考研英语核心400词更新

精选文库 考研英语核心400词前言 本教材是经过多年考研英语教学与研究而总结出的核心词汇。核心词汇是那些出现频率高以及对解题具有关键作用的词汇。这些词汇反映了考研英语的特点，在英美报刊和杂志上出现的频率也相当之高，多出现在“准学术”型的文章中，而这些文章也是命题人一直偏爱的题源文章，因其具备较高思辨性，符合考研英语的难度及特点。 本教材在编排顺序上将一些近义词、形近词放在了一起，以便于学员辨析分清。本教材中的每个英文单词只列出了在考研英语中最常用的汉语释义，以方便学员记忆。 尽早记住考研英语核心400词有助于学员尽早解决词汇障碍而更快地进入学习状态，能够更清晰更快速地阅读考研英语各类文章。一、 名词1. authority 权威，当局Mexican authorities noticed a large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.墨西哥当局注意到，在成年人中有大量人住院。One authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control.一位权威人士说道，这些极其强大的精神事件不但可以约束，还可以有意识地进行控制。2. equivalent 等价物The digital credential would be a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card.该数字证书可以成为一个“自愿受信身份”系统，从而成为物理密钥、指纹以及身份证的高科技等价物。3. alternative 替代物They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.他们更愿意握紧自己的钱包，把在家吃饭作为一种现实的替代。4. substitute 代替物Devoted concertgoers reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance.忠诚的音乐会爱好者回答道，唱片并不能1代替现场表演。5. community 具有共性的人 （社区，届）The approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a trusted community.该方法能够在网络空间建一个“有墙的花园”，具有安全的“邻里关系”以及明亮的“街灯”，从而创造出一种安全社区的意识。6. transaction 交易The individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence.个人和组织能够充满信任地完全在线交易。7. mentality 心态It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would eventually be a compulsory of Internet “drivers license” mentality.该计划看来明显是一个最初的推断，最终将形成一种英特网强制性“驾驶执照”的心态。8. skepticism 怀疑The plan has also been greeted with skepticism by some computer security experts.该方案也遭到了电脑安全专家的怀疑。History and news become confused, and ones impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.历史和新闻变得令人困惑，人们开始产生一种怀疑与乐观相混合的印象。9. executive 高级管理者But Edward Dolman, the chief executive, says: “Im pretty confident were at the bottom.”但是首席执行官爱德华多尔曼说道：“我完全相信现在已经是在底部了。”10. irony 讽刺This episode crystallizes the irony that, although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they rarely talk at home.该情节体现出一种讽刺，那就是，籍贯美国男性在公共场合比女性说话多，但在家里，他们很少说话。11. preference 偏爱The first and more important is the consumers growing preference for eating out.首先并且最重要的是消费者不断增长的对外出就餐的偏爱。12. predominance 优势Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.不可避免的事，这种从优势地位退下来的感觉是痛苦的。13. pattern 图案，模式The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.政治科学家安德鲁哈克在上世纪七十年代观察到这一模式。14. infrastructure 基础设施Big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence.大型零售商在管理产品类别、物流、以及营销智能化方面，可以应用其规模、已有基础设施和历经考验的技能，这是有利可图的。15. inequity 不公正In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband.在我自己的研究中，女性们对于丈夫的抱怨通常并非针对那些明显的不公正，例如放弃职业来陪伴丈夫。16. humanity 人类，人性He is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.他的正在发表的一篇论文不仅暗示出某个人类群体会比其他群体更聪明，还解释了这种现象产生的过程。His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on.他主要关注的是人文学科：文学，语言，哲学等等。17. revival 复活，复兴Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.卡杜斯的批判性评论有机会复活吗？这看来很遥远。18. amateur 业余爱好者Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.另外，音乐评论中的业余爱好者传统在急剧衰退。19. corporation 公司Corporations could use such approaches to introduce new routines.公司应当采用这些方法来塑造新的惯例。Its a self-examination that has involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.这是一种自我检查，其中包含责任、创造性自由和公司底线等问题。20. economy 经济，经济体Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.富裕国家不像过去那么依赖石油，因此对油价波动就不那么敏感。21. adolescent 青少年Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.口香糖曾经主要是青少年购买，现在则经常出现在商业广告中，用来使口气清新，以及用来在餐后清洁牙齿。22. juvenile青少年Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.