高速列车技术发展.ppt

高速列车电技术的发展DevelopmentofElectricTechnologyforHighSpeedTrain,1.高速铁路网的跨越式发展催生了高速列车技术的跨越式发展(TheLeap-forwarddevelopmentofhigh-speedrailwaylinesleadstotheleap-forwarddevelopmentofhigh-speedtraintechnologies)高速铁路是现代文明社会的一个梦，地球上不少地方已圆了这个梦，中国也是的！(High-speedrailwayisadreamofmoderncivilizedsociety,whichhascometrueinmanycountries.SohasinChina!),2010年铁路运营里程9万公里以上(Operationrailwaymileagein2010reaches90,000km);快速客运网总规模2万公里以上(Fastpassengerlineaslongas20,000km)运行速度250Km/h以上(Runningspeedashighas250km/handup)投资总额2万亿RMB以上：20072012干线网，20122020支线网。(Totalinvestmenttopsover2000billionRMBYuan:formainlinefrom2007to2012,forbranchlinefrom2012to2020)。,“中长期铁路网规划”“Mid-to-longTermPlanofRailwayLine”,高速铁路客运网(High-speedPassengerLine)“四纵四横”骨架与客运专线(-FourLongitudinalLines运营过程中服务质量与乘客文明素质的和谐。inharmonyistheservicequalityandpassengerqualityduringoperation.,人与自然的和谐：节能、环保(Harmonybetweenhuman-beingandnature:energy-saving,environmentalfriendly),2020年5月23日,9,3.上下求索之路（RoadtoPursuetheTruthintheWorld）,增强自主创新能力，掌握核心技术；（Enhancingtheindependentinnovativecapability,mastercoretechnologies。）把原始创新、集成创新、引进消化吸收再创新相结合，螺旋式前进。（Combiningoriginalinnovation、integratedinnovationaswellasre-innovationbasedonintroductionandabsorption,forspiralimprovement，spiralingforward。）,3.1自主开发(Self-development),3.2吸收再创新(AbsorptionandRe-innovation),“引进先进技术、联合设计制造、打造中国品牌”，借鉴并吸收世界先进文明成果，掌握高速列车的关键技术。通过再创新，建立了“和谐号”产品系列和技术体系。(“Introductionoftoptechnologies,jointdesignandproduction,buildingofChinesebrand”.Tograspthecritictechnologiesofhigh-speedtraininthelightofandviaabsorptionofadvancedworldcivilizationachievements.Throughre-innovation,theCRHtrainsystemsandtechnologysystemshavebeenbuilt.),高速列车技术（HighSpeedTrainTechnology）,优异动力学性能(Outsta-ndingDynamicsPerformans)车体气密性技术(CarBodyAir-tightnessTechnology)交流传动技术(ACDriveTechnology网络控制技术(TrainNetControlTechnology),高速受流技术(High-speedCurrentCollectionTechnology)复合制动技术(CompoundBrakeTechnology)智能诊断技术(IntelligentDiagnosisTechnology)完备检修技术(CompleteOverhaulTechnology),交流传动（ACDriveTechnology）,高速列车要达到高速运行，必须具有大功率的牵引系统，速度在300km/h以上的高速列车牵引功率需在10MW左右。大功率“交-直-交”变流技术是现代高速列车电力牵引的核心。(Inordertorealizehigh-speedrunning,thetrainmusthavehighpowerdrivesystem,whosedrivepowerwillbeabout10MWwhenthespeedisover300km/h。Highpower“AC-DC-AC”convertertechnologyisthecoreofmodernhigh-speedtrainelectrictraction。),交流传动系统集成(TractionDriveSystemIntegration),powersemiconductordevices,tractionconverter,sensor,assistantpowersupplyequipment,trainrunningsupervisoryequipment,traincontrolsystem,3.3电力电子技术的快速发展（RapidDevelopmentofPowerElectronicsTechnology）,不控和半控器件电流全控器件电压全控器件功率集成器件；（uncontrolledandhalf-controlleddevicecurrentfull-controlleddevicevoltagefull-controlleddeviceintegratedpowerdevice；）器件体积减少了34个数量级；（Devicevolumedecreasesbythreetofourordersofmagnitude；）大功率器件的开关时间从毫秒级降到了微秒级；小功率的甚至降到纳秒级；（Timeswitchofhighpowerdevicereducesfrommillisecondtomicrosecond,whichoflowpowerdeviceevendecreasestonanosecond;）工作频率从50Hz增加到兆赫级;(Powerfrequencyincreasesfrom50Hztomegahertz;)变流器的功率水平从几伏安提高到几百兆伏安，电压从伏级提高到几千伏级。