大学英语综合教程第三册 Unit7 课件PPT课件

Unit7MakingaLiving,TextALifeofaSalesmanTextBBricklaysBoy,PartIObjectivesPartIITheAuthorPartIIICulturalNotesPartIVTextOrganizationPartVLanguageStudyPartVIWritingCharacteristicsPartVIIActivitiesPartVIIIAfter-textExercisesPartIXWritingStrategy,TeachingOutline,Studentswillbeableto:1.understandthemainidea(BillPorterthesalesmanwillnevergivein)andstructureofthetext(4parts,2flashbacks);2.appreciatethecharacteristicsofjournalisticwriting;3.graspthekeylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetext;4.conductaseriesofreading,listening,speaking,andwritingactivitiesrelatedtothethemeoftheunit,PartIObjectives,PartIITheAuthor,TomHallmanJr.isaseniorreporterspecializinginfeaturesatTheOregonian.Hejoinedthepaperin1980andcoveredthepolicebeatforadecade,longerthananyreportersincethe1950s.Whilecoveringcops,Hallmanbeganwritingfeaturestories-atfirstoffthebeat,thenthestoriesofeverydaypeople.HewasaPulitzerPrizefinalistinbeatreportingin1995andinfeaturewritingin1999.HehaswontheErniePyleAwardforhuman-interestwriting,theASNEDistinguishedWritingAwardfornondeadlinewriting(twice),thefeature-writingawardfromtheSocietyofProfessionalJournalistsandtheLivingstonAwardforYoungJournalists.,LifeofaSalesman,Betrayedbyacrippledbodythatleaveshimincontinualpain,betrayedbyachangingworldthatnolongerneedshim,BillPortereachdaytrudgeshisdoor-to-doorsalesterritory,setonmakinghiswayintheworldSunday,November19,1995,TheportraitofBillPorter,PartIIICulturalNotesSalesmanship:Salespromotionisanelementofthemarketingprocessthatcanclosethesaleofgoodsorservicestoapotentialcustomerbyprovidingtheincentivetomakeapositivepurchasingdecision.Salespromotion,advertising,andsalesmanshiparethemajortechniquesusedinmerchandisingproductstothepublic.Salesmanshipoftentakestheformofaface-to-faceencounterbetweenthebuyerandseller;thepresentationissetuptoconvincecustomersthattheproductonsaleisessentialtotheirsatisfaction.Thelackofpersonalfeedbackbetweenbuyerandsellerissometimesconsideredadrawbackoftheadvertisingapproach.Sellingbytelephone,althoughitissignificantlylesseffectivethanpersonalselling,isstillconsideredanimportantmethodofmerchandising.Inthe1980s,agrowingpromotionaltechniqueinvolvedin-homeshoppingprogramsusingcabletelevisionchannels.InrecentyearswiththehelpoftheInternetonlineshoppingisbecomingpopular.,Thetravelingsalesmanappearedlateinthe19thcenturybothinEuropeandintheU.S.Theearlyitinerantpeddlercardedhisgoodsonhisbackoronhishorse,workinghiswayfromaportcitythroughthehinterlands.Withthecomingoftherailroadandtheassurancegiventosellersbynewcredit-reportingsystems,salesmenwiththeirsamplecasesmovedacrosstheland.Persuasiveskillwaslessimportantinthosedaysofunsatisfieddemand,andorderswerereadilyforthcoming.By1900,however,withtheincreasingsupplyofmanufacturedgoods,buyersbecamemorediscriminatingintheirpurchases.Greaterattentionwasgiventotrainingthesalesforceandtoprovidingbuyerincentives.Thegrowthofindustrializationandurbanlivingledtothedevelopmentofmerchandisingasamajorbusinessendeavor.Theuseofsalespromotionpracticesexperiencedsteadygrowthinthe20thcentury.,Thetechniquesofsalespromotionareusedbothtomotivatesalespersonstoimprovetheirperformanceandtoinduceconsumerstopurchasegoodsandservices.Althoughsalespromotionworksmostcloselywithadvertising,itisalsorelatedtootherelementsofmarketing:productionservices,packaging,price,anddistribution.Atthemanufacturingandwholesalelevelsofdistribution,themethodsusedtomotivatepersonneltomeetspecificgoalsusuallyfallintotwocategories-salesincentiveprizes(suchasmerchandise,travel,orcashawards)andsalescontests.Botharebaseduponthesalespersonreachinganobjectiveabovethenormalsalesquota.,Consumerpromotionsencompassawidevarietyoftechniques,includingsamplingofgoodsorservices,storeredeemable“money-off”couponstoencouragethetrialofproducts,specialprice-reducedpackages,mail-inpremiummerchandiseoffers,cashorcouponrefundsbymail,specialproductpackaging,contests,andsweepstakes.Duringrecessionaryperiods,whenthedemandforconsumerexpendabledollarsbecomesmorecompetitive,thereisgreaterparticipationinrefund,coupon,andpremiumoffers.MorethanhalfthehouseholdsintheU.S.takeadvantageofsomesalespromotionofferseachyear.Salespromotion,nowfullyrecognizedasavitalelementinthemarketingmix,hasbecomeamultibilliondollarindustry.Inrecentyears,salespromotionexpenditureshaveexceededmoniesspentonadvertisingandtherearestrongindicationsthatthispatternofgrowthwillcontinuetomaintainitseconomicedge.,PartIVTextOrganization,cccc,Structure,PartVLanguageStudyWordsandexpressionsLinger:a)spendalongtimedoingsth.Examples:Tolingerlongoveronesmealisgoodtooneshealth.Therewillbenotimetolinger-itwillsoonbedark.b)stayforalongtime,esp.becauseonedoesnotwanttoleaveExamples:Shelingeredaftertheconcert,hopingtomeetthestar.Recentlysomeoneisalwayslingeringaroundourneighborhood.Ihavegiventhebeggarmuchrice,butheisstilllingeringabout/on.,Wordsandexpressionsscar:n.amarkleftontheskinbyawound,burn,etc.afterithashealedExamples:Itiseasytorecognizethelittleboybecausehehasascaronhisleftarm.Thewitnesstoldthepolicethatthecriminalhadascaronhisforehead.vt.leaveascaronExamples:Theburnsweresoseverethathewillbescarredforlife.Herfacewasscarredbysmallpox.,Wordsandexpressionsdignity:thequalityofbeingworthyofhonororrespectExamples:Aphysicianshallbededicatedtoprovidingcompetentmedicalservicewithcompassionandrespectforhumandignity.Somethinkthatclonedhumanbeingswillbedeprivedoffreedomordignityorpersonalidentity.Theyholdontothefaiththatthevalueoflifedependsonitsdignityandnotitssuccess.,Wordsandexpressionscripple:v.causetobecomeunabletomoveorwalkproperlyExamples:Crippledpeopleshouldnotbediscriminated.Marywascrippledbyacaraccident.b)damageorharm(sb./sth.)seriouslyExamples:Theshipwascrippledbyastorm.Thebusinesshasbeencrippledbylosses.n.alameperson,Wordsandexpressionsbetray:showalackofloyaltyto;giveorshow(sb./sth.)toanenemyExamples:Hiswifebetrayshim.Thetraitorbetrayedhiscountryduringthewar.Itturnedoutthathebetrayedmyplantotheopponent.Betraythepottotheroses.:revealthesecret.Derivatives:betrayaln.betrayer,Wordsandexpressionsgainon:comecloserto,esp.arivalorsth.pursuedExamples:Peterisgainingontheleaderintherace.TheSocialistsaregainingontheConservativesintheopinionpolls.Usage:gainon/upon(nopassiveform),Wordsandexpressionstremble:shakefromcold,fear,weakness,etc.Examples:Herhandsgrewverycoldandtrembledsothatshecouldhardlyholdtheflag.Madisonwasextremelypaleandtrembledexcessivelyashebeganhisinauguraladdress.Formuchofthedaythepavementstremblefromtheweightofpassingtraffic.Usage:tremblewith；tremblefor；trembletodo就担心害怕Examples:Itrembledtothinkwhathadhappenedtothenuclearreactor.我一想到那个核反应堆所发生过的事就担心不已。,Wordsandexpressionskickup:removesthbykickingExamples:Ahorsekickedupadustwhilerunning.b)(causeto)rise,cause,inspireExamples:Sheisalwayskickingupafuss.Relatedphrases:kickabout=kickaround:object,detest;treatsbroughlykickoff:begin(agame,speech,etc.)kickaboutaround:putasidewithoutbeingused;throwawaykickagainstatsth.:oppose,rebelkicksb.out：dropoutof(school,home,etc.),Wordsandexpressionstilt:v.