很多关于青少年违法原因的理论都把主要影响原因归于个人或社会。23. jury 陪审团Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values.很多美国人把陪审团制度看作关键民主价值的具体表现。24. qualification 资格There is a principle that all citizens should meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy.有一个原则，那就是所有公民应当符合年龄和识字能力方面的最低资格要求。25. specialization 专门化Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.专门化可以看作是对科学知识不断积累的一种响应。26. prerequisite 先决条件Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career.专业化使得博士学位成为成功学术生涯的先决条件。27. connotation 内涵The word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values.“业余爱好者”一词的确带有这样一种内涵，那就是，没有完全整合进科学界的人不会分享其价值观。28. prospect 前景Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the job center with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.失去工作是痛苦的：你不可能唱着歌蹦蹦跳跳地来到就业中心，心里高兴地想着这个慷慨的国家会让你的收入翻番。29. prosperity 繁荣“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.物质的核心是美国艺术与科学研究院刚发表的一篇报告，这篇报告肯定了人文学科和社会科学对于美国自由民主的繁荣与安全的重要性，因此是值得表扬的。30. intelligence 智力，智能Jury duty was once limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character.陪审团的职责曾经仅限于那些具有卓越智力、教育背景和道德素养的人。Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.事实上，对于人工智能的探索所获得的结果是非常复杂的。31. fitness 健康But despite some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.尽管存在一些反面的主张，事实上，笑对于身体健康几乎没有什么影响。32. seminar 讨论会He spent many of his weekly seminars giving detailed instructions in techniques of observation.他用了很多的周讨论会来详细说明观察技术。33. duty 职责Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.一些哲学家提出，权力作为职责与利益的交换的一部分，仅存在于契约中。34. advocate 倡导(vt.)， 倡导者(n.)Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.罗森博格令人信服地提出，广告商很善于应用同伴压力，公共健康倡导者应当向他们学习。He advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.他提倡思想自由和个人表达的自由。35. benefactor 捐助者These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.这些捐助者在他们自己的领域很成功，他们想用自己的财富吸引那些在科学领域取得成功的人。36. entrepreneur 企业家These upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.这些突然崛起的企业家不可能通过金钱使自己的奖项具有诺贝尔奖那样的威望。37. chaos 混乱Beethovens music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.贝多芬的音乐总是从混乱过渡到秩序，仿佛秩序是至高无上的人类存在。38. tension 张力The tension between the universal and the particular has been immensely productive in anthropology.在人类学中，普遍性与特殊性之间的张力能够产生大量研究结果。39. obesity 肥胖Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.很难对肥胖进行定义，这一事实受到的关注更多。40. significance 重要性，意义Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days events由于日常生活占据了我们有意识的思想，因此我们并不总是会思考日常事件的情感意义。41. institute 研究机构，（专门型）学院According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.根据加拿大健康信息研究院的统计，自1997年以来，医疗保险总体开销中处方药成本在大幅上升。42. institution 制度，机构，机制He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution.他是那种与众不同者，作为一个独立于任何机构的科学家在工作。There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.存在一种大批量交易，就是机构用户付钱通过网站特许协议来解除大量的在线期刊。The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.研究机构的发现一致地表明，所有国家的劳动者都可以通过工作培训来获得生产率的根本提高，从而大幅提高生活水平。The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution.如果不保护南方各州的制度，他们当时就不会签署宪法。It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.人们可以说，对任何社会机价值的衡量在于其扩大并提示经验方面的效果，但这一效果并不属于这些机制的最初动机。Malinowski regarded all institutions of a society as intrinsically linked to each other, and stressed that every social or cultural phenomenon ought to be studied in its full context.马林诺夫斯基把所有社会机制看成是相互联系的，并强调应当将所有社会或文化现象放在其完整的社会情境中进行研究。43. intellectual 知识分子，知识的It is intellectuals, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.