infrastructure management - usersencsconcordiaca基础设施管理usersencsconcordiaca

INSE-6311 Sustainable Infrastructure Planning and Management Systems,Framework of Infrastructure Management,1,Covered Topics,Definition of infrastructureBrief historyInfrastructure managementIssues, challenges and opportunitiesRole of engineeringNeeds assessmentLife cycle conceptsTransportation asset managementNew approaches for infrastructure financing,2,What is Infrastructure?,“A civilizations rise and fall is linked to its ability to feed and shelter its people and to defend itself. These capabilities depend on infrastructure - the underlying, often hidden foundation of a societys wealth and quality of life. A society that neglects its infrastructure loses the ability to transport people and food, provide clean air and water, control diseases, and conduct commerce.”NSF, Civil Infrastructure Systems Research, 1994.,3,What is Infrastructure? (2),“The nations infrastructure is its system of public facilities, both publicly and privately funded, which provide for the delivery of essential services and a sustained standard of living. This interdependent, yet self-contained, set of structures provides for mobility, shelter, services, and utilities Americas infrastructure is the base upon which society rests. Its condition affects our lifestyles and security and each is threatened by its unanswered decay.”Associated General Contractors of America, 1982.,4,Milestones in (U.S.) History,Has generally paralleled economic developmentRoadsRailroadsTelegraph/ Telephone Sewer/Water Supply Systems (1800-1850)First federal highway funds (1918)Franklin Roosevelt - public works funding (1930)Interstate Highway System (1950),5,What is Infra. Mgmt.?,Administrative process of creating, planning, and maintaining our infrastructuresAn integrated, inter-disciplinary process that ensures infrastructure performance over its life cycleLife cycle is entire time from design through decommissioning,6,Overall Framework for Infra. Mgmt.,Program/Network/System Level,Project Level,In-Service Monitoring & Evaluation,Database,7,Program/System Level,Data (location, performance, evaluation)Deficiencies/Needs (current, future)Alternatives and AnalysesPriorities,Financing,Budgets,Policies,Exogenous Factors,8,Project/Section Level,Data (materials, loads, flows, costs, etc.)Detailed DesignConstructionMaintenance,Standards/Specifications,Budget Limit,EnvironmentalConstraints,9,Ideal Infra. Mgmt. System,Would coordinate and enable the execution of all activitiesMaximizes use and expenditure of resourcesMaximize performance of assetsServe all management levels,10,Key Issues,Decay and deterioration (condition, failure)Lack of maintenance/renovationScarcity of financing Federal govt funds projects of national/interstate importance - states left to build the restMoney tends to be for construction and not maintenanceLots of infrastructure needs - which ones are #1 priority?Inadequate reporting and accounting,11,State of Highways and Bridges (U.S.),235,000 miles of roads rated poor or mediocre70% of peak-hour travel on urban interstates is congested1/3 bridges structurally deficient or obsolete, and needs improvements25% of bridges are more than 50 years old,12,State of Water (U.S.),10,000 dams classified as high hazard13,500 as significant hazardCompliance costs to meet Safe Water Drinking Act $3 billion per yearWill need 3,400 new treatment facilities,13,Construction Industry,13% of GDPSecond largest industry in U.S.Also most fragmented1 million firms, 10 million workersLots of small firms (subcontractors)Lags behind other major industries in terms of R&DHigh-tech, chemicals, etc. 3-4%, construction only 0.5%,14,Financials,Federal investment on infrastructure stock fell from 1.2% of GDP in 1980 to 0.8% in 1993.Since majority of infrastructure funding comes from U.S. government, this is a big problemConcern for spending has reduced this even more,15,Risk, Sustainable Development,Risk and liability concerns generally lead to low-risk designs, which rewards stability not innovationAlso challenges related to building with an eye towards the resource needs of future generations,16,Opportunities,Need follow-through on National Construction GoalsInnovative financing (e.g. infrastructure bonds)Link between infrastructure investment and economic productivityHigh-Performance Materials,17,How did this happen?,Construction wins votes, no one cares about rehabilitation/repairInstitutional issues favor construction financingRehabilitation has high total costs in urban environments,18,Why Does it Matter?,Natural Environment,Physical Infrastructure,Economic System,Social System,19,Where Does Engineering Help?,Systems engineering perspectiveFraming of problemUsing quantitative tools to solve itTools: uncertainty/risk analysisOptimization via Linear Programming, Probabilistic, etc.Both parts are important,20,CONTEXT(Tech./Social/Political Environment),PROBLEM RECOGNITION(Reviews, Preliminary