英语论文分析学习-第4节-Writing-about-Resultsppt课件

.,1,Thecontentofaresearcharticleorthesis,.,2,Whatwellbedoing,.,3,Whatwellbedoing,.,4,Aboutthetitle,Lookatthesamplesanddecidetherelationshipbetweenresult,discussionandconclusion.,.,5,Aboutthetitle,.,6,Aboutthetitle,IfthesubtitlecontainsthewordDiscussion(i.e.ResultsandDiscussion),itincludessomeoralloftheDiscussion.ThebestwaytochooseanappropriatesubtitleistolookattheGuideforAuthorsofthejournalsyoureadregularly.,.,7,Specialfeature,Lookattheexamplesandtellthespecialfeatureofresultsection:tables,figures,graphs,charts.,.,8,WhydoIhavetowritetheresultsection?,Q:Whynotsimplyprovidegood,cleargraphsortableswithgood,cleartitlesandperhapsafewnotesunderneatheach?Wordsvsgraphs,.,9,WhydoIhavetowritetheresultsection?,A:1.someofyourresultsmaybemoreinterestingorsignificantthanothers,anditisdifficulttocommunicatethisinatableorgraph.2.itisessentialtorelateyourresultstotheaim(s)oftheresearch.,.,10,WhydoIhavetowritetheresultsection?,3.youmaywanttoofferbackgroundinformationtoexplainwhyaparticularresultoccurred,ortocompareyourresultswiththoseofotherresearchers4.yourresultsmaybeproblematic;perhapssomeexperimentswerenotfullysuccessfulandyouwanttosuggestpossiblereasonsforthis.,.,11,WhydoIhavetowritetheresultsection?,results:justadescriptionofyourfindingsandobservations.yourcommentsonwhatyoufoundorobservedyoumust:communicateyourownunderstandingandinterpretationoftheresultstoyourreaders.,.,12,TheprimaryfunctionsofResultsandDiscussion:,.,13,Whatwellbedoing,.,14,Questionsbeforeconstructingthestructure:,.,15,WhatisincludedinthebodyofResultssection?,.,16,Modelbuilding,.,17,Buildingthemodel,Readthesample,andbuildamodeloftheresultssectionbywritingashortdescriptionofwhatthewriterisdoingineachsentence,atthesametime,trytofindoutthekeywordsortypicalsentencepatternstosupportyourjudgement.,.,18,Sentence:(1)Dataobtainedinpreviousstudiesusingafixedon-sitemonitorindicatedthattravelbycarresultedinlowerCOexposurethantravelonfoot.(2)AccordingtoFigoetal.(1999),themedianexposureofcarpassengerswas11%lowerthanforthosewalking.referstothefindingsandconclusionsobtainedbyotherresearchers.,.,19,Vocabulary:revisitingtheresearchaim/existingresearch.seethepartinred:DataobtainedinpreviousstudiesMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.,.,20,Q1:whynotstartbydescribingmyresults?A:1.provideasmoothtransitionbetweenthenewsubsectionandthepreviousone.2.morereader-friendlytostartwithsomeintroductorymaterial.3.Thisistruewithallothersubsections.,.,21,Q2:whyshouldIrestatetheoriginalpredictionorthefindingsofotherresearchhere?A:yourresultsSupport/modify/contradicttheoriginalprediction,andtheymaysupport/modify/contradictthefindingsofotherresearchers.Soreaderscanseemoreclearlyhowyourresultsrelatetothatpredictionorfindings.,.,22,Q3:arethereotherwaystostarttheresultsection?Readtheexamplesanddecide,.,23,Way1:beginbyreferringbacktosomethingfromtheprevioussections,e.g:1.thefindingsofotherresearchinthisarea(themodel)2.thegeneralaimsofresearchinthisarea(example2)3.themethodology(example1,2)4.thespecificresearchproblemyouarefocusingon5.theoriginalpredictionorassumptiontobetested,.,24,Way2:beginbyofferinganoverviewofthecurrentsection.Thisisadescriptionoftheoverallpatternortrendoftheresults.(example3,4),.,25,Summary:,.,26,Sentence:(3)Inourstudy,modeledemissionrateswereobtainedusingtheTrafficEmissionModel(TEM),aCO-exposuremodelingframeworkdevelopedbyKa.(4)AmodeledresultswerecomparedwithactualroadsideCOconcentrationsmeasuredhourlyatafixedmonitor.,.,27,refersbacktohis/herownmethodologyandaddsmoreinformationaboutit.Notethatextendeddetailsofthemethodologyareoftengivenhereratherthanintheprevioussection.Lateron,youmayneedtoprovidemorefactualinformationinordertoexplainwhyaspecificresultoccurred.,.,28,Sentence:(5)Figure1showstheresultsobtainedusingTEM.invitesthereadertolookatagraph/figure/table/etc.,.,29,Vocabulary:Invitationtoviewresultsseethepartinred:Figure1showstheresultsMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.,.,30,Sentence:(6)Ascanbeseen,duringmorningpeak-timejourneystheCOconcentrationsforcarpassengersweresignificantlylowerthanforpedestrians,whichisconsistentwithresultsobtainedinpreviousstudies.referstospecificresultsandcomparesthemwiththoseobtainedinanotherstudy,usingsubjective,evaluativelanguage.,.,31,Vocabulary:specific/keyresultsindetailComparisonwithotherresultsSeethepartinred:significantlylowerthan,consistentwithMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.,.,32,Language:ObjectivevssubjectiveCompare:Example1:AislowerthanB.Example2:Aisslightly/muchlowerthanB.Objectivelanguage:example1.Subjectivelanguage:example2.