反对知识的正是知识分子本身，而不是美国。44. manuscript 手稿When I set out to revise and update this book, the original manuscript was five years old.当我在对这本书进行修改和更新时，最初的手稿已经存在五年之久了。44. justice 大法官The court cannot maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law when justices behave like politicians.假如大法官像政客那样行事，法庭就不能维持其作为法治监护人的合法性。45. trait 特征The trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.我们过高评估了关于才干的特征。46. reference参考In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had.事实上，你可以尝试对任何给定句子、图像或参考可以具有的意义或效果进行重建。47. inference 推理You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you.你可以进行进一步推理，比如该文本对你具有何种重要性。48. legacy 遗产Morgans legacy would also be acknowledged by many Marxist anthropologists.摩根的遗产也会得到马克思主义人类学家的认可。49. label 标签Advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.技术的发展使得诸如飒拉、HM以及优衣库这样的大众市场品牌能够对市场趋势快速反应，并更加准确地对需求进行预测。50. vogue 流行I shall then proceed to characterize the system now in vogue in Western civilization.我将继续讲述西方文明中现在流行的体系特征。51. premise 前提Although cultural relativism had been introduced more than a century before, it was Boas who made it a central premise for anthropological research.尽管一个世纪之前就有了文化相对主义，却是鲍亚士使之成为人类学研究的核心前提。52. emotion 情感According to one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted in physical reactions.根据一个古典情感理论，我们的感觉部分上来自于身体反应。53. sentiment 感情These theories are quite indispensable to any understanding of the complex sentiment in primitive societies.这些理论对于理解原始社会中复杂感情来说是不可或缺的。54. mood 心情The physical act of laughter could improve mood.笑这一身体行动能够改善心情。55. discipline 纪律，学科His work shows, probably better than that of any other anthropologist, the potential of cultural criticism inherent in the discipline.他的工作展示了该学科中固有的文化批判的潜力，这一工作可能优于任何其他人类学家。56. impulse 脉冲，冲动In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme.在物理学中，有一种方法将这一寻求一致性的冲动发挥到极致。57. survey 社会调查A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work.一项新的研究表明，人们事实上在家要比在工作中更有压力，这一结果与大部分社会调查相反。58. hostility 敌意All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession.在世界范围内，律师们所产生的敌对心理要比其它任何职业来得都要多。59. gratitude 感激It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.将这些礼物满怀感激地并优雅地收下，这是明智的。60. inquiry 询问，探究Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.学术探究需要更少的排他性和更多的全面性，至少在某些研究领域是这样的。61. hypothesis 假设The linguist Edward Sapir formulated, with his student, a hypothesis, which claims that language determines cognition, and that the worlds languages differ enormously.语言学家爱德华沙皮尔和他的学生构想出一个假说，声称语言决定认知，且世界上的语言存在巨大差别。62. superiority 优越性We naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to boost our “illusory superiority”.我们很自然地利用一些自我提升的策略来增加我们的“虚幻优越感”。63. modification 修改Credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification.那些显得重要并并可信的发现总是需要面对挑战和潜在的修改。64. proportion 比例The poets also have taught many people to value love in proportion to its intensity.诗人教诲了很多人以爱德强度来衡量其价值。65. indifference 漠不关心Someone wrote a controversial and influential book that denounced Hollywood for celebrating a culture of violence and indifference to suffering.某人写了一本有影响力且存在争议的书，书中谴责好莱坞颂扬暴力文化，而对痛苦却漠不关心。66. motivation 动机This movement has been driven by powerful and diverse motivations.这次运动受到各种强大动机的驱使。67. motive 动机As the family system changes, economic motives also change.当家庭体系改变时，经济的动机也随之改变。68. sustainability可持续性She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability.她展现出一种可持续性倡导者们共同具有的理想。69. peer 同伴，同行All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.