English-Stylistics1.ppt

EnglishStylistics,LiuRuiqin,TheStudyofStylistics,ChapterOne,1.1TheDefinitionofStylistics,Thedevelopmentofstylistics:IthasdevelopedonthebasisoftraditionalrhetorictracedbacktothetimeofthegreatGreekcivilizationwithPlatoandAristotleaspioneeringfigures.Beforethe1950s,itwasmainlyconcernedwiththestudyofliteraryworks.,1.1TheDefinitionofStylistics,3.Inthelate1950s,itbecameafieldofacademicinquiry.4.Inthelastthreeorfourdecades,theobjectofanalysisexpandsintothestudyofnon-literarytexts.,1.1TheDefinitionofStylistics,Definition:Thestudyofstyle(Wales,1989:437)Thestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientation(Widdowson,1975:3)Thestudyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature,ameetinggroundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy(Leech,1969:1-2),1.1TheDefinitionofStylistics,Nowstylisticscanbedefinedas“thestudyofdiscourseortextonthebasisofmodernlinguistictheories”.LinguisticallyInitiatedby:ChomskystransformationalgenerativegrammarHallidayssystematicfunctionallinguistics,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,1.StylisticstudyhelpscultivateasenseofappropriatenessEnglishisnotahomogenousphenomenon.Ithasawiderangeofvarieties.Peoplehavetorespondtoagivensituationwithanappropriatevarietyoflanguage,andastheymovethroughtheday,theychangethetypeoflanguagethey,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,areusingwiththechangingsituation.Onlyinthiswaycantheycommunicateonarangeofsubjects,withpersonsinvariouswalksoflife,andgaintheirunderstandingaswellasunderstandthem.,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,ExamplesofdifferentvarietiesofEnglish:RegionaldialectRegionaldifferencesSocialdialectDifferencesinsocialstatus,KachrusEnglishLanguageCircles,Theinnercircle:traditionalbasesofEnglishasprimarylanguage:UK,Ireland,USA,Canada,SouthAfrica,AustraliaandNewZealand.Theouterorextendedcircle:representtheearlierspreadofEnglishinnon-nativecontexts;Englishispartofthecountrysleadinginstitutions;playsasecond-languageroleinamultilingualsociety,e.g.Singapore,India,Malawi,and50otherterritories.Theexpandingcircle:countriesthatrecognizetheimportanceofEnglishasaninternationallanguage,butwithnohistoryofcolonization;Englishhasnospecialadministrativestatusinthesecountries,e.g.China,Japan,Sweden,Polandandmanymore,KachrusModel,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,Forexample,“干杯”mayhaveseveralequivalentsinEnglish:Bottomsup!(onaninformaloccasion)Allowmetoproposeatoastto(grand)Heresto(common)Cheers!(casual),1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,Thechoiceofaparticularspeechstylehassocialimplications.Forexample,choosingaformalstyleinacasualcontextmaysoundfunny,andusingaverycolloquialstyleinaformaltext,suchasinasermon,atafuneralservice,mayoffend.,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,2.StylisticstudysharpenstheunderstandingandappreciationofliteraryworksThreeprocessesofliterarycriticism:DescriptionInterpretationEvaluation,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,Theeventualthrustofliterarycriticismistoevaluateworksofliterature.Butinterpretationcomesbeforeevaluation,anddescriptioncomesbeforeinterpretation.Stylisticanalysis,bystartingwithlinguisticfacts,relatesdescriptiontointerpretationandformalfeaturestotheirartisticfunction.Itthusformsanessentialpartofliterarycriticalactivity.,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,Eg:agriefago(DylanThomas)Itbreakstworules:1)Syntacticallyaftera,thereshouldbeacountablenounwhichcanbepluralized.2)Semanticallyagousuallymodifiesanountodowithtime,suchasday,month,etc.Griefisatermconcerningemotion.,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,adayagoaweekagoamonthagoayearago,Normal,abnormal,agriefagoajoyagoatendernessagoahappinessago,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,Bycomparison,wecanseethatThomasappearstobemeasuringtimeintermsofemotion.deviationforegrounding,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,3.StylisticstudyhelpsachieveadaptationintranslationThetranslatedtextmustbeadaptedtotheoriginalintermsoflanguagetypeandgeneraleffect.,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,Forexample:油漆未干：WetPaint危险，此处有炸药：Danger:Explosives,ChineseEnglishvs.Chinglish,Chinglish2,Chinglish3,Chinglish4,1.2TheNecessityofStylistics,Priortotranslating,thetranslatorshouldreadandstudytheoriginaltext,soastograspitsoverallstyle,includingitswordinginclination,itssentencefeatures,itsrhetoricaldevices,itspatternsofpresentation,itsgeneralmoodormodality,itsmannerofparagraphing,etc.,1.3TheTheoriesofStylistics,2.3.1TypesofStylisticTheoriesIntermsofscopeofstudy:Literarystylistics:theobjectofwhichcanbeonlyliteraryworksandtheirstylisticcharacteristicsandestheticvaluesGeneralstylistics:studiesalltypesoftexts,includingliterarystylistics,suchasnewsreport,legallanguage,advertisement,etc.,1.3TheTheoriesofStylistics,Intermsofpurposeofstudy:linguisticstylistics:toimprovethemodelofstylisticanalysisinordertoenactthedevelopmentofstylistictheoriesthroughtheanalysisofthestylisticfeaturesoflanguageliterarystylistics:toprovideevidenceforbetterunderstanding,interpretingandappreciatingliteraryworksfromtheperspectiveoftheauthor,1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories,socio-historicalstylisticsculturalstylisticsTheaimofsocio-historicalstylisticsandculturalstylisticsistorevealtheunderlyingideologyandpowerrelationswithintexts.(Carterwithoutwhichtherewouldbenopoetry.,1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories,2)Systematicfunctionallinguisticsconsistsmainlyoftwoparts:systematicgrammarfunctionalgrammar,1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories,Systematicgrammarseeslanguageasmeaningpotentialconsistingofasetofintricatesystemnetworks.Itismainlyusedtoshowtheunderlyingrelationsbetweentheelementsoflanguageatdifferentlevelsanditservesasaresourceforpeopletochooseintheiruseoflanguage.Functionalgrammaristhegrammarwhichdescribesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuseintheirsocialinteractions.,1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories,2.HallidaysStudyHispaper:LinguisticFunctionsandLiteraryStyle:AnInquiryintoWilliamGoldingsTheInheritorsInthispaper,Hallidayconsideredstyleas“foregrounding”ormotivatedprominence”,andanalyzedthestyleofthenovelintermsoftransitivitystructureswhichrealizetheideationalmetafunction.,1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories,2.HallidaysStudythreemetafunctionsoflanguage:ideationalfunctioninterpersonalfunctiontextualfunction,1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories,AccordingtoHallidaysfunctionalstylistictheory,thelinguisticstructuresaredevelopedoutoffunctions,andallthelinguisticstructurescanbeinterpretedintermsofthethreemeta-functions.Thetheoryoflinguisticfunctionrelatesthelinguisticformwiththecontextofsituationandcanmakeusknowthestylisticfeaturesofthetextfromaprofoundlevel.,1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories,variablesofcontextofsituationSystematicfunctionallinguisticslaysspecialemphasisonthecontextofsituation,andisrelatedtothethreemeta-functions.Hallidaydevelopsaframeworkforthecontextofsituation,consistingofthreevariables:fieldtenormode,1.3.1TypesofStylisticTheories,Discourse/textstylisticsItisaschoolofstylisticsdevelopedbyusingthemodelofdiscourseanalysisforstylisticanalysisalongwiththedevelopmentofpragmatics,textlinguisticsanddiscourseanalysis.,1.4ModesofLinguisticProminence,Halliday,inhispaper“LinguisticFunctionsandLiteraryStyle:AnInquiryintoWilliamGoldingsTheInheritors”consideredstyleas“foregrounding”,or“motivatedprominence”.Therearedifferentwaystoachieveprominence:,1.4ModesofLinguisticProminence,1.Incongruity:Thelinguisticfeaturesdepartfromthenormaluseoflanguage,breakingtherulesofgrammar,spelling,pronunciation,etc.irregularity:Thelinguisticfeaturesdrasticallydepartfromtheestablishedrulesandprinciples.e.g.Whenevershebetiredshebecross.(AmericanblackEnglish),1.4ModesofLinguisticProminence,irrationality:Thelinguisticfeaturedoesnotconformtologic.Thefiguresofspeechsuchasoxymoron,paradox,circumlocution（婉转曲折的说法）,tautology（同义反复）,pleonasm（冗语句）,etc.areofthistype.e.g.Goodnight,partingissuchsweetsorrow.alivingdeath,1.4ModesofLinguisticProminence,transference:Themeaningofonelinguisticexpressionistransferredtothatoftheother.Metaphor,metonymy,simile,synecdocheandsymbolismareofthistype.e.g.Heisatiger.,1.4ModesofLinguisticProminence,2.Deflection:Thelinguisticfeaturesdonotdepartfromtheestablishedgrammatical,lexicalandlogicalrulesandprinciples,buthaveanunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrence.,1.4ModesofLinguisticProminence,Irregularrecurrence:Thelinguisticfeaturesaredistributedrandomlyandinhighfrequencyinatext.Forexample,ForLycidasisdead,deaderehisprime,YoungLycidas,andhasnotfelthispeer.WhowouldnotsingforLycidas?HeknewHimselftosing,andbuildtheloftyrhyme.(Milton,Lycidas),1.4ModesofLinguisticProminence,Regularrecurrence:Regularrecurrenceconsistsofseveraltypes,suchasparallelism,antithesis,anaphora（重复）,etc.Wheretheresmarriagewithoutlove,thereslovewithoutmarriage.,1.5TheCriteriaofRelevance,Thecriteriafordeterminingwhethertheprominentfeaturesarestylisticfeaturesornotare:Whetherth