(yourowncomments),.,33,Q:whydoIneedtocomparemyresultswiththoseofotherresearchers?A:1.besidessimplyreportingyourresultsyoushouldlocatethemonthe“researchmap”inyourfield.2.soyouneedtoshowyourreadershowandwhereyourresultsfitinwiththeexistingresearchpicture.3.youwilldevelopthis“mapping”ofyourworkmoreextensivelyintheDiscussion.,.,34,Q:whydoIhavetouseevaluativelanguage-whynotsimplydescribetheresultswhichareinthefigureortable?A:thecommentsyoumakeonyourresultsinfluencethewayreadersperceivethem.,.,35,Sentence:(7)However,themodeleddatawerenotconsistentwiththeseresultsforafternoonjourney.offersageneralstatementabouthis/herresultstobeginanewparagraph.,.,36,Thewriterismovingontomoreinterestingcontroversialresults,andcommunicatesthistothereaderbystartinganewparagraphandusingasignal(however)atthestartofthesentence.,.,37,Sentence:(8)AlthoughthemeanCOconcentrationmodeledbyTEMforafternoonjourneysonfootwereinlinewiththoseofFigoetal,.astrikingdifferencewasnotedwheneachofthethreepeakhourswasconsideredsingly(Fig.2).referstospecificresultsandcomparesthemtothoseobtainedinanotherstudy,usinglanguagethatcommentsontheresult(s).,.,38,Vocabulary:specific/keyresultsindetailComparisonwithotherresultsSeethepartinred:inlinewith,strikingdifferenceMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.,.,39,Sentence:(9)Itcanbeobservedthatduringthefirsthour(H1)ofthepeakperiod,journeysonfootresultedinaconsiderablelowerlevelofCOexposure.(10)AlthoughlevelsforjourneysonfootgenerallyexceededthosemodeledforcarjourneysduringH2,duringthelasthour(H3)thelevelsforjourneysonfootwereagainfrequentlyfarlowerthanforcarjourneys.,.,40,selectsspecificresultstodescribeinmoredetail,usinglanguagethatcommentsontheresults.,.,41,Vocabulary:specific/keyresultsindetailComparisonwithotherresultsSeethepartinred:considerablelower,generally,frequentlyfarlowerMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.,.,42,Sentence:(11)Aquantitativeanalysistodeterminemodelinguncertaintieswasapplied,basedonthemaximumdeviationofthemeasuredandcalculatedlevelswithintheconsideredperiod.referstothemethodusedtoanalysetheresults,.,43,Q:whywasntthisincludedintheMethodology?A:theMethodologyonlydealswiththebasicstructureandcomponentsofthematerialsandmethods.MostofthedetailsareincorporatedintotheResults.,.,44,Sentence:(12)Usingthisapproach,theuncertaintyofthemodelpredictionforthisstudyslightlyexceedsthe50%acceptabilitylimitdefinedbyJiang.mentionsaproblemintheresultsandusesquantitylanguagetominimizeitssignificance.,.,45,Vocabulary:problemswithresultsSeethepartinred:slightlyexceedsMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.,.,46,Q:howcanItalkaboutproblemsintheResults?A:usevocabularythatminimisestheproblem,suggestspossiblereasonsforitand/oroffersasolutionorawayforward.,.,47,Methodologysection:Mentiontheproblem,andminimisetheresponsibility,andsuggestsolutions.,.,48,Sentence:(13)Nevertheless,theseresultssuggestthatdataobtainedusingTEMtosimulatedCOexposuresmayprovidemoresensitiveinformationforassessingtheimpactoftrafficmanagementstrategiesthantraditionalon-sitemeasurement.makesareferencetotheimplicationsandapplicationsoftheworks/hehasdone.,.,49,Vocabulary:possibleimplicationsofresultsSeethepartinred:Nevertheless,theseresultssuggestMoreexamplesseethesummaryofvocabularyfromtheprintedmaterials.,.,50,Q:shouldntthatwaituntiltheDiscussion?A:anexaminationofimplicationsandapplicationsisoneofthecentralareasoftheDiscussion.Butmostwritersgivesomeindicationoftheimplicationsoftheirresults,towardstheendoftheResultssection.,.,51,Contributionsandimplicationsoftheresearch:introductionAgain:resultsMore:discussion,.,52,Themodel,Insentence1,.,79,GrammarandWritingSkills-sequence,Thewordsandphrasesthatcommunicatesequencecanbedividedintoeightgroups.,.,80,GrammarandWritingSkills-sequence,Example:Itwasapparentbeforehandthatareductionintemperaturewouldbeadesirableoutcome.1)Thefirstgroup:referstoeventsthatoccurredbeforeyoubeganyourexperiment/simulationorbeforeyoubeganobservingyourresults,.,81,GrammarandWritingSkills-sequence,Example:Atthebeginningthetemperaturewasstable,aspredicted.Thesecondgroup:marksthebeginningoftheexperiment/simulationorthefirstresultyouaredescribing,.,82,GrammarandWritingSkills-sequence,Example:Thetemperatureincreasedto49Candthendroppedto30C.Thethirdgroup:tellsyoutheorderinwhicheventsoccurredbutdonotgiveanyinformationaboutthetimesequence,.,83,GrammarandWritingSkills-sequence,Example:Thetemperatureincreasedto49Cbutsoondroppedto30C.Thefourthgroup:communicatesthattherewas(only)ashortperio