所有这些可以改变传统的同行审阅形式，至少在论文出版方面是这样。70. virtue 美德The primary motive of marriage ethics in this society has been to secure high degree of female virtue, without which a family will become impossible.这个社会婚姻伦理的主要动机是保证高度的女性美德，否则家庭将是不可能的。We are not sure if experts can successfully select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.我们不能肯定专家是否能够成功地去选择同伴群体，并将他们的行为引导至有美德的方向上去。71. elite 精英The practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way antidiscrimination laws.选择所谓精英或蓝带陪审团的实践为绕开反歧视法提供了一个权宜之计。72. consent 同意Daughters throughout civilization could not marry without their fathers consent.在所有的人类文明中，女孩都不可在未获得父亲允许的情况下出嫁。73. fatigue 疲劳For some people, art is something like a good armchair in which to rest from physical fatigue.对于某些人而言，艺术就像一个良好的扶手椅，可以躺在里面恢复身体疲劳。74. ancestor 祖先Ancestor worship, or something analogous, prevailed very widely down to the present day of China.在中国，祖先崇拜等形式一直广泛流传至今。75. antiquity 古物，古代The civilization of antiquity, in contrast to our own, suffered from living in relatively small population.与我们当今社会不同，古代文明承受着一种痛苦，那就是人口相对稀少。76. immortality 不朽The individualism of Christian communities gradually affected the policy of Christian countries, while the promise of personal immortality diminished the interest in the hearts of men.基督教社团的个人主义逐渐影响着基督教国家的政策，而在男人们心中则减少了对于个人不朽性承诺的兴趣。77. nihilism 虚无主义The belief that everything is as good as everything else may ultimately lead to relativism or nihilism.如果相信任何一切均与其它一切同样好，则会导致相对主义或虚无主义。78. urge 激励There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge.那些花园无疑证明了一种不可能的创造、表达、改变和美化的冲动，并证明自我表达是一种基本的人类冲动。79. conviction 信念，定罪Art has the power to celebrate our cherished convictions and to pacify us.艺术有能力颂扬我们珍视的信念，并使我们平静。80. species 物种They stem from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago.他们来源于3500万年前共同的祖先。81. insistence 坚持What has been added to this in the way of insistence on male virtue by Christianity had its psychological source.基督教将此塑造为男性美德，这一额外特点具有其心理根源。82. epidemic 流行病In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.然而，一些研究者在最近的研究中发现一点，那就是大人物对社会流行所施加的影响要远小于人们普遍认为的程度。83. divorce 离婚There may be all kinds of differences as regards divorce, from the Catholic extreme, which permits no divorce, to the law of old China, which permitted a man to divorce his wife for being a chatterbox.关于离婚，有很多不同的类型，极端的天主教不允许离婚，而在古代中国的法律中，男性可以由于妻子太唠叨而离婚。84. critic 批评家Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.批评家们也提出，商业基因检测之多也就是用作收集样本的比较参考。85. celebrity 名人The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities.研究者的论点来源于对社会影响的一个简单观察，一些名人则被排除在外。86. preservation 保存For the preservation of the species, the participation of the male is necessary for the rearing of the children.男性的参与对孩子的抚养来说是必须的，这有利于物种的保存。87. issue 问题(n.)，发行(vt.)Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties.他和其他人一样，即使是在履行日常职责时，也会遇到道德问题。88. code 行为准则Part of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code.问题部分在于大法官不受伦理行为准则的约束。89. offspring 后代Among human beings the co-operation of the father is a great biological advantage to the offspring, especially in unsettled times and among turbulent populations.在人类中，父亲的合作对于后代来说是个巨大的生物学优势，尤其是在混沌时代以及动荡的人群中。90. incentive 刺激Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.公司如果想在艰难时期留住他们的独立董事，就需要提供经济刺激。91. patent 专利The U.S. court of Appeals said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.美国上诉法院说到，他们将采用特别程序来更广泛地审查商业方法专利。92. flexibility 灵活性These gave banks more f