium,introducedinlate1993,contained3.1milliontransistorsandinitiallyranat60MHz.,交大資工蔡文能計概,16,/andrius/work/microproc/,1970IntelreleasesDRAMmemorychipIntel4004(1971)1MHz,45instructions=2300transistors1972Intel80081974Intel8080,2-MHz1974Motorola68001975ZilogZ80,1976MOSTechnologies65021978Intel8086,4.77MHz,29000transistors1979Intel80881982Intel286,12MHz1985Intel386,first32-bit,25MhZ,交大資工蔡文能計概,17,1989Intel486DX(with487),33MHz1994AMD4861993IntelPentium,60MHz1995AMDAM5x86,133MHz1995IntelPentiumPro1995Cyrix6x861996AMDK51997PentiumMMX1997PentiumII,1998Celeron,1999P!2000CeleronII,PentiumIV,AMDDuron2003/03/12IntelCentrino（迅馳）,交大資工蔡文能計概,18,BlaisePascal,1623年6月19日出生於法國克萊蒙特城13歲的時候，被邀請參加了米爾森數學小組會議17歲的時候，發表了一篇著名的論文圓椎截線論1642年發明機械加法器PascalinePascaline機械加法器1649年獲得了英國皇家專利權他做了50台這種機器，並且到處宣傳機械加法機器的優點，但這種會做加法的機器受到職業會計的抵制，沒有得到廣泛的應用。1646年他製成了水銀氣壓計，後來又發明了水壓機。1653年發表PascalTriangle巴斯卡三角形BlaisePascal在數學領域也成就輝煌，他研究過數論、代數，並建立了機率論這學科；他還首先定義和使用了完整的數學歸納法。由於他新發明的機械加法器沒有得到人們的積極回應，巴斯卡心灰意冷，後來迷戀於神學的研究。1662年8月19日，一代數學、物理學宗師巴斯卡病逝，享年39歲。熔進他夢想的“加法器”則被送進了巴黎博物館。,交大資工蔡文能計概,19,ENIAC,Announcedat1946/02/14,Hadover18,000vacuumtubes(17468actually)init.Themostcomplexvacuum-tubemachineeverbuilt.Occupieda50by30footroom(1,500squarefeet,aboutthesizeofaclassroom).Weighed30tons.Required200KiloWattsofelectricity.Hadaclockspeedof0.1MHz.(1024MHz=1GHz)Took200microsecondstodoaddition.5000/secTook2.6millisecondstodomultiplication.350/secWasdesignedtocalculateballistictrajectories.At11:45p.m.,October2,1955,withthepowerfinallyshutoff,theENIACretired.,交大資工蔡文能計概,20,ENIAC,58年前的情人節：19460214誕生於美國賓州大學(UniversityofPennsylvania)史上第一部大型電腦ENIACElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputerByJohnMauchly毛克里+J.PresperEckertStoredprogramconcept:JohnvonNeumann范紐曼ENIACpatent(U.S.#3,120,606),filedon1947/06/26真的第一部數位電腦?聯邦法官說是ABC喔Atanasoff-BerryComputerByJohnAtanasoff(1941)AtIowa(愛渥華)StateUniversity,交大資工蔡文能計概,21,ENIACvs.ABC,誰是真的第一?1973/10/19歷史上的一天?聯邦法院判決確立史上第一部數位電腦是ABCABC-JohnAtanasoffandCliffordBerry(1941)史上第一部大型電腦ENIACENIAC-byJohnMauchly+J.P.Eckert(1946/02/14announced)At11:45p.m.,October2,1955,withthepowerfinallyshutoff,theENIACretired,交大資工蔡文能計概,22,/jva/jva-archive.shtml,OnOctober19,1973,USFederalJudgeEarlR.LarsonsignedhisdecisionfollowingalengthycourttrialwhichdeclaredtheENIACpatentofMauchlyandEckertinvalidandnamedAtanasofftheinventoroftheelectronicdigitalcomputer-theAtanasoff-BerryComputerortheABC.moreaboutABC,JohnAtanasoff,交大資工蔡文能計概,23,TheSuitregardingthepatent,Inlate1966orearly1967,patentlawyerCharlesG.CallwassummonedtotheofficeofseniorpartnerD.DennisAllegrettiandaskedhimifhewouldbeinterestedontakingacasewhichmighttaketenyearsofhistime.Call,eagertodemonstratehistalents,accepted.AllegrettiexplainedthattheclientwastheHoneywellCompanyofMinneapolisandthecaseinvolvedacontroversywiththeSperryRandCorporationoverwhatwascalledgenerallytheENIACPATENTS.,交大資工蔡文能計概,24,InJanuary1968AtanasoffproceededwiththepretrialprojectofhavinghiselectronicsexpertsathisFrederick