基础知识天天练生物选修

is one of the practical form of values. The so-called values refers to the objective things are of no value and the value of fundamental perspective. Different values, peoples behaviour, attitudes, ways are different. People-oriented focus on human value and reality, we need the broadest masses as values. Adhere to people-oriented values, is to make the economy more development, improve democracy, cultural prosperity, and live a happier; is deeply concerned that human development and human values, development of social and human development of rational unified, insisted in the material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization in the overall advancement of Socialist civilization to a higher level. Also want to see that persons value is not only meet your needs, also is to meet the needs of others and the community. Adhere to people-oriented, to strongly advocate every community member, serve others, beneficial to the community of people. The so-called Outlook, attitude is on the record, including who, how to create a record of achievements, how to evaluate performance, and so on. What values, what kind of Outlook. Adhere to people-oriented Outlook, is on the premise of respecting the interests and power of people, creating a popular, warm hearts, steady heart performance, creating serve for one officer, the benefit of achievements, and overall construction of well-off society and promoting the all-round development of peoples performance. Achievement evaluation in both economic accomplishments, take another look at the effectiveness of social progress; changes in both urban and rural change; both hard environment to strengthen and take another look at the soft environment improvement momentum of development at present, depending on the potential for sustainable development. Leave people to talk about values are worthless and leave people to talk about Outlook is not what the performance. 4. people responded to the starting point of the question, and replied to questions point. Man is the sum of social relationships. We cannot leave the chichuanyongdu, housing, tourism and entertainment, entertaining, and even certain political, economic, cultural and social environment, and so on. Due to human needs, all walks of life will come into being. People create for their survival, and continue enjoying the results of the construction. Colorful in the transformation of the people of the world, community vitality in the creation of man. Therefore, any work we do, the starting point is human, what are people. Us speed up development, the core of which is to meet the needs of people, including survival needs, emotional needs and self-actualization needs. It should be noted that people are not machines, not the slave of an object, not to be controlled. People have their own personality, has its own personality, has its own dignity. Person in need of care, you need to understand, need to meet. It is said that in the agricultural society, people plant; in industrial society, man is an animal; the information society, return选修一 专题11“宁夏红”枸杞果酒是利用新鲜枸杞为原料，采用传统酿造技术与现代生物技术结合酿制而成。