(causeto)moveintoaslopingpositionExamples:Thepilotcantiltthehelicopterforward,backward,ortoeitherside.Inthenorthernhemisphere,thesunclimbshighintheskyandthedaysarelonginsummer,whenthenorthernendoftheearthsaxisistiltedtowardthesun.n.Examples:TheleaningTowerofPisaisrenownedforitsmarkedtiltTheamountofdaylightinadayvariesthroughouttheyear,basedonthetiltofEarthsaxis.,Wordsandexpressionslean:v.(causeto)moveintoaslopingposition;bendExamples:Myfatherleanedtheladderagainstthewall.Thepostleansalittlebit.Justleanforwardforawhile,ducinglittleofvalue;containinglittleornofatExamples:TheU.S.A.issufferingfromaleanyear.TherecessionandleanfamilybudgetsistroublingsomeAmericans.Itisgoodtoeatveryleanandtendermeat.Nowadayssomegirlsaresoleanthattheyareeasytocatchacold.Lastmonthwasaleanseasonforgoodfilms.,WordsandexpressionsDistinguish:lean，thin，slimandslender:leanthin,lackingfate.g.aleanhorsethintheantonymoffat,causedbyhungerordiseasee.g.athinmanslimandslenderreferredtoagoodstature/figuree.g.aslimslendergirlUsage:leanagainstonsth;leansth.againstonsth.;leanover;leanto=havethetendency/bend,Wordsandexpressionsdelivery:a)theprocessofbirthExamples:Womenwhodomanualworkhaveeasydeliveries.Intheend,itwasaneasydelivery:afinebabyboy.b)thedeliveringofletters,goods,etc.Examples:FederalExpressCorporationproviderapiddeliveryofpackages,letters,andothershipmentswithintheUnitedStatesandworldwide.Mostnewspapersofferhomedelivery.Usage:takedelivery(ofsth.):receiveondelivery:whenthegoodsarrive;ongoodsarrivinge.g.CanIpayitondelivery?makedeliveriesto:providegoodsforsb,Wordsandexpressionssection:anyofthepartsintowhichsth.isdividedExamples:Thisarticleconsistsoftenmajorsections.Newspaperstypicallyhavesectionsforlocalnews,sports,artsandentertainment,business,andclassifiedadvertising.disorder:disturbanceofthenormalworkingofthebodyormind;lackoforderExamples:Thehouseisindisorder.Thewholecountryisthrownintodisorderbecauseofthewar.Agood-byetoherboyfriendledhimtoanervousdisorder.Thecapitaliscalm,butcontinuingdisorderhasbeenreportedelsewhere.Theannouncementledtoviolentcivildisorders.Heissufferingfromseverementaldisorder.,WordsandexpressionsWordformation:disordereda.；disorderlydis-:prefix,meaningnot,contrary,etc.e.g.disadvantage,disagree,disappear,disapprove,disbelieve,disclose,discomfort,discontent,discontinue,discourage,discover,dishonesty,dislike,disobey,dissatisfy,distrust,etc.Distinguish:confusion，disorder，messconfusionemphasizingcantdistinguishclearly.e.g.Toavoidconfusion,theteamsworedifferentcolors.disordern.differentfromconfusionindegree,interchangeablewithconfusion.e.g.Burglarsleftthepremisesinastateofdisorder.(confusion).,Wordsandexpressionssuggestingphysicaldiscomfort.e.g.Hewashospitalizedwithastomachdisorder.messinf.havingwidemeanings.e.g.Theroomisinamess.Theeconomyofthatcountryisinamess.Usage:indisorder=inamess;disorderlya.；fallintodisorder;inorder,Wordsandexpressionstransfer:movefromoneplacetoanotherExamples:TransferringPeterfromTokyototheBostonofficewasasmartidea.Commercialairportsaredesignedtotransferpassengersandfreighttoandfromaircraft.Creditsearnedatjuniorcollegescouldbetransferredtoanotherinstitutionwherestudentscouldcompletetheirfinalyearsofcollege.HewastransferredfromCrystalPalacetoArsenalfor2.5million.Derivatives:transferablea.;transferabilityn.;transferencen.;transferreda.Usage:transfersth./sb.(fromto),Wordsandexpressionslimitation:lackofabilityExamples:Electriccarscouldtravelonlyashortdistancebeforetheyneededrecharging,duetothelimitationsofbatterytechnology.Acupunctureisgoodforsomemedicalconditionsbutithasitslimitations.Asastudentherecognizedhislimitations,butdidlittletoimprovehimself.Derivatives:limitn.vt.；limitlessa.