You Are What You think(1).ppt

YouAreWhatYouthink,Doyouseetheglassashalf-fullratherthanhalf-empty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichesarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.,仔细检查,炸面包圈,陈词滥调,Afast-growingbodyofresearch-104studiessofar,involvingsome1,5000peopleisprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrasttohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkpositively,sayspsychologistCraigA.AndersonofRiceuniversityinHouston,itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.,相反的,为接种,“youabilitiescount,”explainspsychologistMichaelF.ScheierofCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburgh,butthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectsthesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.,Take,forexample,yourjob.InamajorstudypsychologistMartinE.P.SeligmanoftheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandhiscolleaguePeterSchulmansurveyedsalesrepresentativesattheMetropolitanLifeInsurancessold37percentmoreinsurancethandidthenegative-thinkers.Ofnewlyhiredrepresentatives,optimistssold20percentmore.,代表,保险,Impressed,thecompanyhired100peoplewhohadfailedthestandardindustrytestbuthadscoredhighonoptimismthesepeoplewhomightneverhavebeenhired,sold10percentmoreinsurancethandidtheaveragerepresentative.,n.产业；工业；勤勉,Howdidtheydoit?thesecrettoanoptimistssuccess,accordingtoSeligman,isinhisexplanatorystyle.whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.”Imnogoodatthis,hesays“ialwaysfail.”theoptimistlooksforotherexplanations.Heblamestheweatherthephoneconnection,eventheotherperson.thatcustomerwasinabadmood,hethinks.Whenthingsgoright,theoptimisttakescreditwhilethepessimistthinkssuccessisduetoluck.,解释的,电话线路,Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.“ifpeoplefeelhopeless,saysAnderson,theydontbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed.”,让自己满意的,预言,acquire,助记quire(问，求)acquire取得学到；inquire询问，调查；require要求，需要语境wemustcherish（珍惜）experienceacquiredatthecostofblood.我们必须珍惜用鲜血换来的经验。,acquire,辨异acquireobtaingainacquire指学问技术等较抽象的东西obtain指经过很长时间或很大努力取得的东西Gain的含义obtain更进一层翻译为赢得IttookhernineyearstoacquiretheabilitytouseEnglishandabouttwoyearstoobtainthepermissiontostudyabroad.Nowfifteenyearshaspassedanditsindeednoteasyforhertogainthehonorinaforeigncountry.,Asenseofcontrol,accordingtoAnderson,istherealtestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquicklylookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikeatoyoffate.Sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.,命运的玩具,Optimistsmaythinktheyarebetterthanthefactswouldjustify-andsometimesthatswhatkeepsthemfromgettingsick.Inalong-termstudy,researchersexaminedthehealthhistoriesofagroupofHarvardgraduates,allofwhomwereinthetophalfoftheirclassandinfinephysicalcondition.Yetsomewerepositivethinkers,andsomenegativetwentyyearslater,thereweremoremiddleagediseasesamongthepessimiststhantheoptimists.,证明正当,Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimistsfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebodysnaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.Dr.ChristopherPetersonoftheUniversityofMichiganhasfoundthatthepessimistdoesnttakegoodcareofhimself.Feelingpassiveandunabletododgelifesblows,heexpectsillhealthandothermisfortunes,nomatterwhathedoes.Heeatsunhealthyfood,avoidsexercise,ignoresthedoctor,hasanotherdrink.,vt.破坏,n.无能为力,n.防卫,adj.免疫的,打击,不幸,dodge,dodgev.1.躲闪2.逃避义务n.1.躲闪2.伎俩3.逃避语境Thereportersgatheredaroundhim,buthedodgedtheirquestions.记者们聚集在他的周围，但他避开了他们的提问。Thoseweredodgesheusedtoescapetaxation.那些是他用以逃税的诡计搭配dodgeabout东躲西闪,Mostpeopleareamixofoptimismandpessimism,butareinclinedinonedirectionortheother.Itisapatternofthinkinglearnedfromearlychildhood,saysSeligman.Itgrowsoutofthousandsofcautionsorencouragement,negativestatementsorpositiveones.Toomany“dontsandwarningsofdangercanmakeachildfeelincompetent,fearful-andpessimistic,趋向,模式,警告,无能力的,incline,vi.倾斜；倾向vt.使倾斜；使倾向于n.倾斜；斜面；斜坡助记clin倾斜decline下降；incline（使）倾斜语境Hisattitudedidnotinclinemetohelphim.他的态度使我不想帮助他。Sheinclinedherheadinprayer.她低下头祈祷。Theywalkeddownasteepincline.他们走下了一个陡峭的斜坡。beclinestobeapttotendtobelikelyto,倾向于,Astheygrow,childrenexperiencesmalltriumphs,suchaslearningtotieshoelaces.Parentscanhelpturnthesesuccessesintoasenseofcontrol,andthatbreedsoptimism.,成功,系鞋带,滋生，引起,triumph,n.胜利，凯旋；欢欣vi.获得胜利，成功语境Ourwinthecollegeteamwasagreattriumph.我们战胜大学队真是伟大的胜利。搭配triumphover战胜Ibelievethatloveisthegreatestthingintheworld;thatitalonecanovercomehate;thatrightcanandwilltriumphovermight.我相信爱是世界上最强大的事物，只有爱能压倒恨；而且相信正义能够且最终会战胜强权。辨异triumphvictorytriumph指借喻性的胜利指军事上的胜利用victory而不用triumph,Pessimismisahardhabittobreakbutitcanbedone.InaseriesofstudiesDr.CarolDweckoftheUniversityofIllinoishasbeenworkingwithchildrenintheearlygradesofschool.Asshehelpsstudentstochangetheexplanationsfortheirfailures-fromImustbedumbto“Ididntstudyhardenough”-theiracademicperformanceimproves.,一连串,哑的,学术上的,dumb,1.哑的2.沉默寡言的3.无声的4.傻的聋deaf哑dumb瞎blind瘸lameGoodhusbandsoughttobedeaf;goodwivestobedumb.好丈夫应该装聋，好妻子应该作哑。语境Hewasstruckdumbwithhorror.他被吓得说不出话来。Thatsadumbwaytoopenabottle.用那种方法打开瓶子可真笨。,academic,adj.学术的n.大学生助记academician院士，学会会员辨异academic,professor,teacher,lecturer,tutorAprofessorisasenioruniversityacademic(大学教师),notanordinaryteacher.Universityandcollegeteacherareusuallycalledlecturersortutors.（导师）,So,ifyoureapessimist,theresreasonforoptimism.Youcanchange.Hereshow,saysSteveHollon,apsychologistatVanderbiltUniversity：Paycarefulattentiontoyourthoughtswhenbadthingshappen.Writedownthefirstthingthatcomestomind,withoutanychangesorcorrections.,Nowtryanexperiment.Dosomethingthatscontrarytoanynegativereactions.Letssaysomethinghasgonewrongatwork.Doyouthink,Ihatemyjob,butIcoul