,Maryland,plantconstructareplicaoftheprototypecomputerheandCliffBerryhadconstructedmorethantwenty-fiveyearsearlieratIowaStateCollege.Atanasoffwasexcitedabouttheprojectinwhichhecouldestablishclearlythatsketches,ideas,andplanshehadmadeavailabletoMauchlyinJune1941couldbeusedtoconstructaprototypeelectronicdigitalcomputer.Presentationofsuchamachineincourtshould,withfinality,demolishMauchlyscontentionthathedidntlearnanythingfromhisexaminationoftheAtanasoffBerryComputer,hisexaminationoftheplans,orhisconversationswithAtanasofforCliffBerry.,交大資工蔡文能計概,25,Atanasofftestifiedthatby24March1939hehadhisconceptsforanelectronicdigitalcomputerworkedoutonpaperandapprovedbythePhysicsDepartmentofIowaStateCollegeforsubmissiontoIowaStateCollegeResearchCouncilwitharequestforresearchfunds.HoneywelllawyerHalladaysubmittedthe24March1939letteroftwopagesoftheDepartmentofPhysicsforidentification.Atanasoffwasthenaskedtoidentifyan18May1939letterfromProfessorE.W.LindstromnotifyingAtanasoffofthe$650researchgrantandAtanasoffs23May1939replythankingProfessorLinstrom.,交大資工蔡文能計概,26,InalettertohismeteorologistfriendH.HelmsClaytondated28June1941MauchlyhadtoldofhistriptoIowaStateandhadexpressedenthusiasmoverthecomputingmachinehehadobserved.AtanasofftestifiedthathisfirstmeetingwithMauchlywasattheAAAS(AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience)inlateDecember1940,andthendiscussedwithMauchlyinJanuary,February,March,April,andMayof1941.Atanasoffsaidandidentifieda35-pagebookletwithagreencoverdescribingtheAtanasoffBerryComputerconstructionandconceptswithhand-sketcheddrawingshehadcompletedinAugust1940.Hehadacopyofthisdocumentwhilehewasvisitingandaskedmeifhecouldtakeitbackwithhim.ItoldhimIpreferredthathedidnotandhedidnottakeitback,tothebestofmyknowledgeandbelief.,交大資工蔡文能計概,27,ENIACInventors:(left)JohnW.Mauchly,and(right)J.PresperEckert.,1907/08/30-1980/01/08Mauchly1919/04/09-1995/06/03Eckert,ENIAC,誕生於美國賓州大學(UniversityofPennsylvania),交大資工蔡文能計概,28,CliffBerry,TheABC-Atanasoff-BerryComputer,1903/10/4-1995/6/15,1918/8/24-1963/12/14,/jva/jva-archive.shtml,交大資工蔡文能計概,29,0.01,0.1,1,10,100,1000,10000,1986,1988,1990,1992,1994,1996,PerformanceinMflop/s,8087,80287,6881,80387,R2000,i860,RS6000/540,Alpha,RS6000/590,Alpha,Cray1S,CrayX-MP,Cray2,CrayY-MP,CrayC90,CrayT90,1998,MooresLawvs.GildersLaw:TheLastTwentyYears,1982,1984,SpeedinMbps,Ethernet,Ethernet,Storage,StorageinMB,802.11,Source:GordonBell,MicrosoftResearch,交大資工蔡文能計概,30,MooresLawvs.GildersLaw,摩爾定律（MooresLaw），英特爾（Intel）創辦人GordonMoore提出的，根據這條定律電子晶片（chips）處理訊息的能力每隔十八個月就增加一倍。吉爾德定律（GildersLaw），指通訊系統的頻寬每十二個月便增加兩倍。