如图是某研究性小组的同学对枸杞果酒生产工艺进行考察后，绘制出的果酒生产工艺流程简图。据图回答：(1)枸杞果酒制作过程中，接种完成后要先向发酵罐中通入一段时间的无菌空气，这样做的目的是_。(2)在果酒酿造过程中，如果果汁灭菌不严格，含有醋酸杆菌，在酒精发酵旺盛时，醋酸杆菌能否将果汁中的糖发酵为醋酸？说明理由。_。(3)酵母菌与醋酸杆菌在细胞结构上的主要区别是_。(4)若要提高果酒的产量，发酵过程中关键要控制好哪些条件？_。(5)果酒制作是否成功，需发酵后取样鉴定，可用哪些方法检验酒精是否存在？_。解析：本题主要考查了果酒、果醋制作的基本过程和原理，及两种微生物的代谢类型。酵母菌是兼性厌氧微生物，在有氧时进行有氧呼吸大量繁殖，无氧时进行无氧呼吸产生酒精；醋酸杆菌需要在有氧且温度是3035条件下，才能将糖转化成醋酸，而此时发酵罐中的条件是无氧且温度是1825，所以醋酸杆菌不能将果汁中的糖发酵为醋酸。酵母菌属于真菌，而醋酸杆菌是细菌，两者在细胞结构上有显著区别；适宜的温度、pH、通气量等条件都会影响果酒的产量；检验酒精是否存在，可以通过嗅味和品尝进行初步检验，也可以用重铬酸钾检验。答案：(1)在有氧条件下，使酵母菌迅速繁殖，增加数量(2)不能。因醋酸杆菌是好氧性细菌，而果酒发酵是无氧环境(或因醋酸杆菌需要在有氧且温度是3035条件下，才能将糖转化成醋酸，而此时发酵罐中的条件是无氧且温度是1825)(3)有无成形的细胞核(4)适宜的温度、pH、通气量(答出温度即可)(5)向样液中加入重铬酸钾观察颜色的变化、用酒精比重计测定所得样液的酒精度等2下列是利用微生物制作果醋的流程示意图和发酵装置示意图，回答下列有关问题：(1)按照操作要求，把果浆倒入发酵罐后，影响发酵产物不同的重要因素有_、_、_。(2)A过程是_，A过程完成后，若要产生果醋，应该打开充气口，原理是_。(3)在这个发酵过程中，应对发酵产物及时检测，检测时应从_取样。(4)发酵过程中，你认为应该从哪些方面防止发酵液被污染？_。答案：(1)温度时间菌种(2)酒精发酵醋酸菌是一种好氧细菌(3)出料口(4)榨汁机、发酵装置要清洗干净；装入果汁后，封闭充气口(其它答案合理也可，至少回答二项)3泡菜是人们日常生活中比较喜欢的一种食品，但是泡菜中却含有亚硝酸盐。当人体摄入的亚硝酸盐总量达到0.30.5 g时，会引起中毒；达到3 g时，会引起死亡。我国卫生标准规定：亚硝酸盐的残留量在酱菜中不得超过20 mg/kg。膳食中的绝大部分亚硝酸盐在人体内以“过客”的形式随尿液排出，只有在特定的条件下，才会转变成致癌物质亚硝胺。针对泡菜在发酵过程中会产生亚硝酸盐的事实，某中学生物活动小组设计实验，探究不同食盐浓度和发酵时间对亚硝酸盐含量变化的影响。请补充实验设计的空缺内容：(1)制作泡菜的原理：_。(2)测量指标及方法：亚硝酸盐与某些化学物质发生反应后形成_色染料。先使泡菜样品及一系列已知浓度的亚硝酸盐溶液分别与化学物质发生显色反应，然后通过_颜色，可以估测出泡菜中亚硝酸盐的含量。(3)确定浓度梯度：经过查找资料和初步实验，发现当食盐浓度为3%以下时，制作的泡菜溶液发生腐败，而当食盐浓度在8%以上时，制作的泡菜又容易成为咸菜。因此，分别设计了3%、5%、7%的食盐浓度梯度来制作泡菜。(4)选择实验材料：红萝卜和白萝卜，哪种更适合于用做实验材料？_，理由是_。(5)制作泡菜：将实验材料分成3组制作泡菜，除了实验材料的重量相同外，还要保证每组泡菜的_相同。(6)从第三天开始，定期测定泡菜中的亚硝酸盐含量，请帮助该小组设计一个用于实验记录的表格。解析：乳酸菌在无氧的环境下大量繁殖并发酵产生乳酸从而制作成泡菜。答案：(1)利用乳酸菌在无氧的环境下大量繁殖并发酵产生乳酸而制作泡菜(2)玫瑰红对比(4)白萝卜避免植物中色素对显色反应的干扰(5)制作(或培养、发酵)条件(6)如下表数天酵发量含盐酸硝亚度浓盐食3%(1)号坛5%(2)号坛7%(3)号坛第3天第5天第7天4.下面是果酒和果醋制作的实验流程和某同学设计的果酒和果醋的发酵装置。根据图示回答下列问题：(1)完成图1中的实验流程。(2)冲洗的主要目的是_，冲洗应特别注意不能_，以防止菌种的流失。(3)图2装置中的充气口在_时关闭，在_时连接充气泵，并连续不断地向内_。(4)排气口在果酒发酵时排出的气体是由_产生的_，在果醋发酵时排出的是_。(5)写出与(4)题有关的反应方程式：_。(6)若在果汁中就含有醋酸菌，在果酒发酵旺盛时，醋酸菌能否将果汁中的糖发酵为醋酸？说明原因。_。(7)在酒精发酵时瓶内温度一般应控制为_。醋酸发酵时温度一般应控制为_。解析：本题主要考查了果酒、果醋制作的基本过程和原理，同时两种微生物的代谢类型、生存环境也有体现。酵母菌是兼性厌氧型生物，有氧时C6H12O66O26CO26H2O；缺氧时C6H12O62C2H5OH2CO2。因此在制作果酒时，应在缺氧的环境中进行。醋酸菌是好氧菌，能够利用糖在有氧时生成醋酸；在糖源不足时，将乙醇变为醋酸，反应式为C2H5OHO2CH3COOHH2O。因此在果酒制作过程中出气口排出的是CO2。而在果醋制作过程中因醋酸菌是好氧细菌，需要连续充气，因而排气口排出的既有CO2又有含氧量较低的空气。答案：(1)果醋发酵(2)洗去浮尘反复冲洗(3)果酒发酵果醋发酵泵入空气(氧)(4)酵母菌CO2剩余(含氧量少)的空气、CO2(5)C6H12O62C2H5OH2CO2C2H5OHO2CH3COOHH2O(6)不能。因为果酒发酵时的缺氧环境能抑制醋酸菌生长，且醋酸菌发酵条件是氧气充足(7)182530355下面是家庭酿酒的具体操作过程：先将米煮熟，待冷却至30时，加一定量的“酒药”与米饭混匀后置于一瓷坛内(其他容器也可)，在中间要挖一个洞，加盖并简单密封后置于适当的地方保温(1825左右)12 h即成。现请你根据上述过程回答以下问题：(1)先将米煮一煮的目的是_；要冷却后再加“酒药”的原因是_。(2)在米饭中央挖一个洞的目的是_。(3)家庭酿造米酒过程中，总会发现坛内总是先“来水”后“来酒”。先“来水”的原因是_；后“来酒”的原因是_，“来酒”过程的生化反应式可表示为_。(4)制作过程并未对用具专门进行灭菌，坛口也未严格密封，但一般情况下，坛内的米饭不会被杂菌污染，试简要阐明理由：发酵前期(初始阶段)：_。发酵过程中：_。(5)根据推测，在此酿制过程中，坛内物质的重量会_，原因是_。(6)俗语“一坛子好酒叫你弄酸了”常用来形容一个人不会做事，这句话背后蕴含了什么生物学原理？_。解析：(1)将米煮一煮是杀死其他杂菌，防止其他杂菌污染发酵液；煮后冷却至酵母菌的最适温度1825。(2)米饭中央挖一洞，密封后，提供有氧环境，以利于酒药中的酵母菌的大量繁殖，增加菌种的数量。(3)酵母菌在有氧条件下，进行有氧呼吸产生大量的水和CO2，在无氧条件下，进行酒精发酵，所以先有水后有酒。(4)初始阶段，先煮熟，杀死某些微生物，温度控制在1825有利于酵母菌生长繁殖，而不利于其他微生物生长繁殖。