阅读理解解题技巧主旨大意1.ppt

高考英语专题,阅读理解之主旨大意题,近几年高考中所有的试题都是在语篇中考查，阅读，完型填空，语法填空，写作，无一例外全都突出语篇的重要性，所以在备考中必须高度重视语篇能力,新高考分析,得阅读者得英语！,2009-2014年高考英语（全国卷）阅读理解考点分布,HowToGetTheMainIdea?,如何做主旨大意题?,一、题型特点,主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，针对文章的主要内容、中心思想、段落大意以及文章的标题、主题等进行设问。一般不易在文中直接找到答案，需要对文章进行高度归纳、概括或总结，属于高层次题。,二、题型分类,主旨题,标题类,文章主旨,段落主旨,1.标题类试题常见的题干形式,1)Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?2)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?3)Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?4)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?,5)Whichisthetopic/subject/themediscussedinthetext?6)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_.7)Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis_.8)Thetopic/subjectdiscussedinthispassageis_.,1.标题类试题常见的题干形式,(体现概括性,避免远离主题),2.文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式,1)Thetextismainlyabout_.2)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson_.3)Thetextmainlydiscusses_.4)Themainidea/Thegeneralidea/Themainthemeofthispassageis_.5)Thepurposeofthispassageis_.,6)Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?7)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?8)Whatdoesthewritermainlytellus?9)Whichofthefollowingcansummarizethemainideaofthispassage?10)Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainidea?11)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?,(体现全面性,避免以偏概全),3.段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式,1)WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraphone?2)Whatsthemainideadiscussedinthefirstparagraph?3)Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?4)Whatisthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?,5)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisthat_.6)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison_.7)Thelastparagraphischieflyconcernedwith_.,(体现针对性,避免张冠李戴),三、分类解读下面结合试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。(一)标题类标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式文章标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；简洁新颖，精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩,一是概括性原则，要求标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主题要旨,二是针对性原则，针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定。概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内容但如果标题过大，就违背了针对性原则,三是醒目性原则。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。,选好标题的三个原则,概括不够(多表现为部分代整体，以点代面，以偏概全，从而导致范围太小)；,过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；,以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。,避免下列三种错误：,练习1Intheanimalkingdom，weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme，pourcreamintomycoffee，orhelpmetoputonmycoat.AndIhavediscoveredthatitmakesthemhappy.Frommywheelchairexperience，Iseethebestinpeople，butsometimesIfeelsadbecausethosewhoappearindependentmissthekindnessIseedaily.Lastmonth，whenIwasdrivinghomeonabusyhighway，Ibegantofeelunwellanddrovemoreslowlythanusual.PeoplebehindmebegantogetimpatientIputonthecarflashlightsanddroveonatareallylowspeed.Nomoreangryshoutsandnomorehorns!WhenIputonmyflashlights，.Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry，theywaited，knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedontfeelthatway.Butthosearefewandfarbetween.Moreoften，itwouldbebetterifwedontpretendwefeelstrongwhenwefeelweakorpretendthatwearebravewhenwearescared.,30Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?AAWheelchairExperienceBWeaknessandKindnessCWeaknessandStrengthDADrivingExperience,【解析】B由第一段中的ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople可知正确答案为B,解题技巧,技巧一：寻找主题句，确定文章主题,技巧二:抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想,技巧三:找高频词,(二)主旨大意类,技巧一：寻找主题句，确定文章主题,新闻报道,导语提携全文,议论文,总-分-总,（论点论据结论）,说明文,主题句,（首中尾）,记叙文,记叙文六要素,识别文体,如何寻找主题句,Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaventeatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast-foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.,（1）主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文、科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.,（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆事实,后作结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。,Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.,（3）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.,练习2Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?,议论文总-分-总,55Whatisthemainidea?A.cigarettesmokingcancausecancerB.smokingcancausethemostseriousandterribledisease(illness)C.smokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblemsD.smokingisharmful.,D,练习3TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat_.A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.,detail,detail,detail,TypesofParagraphStructures,Atthebeginning,Attheend,Inthemiddle,Nocleartopicsentence,技巧二:抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想,寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。,练习4Therearethreeseparatesourcesofdangerinsupplyingenergybynuclearpower.First,theradioactivematerialmusttravelfromitsplaceofproductiontothepowerstation.Althoughthepowerstationsthemselvesarestronglybuilt,thecontainersusedforthetransportofthematerialsarenot.Normally,onlytwomethodsoftransportareinuse,namelyroadorrail.Unfortunately,bothofthesemayhaveaneffectonthegeneralpublic,sincetheyaresuretopassnear,oreventhrough,heavilypopulatedareas.Second,thereistheproblemofwaste.Allnuclearpowerstationsproducewastesthatinmostcaseswillremainradioactiveforthousandsofyears.Itisimpossibletomakethesewastesnonradioactive,andsotheymustbestoredinoneoftheinconvenientwaysthatscientistshaveinvented.,Forexample,theymaybeburiedundertheground,ordroppedintodesertedmines,orsunkinthesea.However,thesemethodsdonotsolvetheproblem,sinceanearthquakecouldeasilybreakthecontainers.Third,theremayoccurthedangerofaleak(泄漏)oranexplosionatthepowerstation.Aswiththeothertwodangers,thisisnotverylikely,soitdoesnotprovideaseriousobjectiontothenuclearprogram.However,itcanhappen.Separately,thesethreetypesofdangersarenotagreatcauseforworry.Takentogether,though,theprobabilityofdisasterisextremelyhigh.,()Whatisthepassageabout?AUsesofnuclearpower.BDangersfromnuclearpower.CPublicangeratnuclearpower.DAccidentscausedbynuclearpower.,B第一段“Therearethreeseparatesourcesofdangerinsupplyingenergybynuclearpower.”为文章的主题句。接着从三个方面论述主题：First.，Second.，Third.，段首第一句分别为各段的主题句，层次分明，结构清晰，最后一段进一步归纳全文大意：Dangersfromnuclearpower。故答案为B。,技巧三:从段落中寻找高频率词,任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词,练习5Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.,Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.,55.Thepassageismainlyabout_.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels,四主旨要义题技巧,回顾总结,遵循四字原则:,准,全,新,用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想,要注意文章的内涵和外延,把作者的观点准确地表达出来.,要排除掉那些片面的选项,选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项,范围不宜过大或过小.,所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力,能激发读者的阅读兴趣.,精,Practicemakesperfect!,高考真题验证,练习6“Haveaniceday！”maybeapleasantgestureorameaninglessexpression.WhenmyfriendMaxiesayshaveanicedaywithasmile，Iknowshesincerelycaresaboutwhathappenstome.Althoughtheuseoftheexpressionisaninsincere，meaninglesssocialcustomattimes，thereisnothingwrongwiththesentenceexceptthatitsalittleuninteresting.Thesalesgirl，thewaitress，theteacher，andallthecountlessotherswhospeakitwithoutthinkingmaynotreallycareaboutmyday.Butinastrangeandcomfortableway.Itsnicetoknowtheycareenoughtopretendtheycarewhentheirreallydontcareallthatmuch.Whiletheexpressionmaynotoftenbesincere，itsalwaysspoken.Thepointisthatpeoplesayitallthetimewhentheylike.(2012广东卷)30.Whatisthebesttitleofthe