,莫非定律-MurphysLaw?,交大資工蔡文能計概,31,0.1,1,10,100,1000,10000,100000,2004,2006,2008,2010,2012,2014,PerformanceinGflop/s,2016,TheNextTwentyYears,2000,2002,SpeedinGbps,WiredEthernet,Storage,StorageinGB,802.11,交大資工蔡文能計概,32,By2009,AlmosteverythingwillbeconnectedtotheInternetAppliances,automobiles,personalcommunicators,screens(largeandsmall),evenyourwatch.3billionInternet-capablewirelessdevicesTheInternetwillbe:Telephone,answeringmachine,television,radio,movietheatre,clock,store,cellphone,pager,postoffice,mailbox,library,securitysystem,gamingplatform,musicalinstrument,learningcenter,storagemedium,andmuch,muchmore!,交大資工蔡文能計概,33,Takeabreak,Takeabreak,Takeabreak,Takeabreak,交大資工蔡文能計概,34,傷腦筋的頭字語(Acronym),ENIACElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer(Calculator?),IBMIBelieveMoneyInternationalBigMouth(OOP的櫻櫻美代子)InternationalBusinessMachineIDFIDontFlyIDontFightIDoFly,IDoFightCSComputerScienceCounterStrike,OOPObjectOrientedProgrammingOfficeOfPresident.twICQ(ISeekYou),交大資工蔡文能計概,35,DataStorage,Acronym(頭字語)revisitedBIT(BinarydigiT),Gates(電子閘),Flip-Flops(正反器)BYTE(BinarYTErm)一群bit以表示一Character字符MainMemoryCORE(磁蕊,王安公司)-記憶體(memory)的代名詞ROM(ReadOnlyMemory):MaskROM,PROM,EPROM,EEPROM,FLASHRAM(RandomAccessMemory)SRAM,DRAM(EDODRAM,SDRAM,DDRDRAM,RAMBUS)MassStorage:DRUM,MagneticDisk,CompactDisk,MagneticTap,.,電腦如何表示資料:存取、壓縮、傳送,計概課本第一章,交大資工蔡文能計概,36,Kilo,Mega,Giga,Tera,K=Kilo=1000=1024=2的10次方M=Mega=Million=1024*1024G=Giga=1024*1024*1024T=Tera=1024*1024*1024*1024例如Kg公斤,Km公里,512MBytes,80GBHDm=milli=1/1000例如mm毫米u=micro=1/1000000例如us微秒n=nano=1/1000,000,000十億分之一p=pico=1/1000000000000兆分之一,交大資工蔡文能計概,37,CorebyDr.AnWang,1949/9AnWangfiledhispatentapplicationforaPulseTransferControllingDevice.HisPulseTransferControllingDeviceswereminusculetoroidalcoilswithadonut-shapedferritecoremagnetizedinoneoftwopossibledirections:0or1,thebasicunitsofeverybitofinformationthatacomputerorelectroniccalculatorcanhandle.Itspermanentbutcontrollablenaturemadethemtheidealsubstratumtoholdthememoryrequiredbytheemergingcalculatingelectronicdevices.,交大資工蔡文能計概,38,CorebyDr.AnWang(cont),Sixyearslater,inMay17,1955,thePatentOfficeissuedpatent2,708,722toDr.Wang.IttooklittletimeforIBM,acompanywithbigstakesonthefield,tocatchinterestonthisinvention,andafterabitternegotiationIBMboughtthepatent.,交大資工蔡文能計概,39,DataRepresentation,電腦裡只有0和1電腦如何儲存文字符號(Character;字符;字元)?電腦如何儲存整數(Integer)?電腦如何儲存實數(Realnumber;Float)?電腦如何儲存倍準度實數(double)?,交大資工蔡文能計概,40,二進位也可以很有趣,想一個0到63間的任一個數,不要告訴我答案.但是告訴我有沒有在以下哪幾張卡片中?我可以很快找出來喔!,交大資工蔡文能計概,41,二進位也可以很有趣,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,交大資工蔡文能計概,42,二進位也可以很有趣,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,交大資工蔡文能計概,43,二進位也可以很有趣,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,交大資工蔡文能計概,44,二進位也可以很有趣,4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15,20,21,22,23,28,29,30,31,36,37,38,39,44,45,46,47,52,53,54,55,60,61,62,63,交大資工蔡文能計概,45,二進位也可以很有趣,2,3,6,7,10,11,14,15,18,19,22,23,26,27,30,31,34,35,38,39,42,43,46,47,50,51,54,55,58,59,62,63,交大資工蔡文能計概,46,二進位也可以很有趣,1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49,51,53,55,57,59,61,63,交大資工蔡文能計概,47,二進位也可以很有趣How?,1,3,5,7,000001=19,11,13,15,000010=217,19,21,23,000011=325,27,29,31,000100=433,35,37,39,000101=541,43,45,47,000110=649,51,53,55,000111=757,59,61,63001000=8,交大資工蔡文能計概,48,二進位也可以很有趣How?,2,3,6,7,000001=110,11,14,15,0000