发酵过程中，由于酒精的产生，易使发酵液呈酸性，不利于其他微生物生长繁殖。答案：(1)杀死其他微生物防止酵母菌受热而死亡(2)提供有氧环境，利于酵母菌繁殖(3)开始有氧呼吸，进行有氧呼吸产生水后期造成无氧环境，进行无氧呼吸产生酒精C6H12O62C2H5OH2CO2(4)煮熟杀死了一些其他微生物，1825不适于其他微生物繁殖，而酵母菌的大量繁殖占据了生存空间在缺氧、呈酸性的发酵液中，大多数其他微生物无法适应而受抑制(5)减轻在有氧、无氧条件下，均有CO2产生，生产过程中不断排出CO2(6)体现了酒变醋的发酵过程6腐乳是我国民间传统发酵食品，味道鲜美，营养丰富，风味独特，易于消化。请回答有关问题：(1)在腐乳的制作中，起主要作用的生物是什么？它与乳酸菌在结构上的主要区别是什么？_。(2)腐乳含有丰富的氨基酸、甘油、脂肪酸等小分子物质，与此有关的物质变化有哪些？参与这些物质变化的酶有哪些？_。(3)在腐乳的制作过程中需加盐腌制，那么用盐腌制的目的是什么？为何要控制盐的用量呢？_。(4)在腐乳的制作中，卤汤是由酒及各种香辛料配制而成的。请问卤汤中酒的含量为何应控制在12%左右？_。(5)豆腐乳的品种很多，风味各异，你知道红方腐乳、糟方腐乳和青方腐乳在辅料上有何区别吗？_。答案：(1)毛霉，毛霉有成形的细胞核(2)蛋白质多肽氨基酸；脂肪甘油、脂肪酸。蛋白酶，脂肪酶(3)用盐腌制的目的：盐能抑制微生物的生长，避免豆腐块腐败变质；加盐可以析出豆腐中的水分，使豆腐变硬，在后期制作过程中不会过早酥烂。盐的浓度过低，不足以抑制微生物生长，可能导致豆腐腐败变质；盐的浓度过高，会影响腐乳的口味(4)酒精含量过高，腐乳成熟的时间将会延长；酒精含量过低，不足以抑制微生物生长，可能导致豆腐腐败(5)红方腐乳因加入红曲而呈红色；糟方腐乳因加入酒精而酒香扑鼻；青方腐乳不加辅料，用豆腐本身渗出的水加盐腌制而成主蒸汽管道和高温再热蒸汽管道分别从过热器和再热器的出口联箱的两侧引出，然后汇成一根母管，到汽轮机前再分成两根支管分别接入高压缸和中压缸左右侧主汽关断阀和再热关断阀。Now, we are in a new historical stage of all-round construction of a well-off society. In perform duties, and carried out work of process in the, we to put people as a guide principles, and a test standard, efforts from masses most hope do of things do up, from masses most care of hot problem grabbed, from masses most not satisfaction of place modified up, not make nominal of formalism, not do grandstanding of cosmetic, to seeking of style, help masses share, is people benefit. (C) the investee people is not only an idea, it is a job requirement. Philosophy through to the people-oriented thought in the work of the Office, must be clear work objectives. Party Office in the city this year remains: Advanced civil strife, local brand. The County (City) Party Committee offices and units directly under the Office to hold high the banner of first to excellence, people-oriented requirements, strengthen the construction and management of the Office towards the work a higher level. Investee 1. political participation based on conspiracy to adhere to people-oriented, will be around to promote coordinationDevelopment events, great searchings. The 16 session of the partys scientific Outlook on development, is the new Central collective leadership to the development of connotation, development essentials, further deepen the essence of development and innovation, is our partys ruling idea a leap. At present, establishing and implementing the scientific concept of development has become the partys important work. As the Office of party Committee, working party should service center, initiative to claim leadership of the decision, the current focus is to focus on promoting comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development with more suggestions, do more research, summarized the typical. One is drafted to raise the level of your presentation. Your presentation is the main Office of products, is the basic carrier staff service, is important to measure service levels. The quality of your presentation, mainly depends on how much we drafted a document recognized by the leadership, how many are l