；limiteda.e.g.alimitedcompany,Wordsandexpressionsapplyfor:makeaformalrequestforExamples:Excellentstudentscanapplytothecollegeforscholarship.IhaveappliedforalibrarycardofZhejiangLibrary.Theyappliedtothegovernmentforfinancialhelp.Youshouldapplyimmediately,inpersonorbyletter.Thewriterappliedtothepublishersforpermissiontoreprintanextract.Derivatives:application:application/letterUsage:applyoneselfto:devoteoneselfto;applytosb.forsth.;apply.to.e.g.Thescientistsappliedtherecentdiscoverytopracticaluse.,Wordsandexpressionsrepresentative:apersonwhorepresentsothersExamples:Egypt,Israel,andtherepresentativesofthePalestinianpeoplewillparticipateinnegotiationsontheresolutionofthePalestinianproblem.Representativesfrommorethan170nationsconvergedinParisfortheEarthSummit.Derivatives:representv.Usage:arepresentativeofsb.sth.berepresentativeof.,Wordsandexpressionsliterature:a)thebodyofwrittenworkproducedbyscholarsorresearchersinagivenfield;printedmaterialusedtoadvertiseorpromoteaproductExamples:Myfriendissendingmeliteraturefromtwoothercompaniesthatprovideasimilarservice.Thereisquitealotofliteratureavailableonthehistoryofcomputers.HeissearchingforliteratureonChinesehistory.Haveyougotanyliteratureonthenewcar?,Wordsandexpressionsb)writingsthatarevaluedasworksofarts,theartoroccupationofaliterarywriter.Examples:Manyreadersconsiderthenovelthemostflexibletypeofliterature.Thegraduateschooloffersmastersordoctoraldegreeprogramsforadvancedstudyinsuchliberalartsandsciencefieldsashistory,chemistry,physics,andliterature.IaminterestedintheclassicalliteratureofFrance.Hedevotedallhislifetochildrensliteratureandwasrespectedbygenerationsofchildren.Derivatives:literaryadj.;literatea.n.；illiteratea.n.,Wordsandexpressionspledge:n.asolemnpromiseExamples:TheUSmakesapledgenottosupportTaiwan.Thebridegroommadeapledgetolovethebrideforever.vt.a)toofferorguaranteebyasolemnbindingpromiseb)todepositassecurity;pawn.Examples:Thehusbandpledgetogiveupsmoking.Thegovernmenthaspledgeditselftosendaidtothefaminevictims.Hehaspledgedhismothersring.Usage:transfersth./sb.(fromto),WordsandexpressionsDistinguish:pledge,promisepromisesuggestspredictingorgivingsomehopeofe.g.Hebrokehispromiseanddidnotcometoseeme.Thisyearpromisestobeanothergoodoneforharvests.pledgeisstrongerthanpromiseinmeaning.Usage:pledgesth.tosb.sth；pledgesb.oneself(tosth.todosth.)；underpledgeof；signthepledge=takethepledge；keepbreakapledge;make/giveapledgetodosth.,Wordsandexpressionsretail:thepracticeofsellinggoodsinsmallquantitiestothegeneralpublicExamples:Wal-Martisacompanythatoperatesavarietyofretailchainstores.Departmentstoresrefertolargeretailstoressellingmanydifferentkindsofmerchandisearrangedinseparatedepartments.transit:passagethroughoracross;asystemofurbanpublictransportationExamples:OurfleetmakethetransitthroughthePanamaCanalwithoutanydifficulty.Thepresidentwantstoimprovethenationshighwaysandmasstransitsystems.,Wordsandexpressionsstrain:v.injure(thebodyorthepartofit)ormakeitweakbytoomucheffortExamples:ImuststopsurfingontheInterneteveryday,oritwillstrainmyeyes.Teachinghasstrainedmyvoice.Carryingtheboxstrainedmywrist.n.aseveredemandonmentalorphysicalstrength,resources,abilities,etc.(followedbyon)Examples:Imexperiencingthestrainofsleeplessnights.Bringingupsixchildrenisastrainonmyparentsresources.Scienceresearchisastrainoncollegestaff.Usage:at(full)strain:makeeffortstodo,tryonesbest;strainoneself,Wordsandexpressionsuseless:notfulfillingtheintendedpurposeExamples:Preventingthecountryfrompurchasingoilcrippleditsarmyandmadeitsnavyandairforcecompletelyuseless.Overpopulationandovercroppingareturningapproximately14millionacresayearofformerlyfertilelandintobarrenandeconomicallyuselesswasteland.limb:alegoranarm;alargebranchofatreeExamples:Thesmallsizeandweightofdogsfeetandlimbsrequirelessenergytomove.Noattemptshouldbemadetomovebrokenlimbsuntilmedicalhelparrives.Theflagwashangingfromthelimbofabigtree.,Wordsandexpressionsoffbalance:inanunsteadypositionorabouttofallExamples:Iwascaughtoffbalancebythesuddenwindandnearlyfell.Thenaughtyboyssuddenpushthrewmeoffbalance.Usage:losebalanceonbalance:generallyspeaking,Wordsandexpressionsterritory:landacountrycontrolsorownsExamples:Thegovernmentdeniesthatanyofitsterritoryisunderrebelcontrol.Acountrysembassyinaforeigncountryisconsidereditsownterritory.Usage:withinterritory;e.g.withinChineseterritoryoutsideterritoryonthephone:betalkingtosb.usingthephoneExamples:Pleasewaitoutsideforamoment;themanagerisonthephone.,Wordsandexpressionsregister:a)berecognizedornotedmentallyExamples:OnoccasionswhatIsaiddidntregisterinmydaughtersbrain.Theprofessorsnamedidntregisterwiththestudents.b)recordaname,anevent,etc.forofficialpurposesExamples:ThenewstudentsweretoldthattheymustregisterwiththeUniversitybeforetheycouldclaimtheirgrants.Thenewlypurchasedapartmentisregisteredinhername,notherhusbands.Derivatives:registereda.registeredmail;registrantn.；registern.；registrationn.；registryn.,Wordsandexpressionslaundry:a)acommercialestablishmentforlaunderingclothesorlinens.Examples:Iwillhavetheseheavyclothessenttothelaundry.b)clothesorsheets,etc.thathavebeenorneedtobewashedExamples:Thenewmodelwashingmachineoffersnumeroussettingsforwashingdifferenttypesandquantitiesoflaundry.Agooddealoflaundryhadaccumulatedduringthepasttwoweeks,asourwashingmachinedidntwork.Derivatives:laundervt.；launderingn.；laundrymann.;laundrywomann.,Wordsandexpressionsprofitable:bringingprofitoradvantage;lucrativeExamples:Thetradingdepartmentoftheinvestmentbandbuysandsellssecuritieswhenprofitableopportunitiesarise.BasedinNewYorkCity,RandomHouseownsmanyofthemostprestigiousandprofitablebookpublishingcompaniesintheUnitedStates.Thetradeofopium,ahighlyprofitableproductforBritishmerchantsandeventuallyanillegalimportintoChina,ledtotheOpiumWars.Ididntfindthetalkveryprofitable.Onthecontrary,Ithoughtitwasnonsense.Derivatives:profit:makeaprofit,Wordsandexpressionsoffonesfeet:nolongerstanding;lieExamples:Aftertheoperationtheoldmanhadtostayoffhisfeet.Thedoctorcheckedhisleftfootcarefullyandsaidhewouldhavetostayoffhisfeetforabouttwoweeks.Iamexhaustedtodeath.How1wish1werenowoffmyfeetandhome.Relatedphrases:beononesfeet:stand;standononesownfeet:dosthbyoneself/independently；keeponesfeet；ononesfeet:stand,Wordsandexpressionscommission:a)CgroupofpeopleofficiallysetuptomakeaninquiryandwriteareportExamples:Thegovernmenthassetupacommissiontoinvestigatetheproblemofdrugabuse.b)C,Umoneypaidtosb.forsellinggoodswhichincreaseswiththequantityofgoodssoldExamples:Ifasalespersonispaidoncommission,theamounttheyreceivedependsontheamounttheysell.Petersgets10%commissiononeveryphotocopierhesells.Icangetacommissionforbringinginnewclients.Usage:incommission；oncommission；outofcommission,Wordsandexpressionssurgery:a)thebranchofmedicinethatdealswiththediagnosisandtreatmentofinjury,deformity,anddiseasebymanualandinstrumentalmeans.Examples:Heunderwentopen-heartsurgery.Peoplehavepracticedsurgerysinceancientstimes,butitdidnotbecomearespectedscienceuntilthe19thcentury.Surgeryisthefastestandmosteffectivetreatmentfortumorsthataredetectedearly.b)anoperatingroomoralaboratoryofasurgeonorofahospitalssurgicalstaff.Examples:Iwouldneverlikethefeelingofstayinginasurgery.Derivatives:surgicala.；surgeonn.(adoctor),Wordsandexpressionsbelaidup(with):stayinbed,beunabletowork,etc.Examples:IhavebeenlaidupwithabrokenlegOurmathteacherhasbeenlaidupinb