Assessments),PROBLEM DEFINITION(Objectives, Constraints, Decisions),GENERATION OFALTERNATIVES,ANALYSIS/EVALUATION/OPTIMIZATION,IMPLEMENTATION(Schedules, Activities, Documentation),PeriodicIn-ServiceMonitoring &Evaluation,21,Tools for Optimization,Mathematical ProgrammingLP (min/max with constraints), etc.HeuristicsProbabilisticGraphical (e.g. Scheduling Charts),22,Needs Assessment,Concept of need used casuallyCan refer to both need for repair as well as need for new capacityIt is difficult to judge how much infrastructure a region or a society needs and how need is measuredEconomic viability? Growth?What is a better approach?,23,Approach to Defining Needs,National Council on Public Works Improvement (NCPWI) 1986 - considers:Consumer DemandRecognition that demand changesConsumer willingness to payBenefit-cost analysis,24,Other Issues on Needs,Instead of focusing on conditions, establish future investment prioritiesInstead of simply finding cost to repair, consider cost of alternatives with same effectConsider infrastructure output as measure instead of conditionFunding needs to match area of influence, e.g. federal money for federal interests,25,More Issues,Needs assessments should distinguish:Safety or structural defectsCapacity shortagesUpgrading to new standardsCurrent and future demands,26,Economics,Performance = P(S,D,t)S = Supply of infras. Services = S(X)X = set of functional characteristicsPlanners want adequate X, S over timeD = demand for these services,27,Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA),A life cycle is the entire length of time from design, planning, construction, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning/demolitionIt is important to understand the cost implications of design decisions across the life cycleAlso important to understand where in the life cycle that total costs occur,28,Life Cycle Cost Influences,Decreasing Influence,Increasing Expenditure,100%,50%,0%,Planning,Design,Construction,Maintenance,Disposal,Time,Cumulative Cost,Level of Influence,29,Related Topic: Service Life,Physical service life is the length of time which a piece of infrastructure is able to be kept in useful serviceDepends on all life cycle phasesCan be extended from original design due to rehabilitation or preventive maintenance,30,Expected Service Life Estimates,Airport Buildings - 150 yrsRunways - 50 yrsBridge Decks - 50Bridge Sub-/superstructure - 125Tunnels - 200Sports Complexes - 300Electricity/telephone lines - 400,Source: Hudson, Haas, Uddin,31,New Approach for Infra. Mgmt.,Critically review status of infrastructureUnderstand issues in managing existing infrastructure rather than building newDevelop awareness of tools and resources for infrastructure management,32,Areas of concern,Structural Deficiency (SD) - has been restricted to light loads, or is closed, or requires immediate work to stay openFunctionally obsolete (FO) - one of several design parameters no longer meets usual criteria for system,33,Obsolescence,No longer meets current needs or expectation levelsAging, technology, standard change2-yr old computers good exampleInability to meet changing performance requirements,34,Obsolescence & Service Life,“Always remember that someone, somewhere is making a product that will make your product obsolete”-Georges Doriot“Planned obsolescence” by Vince Packards The Waste MakersPractice of deliberately designing products to last for a shorter period of timeSystemically doing this leads to inferior products,35,What Causes It?,Technological changeRegulatory changeSDWA forced upgradesEconomic / social changesValue / behavior changes,36,Service vs. Physical Lives,Physical Lives: time it takes for infrastructure to wear out/failPredicting this may be irrelevantService life: time actually usedIn general these 2 are differentPower plants become obsolete because of technology/policy changes,37,Design service life,“Design service life” only meaningful if defined in terms of obsolescenceAssumptions about lifetime will likely change over timeInfrastructure seldom abandoned before replacement in placeExpectations will increaseNeed to consider expectations and deterioration functions,38,Rates of Change,Information economy is making older transport modes obsoleteE.g., ground - air shippingHow long should infrastructure last?Physical or service?Where will it go when we are done?What could we do with Roman roads now?,39,Strategies to Mitigate,Plan and design for flexibilityBuild to assure optimum performance level is achievedMonitor change to defer obsolescenceRepair and retrofit early,40,Asset Management,More specific than Infras. Mgmt.Focused on transportation AssetsAssets = $ + people + physical resourcesGuided by: performance goals, time horizons, engineering / economicsHigh-level assessment of trade-offs between alternativesQuantitative and qualitative dataSource: Asset Mgmt Primer, DOT 1999,41,Investment Decision Making,42,Asset Management Primer, FH