(Powerlevelofconverterincreasesfromseveralvoltamperetoseveralhundredmegawattsvoltampere，voltageincreasesfromvolttoseveralkilo-volt。),牵引变流器关键技术（KeyTechnologyofTractionConverter）,基础研究成果(FundamentResearchAchievement),高压IGBT技术研究（IGBTHigh-VoltageTechnologyResearch）IGBT与FRD芯片结构研究（ResearchonarchitectureofIGBTchipandFRDchip）IGBT芯片结构与电特性关系研究（RelationshipbetweenstructureandelectricalcharacteristicofIGBTchip）IGBT模块可靠性技术研究（IGBTmodulereliabilitytechnologyresearch）,IGBT相模块(IGBTphasemodule),IGBT器件IGBTdevice,牵引变流器冷却技术研究（TractionConverterCoolingTechnologyResearch）各种冷却技术的研究（Researchonvariouscoolingtechnologies）牵引变流器热设计仿真（Tractionconverterthermaldesighsimuation）稳态/瞬态下散热和冷却研究（Researchonradiationandcoolingundersteady-stateandtransientstate）,常用电压型变流器(VoltageSourceConverterinCommonUse),三电平变流器(Three-levelConverter),牵引变流器(TractionConverter),一台牵引变流器为4台牵引电机电源的控制设备，由脉冲整流器、直流平滑电路、逆变器、真空交流接触器等主电路设备和无触点控制装置、控制电源等控制电路设备构成。Atractionconverterprovidescontrolforfourtractionmotorpowersupply，whichiscomposedofmaincircuitequipments(suchaspulserectifier、DCsmoothingcircuit、inverter、acvacuumcontactorandsoon)andcontrolcircuitequipments(suchasnon-contactcontroldevice、controlpowersupplyandsoon).,tractionconverteremptycabinet,cabinetoverhaul,cabinetwelding,信息技术的快速发展(RapidDevelopmentofInformationTechnology),模拟装置数模混合装置数字装置单片机DSP(analogdeviceanalog/digitalmixed-devicedigitaldeviceMCUDSP)DSP从10位64位，主频从20MHz提高到1GHz以上，运算速度增加使MAC（1次乘法和1次加法）时间从400ns降低到10ns；(DSP:10-Bit64-Bit,clockfrequencyimprovedfrom20MHzto1GHz。TheincreaseofcalculationspeeddecreasesMAC(onemultiplicationandoneaddition)timefrom400nsto10ns。)可编程逻辑芯片从十几门逻辑提高到百万门逻辑；（ProgrammableLogicchipincreasesfromdozensofgatelogictomillionsofgatelogic。）不断提高的DSP的处理速度和容量及推广应用(constantlyincreasedDSPprocessingspeedandcapacityaswellasitsapplication)新的控制硬件与控制策略(newcontrolhardwareandcontrolstrategy),转子磁场定向控制(RotorField-orientedControl),rotatingspeedadjustor,torquecurrentadjustor,fluxgenerator,fieldcurrentadjustor,rotorfluxobserver,直接转矩控制(DirectTorqueControl),四象限脉冲整流器控制(4-QuardantPulseRectifierControl),轻载牵引或制动工况下功率因数控制技术研究(studyofpowerfactorcontrolunderlowloadtractionorbrakingconditions)无电网电压传感器的四象限控制策略研究(researchon4-Quardantcontrolstrategywithoutvoltagesensors)级连式多电平高压大功率牵引变流器四象限控制系统研究(researchon4-Quardantcontrolsystemofcascademultilevelhighvoltagelargepowertractionconverter),粘着与蠕滑率控制(AdhesionandSlipControl),轮轨粘着特性的实时检测和判定(real-timedetectionandestimationofwheel/railadhesioncharacteristics)蠕滑检测(slipmeasurement)传动系统非线性对粘着控制性能影响(influenceofdrivesystemnonlinearityonadhesioncontrolperformance),drivewheel,directionofmotion,tractionpower,roadsurface,dryroadsurface,moistroadsurface,creepagevelocity,列车网络控制系统结构（TrainNetworkControlSystemStructure）,drivercontrolandpanelswitch,firealarm,traininstruction,分布式列车控制系统（DistributeTrainControlSystem）,应用软件(applicationsoftware),网络控制系统软件（NetworkControlSystemSoftware）,软件质量管理(SoftwareQualityManagement),运营维护软件(operatingmaintenancesoftware),功能验证和仿真软件(Functionverificationandsimulationsoftware),控制软件(controlsoftware),运营维护软件接口(operatingmaintenancesoftwareinterface),控制软件接口(controlsoftwareinterface),网络协议栈(networkprotocolstack),板级支持包(boardsupportpackage),实时操作系统(realtimeoperatingsystem),工具软件(utilitysoftware),牵引传动系统建模与仿真TractionDriveSystemModelandSimulation,dSPACE,牵引变压器Tractiontransformer,整流器中间回路RectifierDC-link,逆变器电机Invertermotor,控制计算机Controlcomputer,接口单元Interfaceunit,生产线1ProductionLine1,生产线2ProductionLine2,4.路漫漫（RoadtoInfinity）,新材料、新工艺、新技术，促使包括高速度列车在内的轨道运输装备更节能、环保、人性化，从部件到整体的技术正经历新的变化。（Newmaterials,newprocessesandnewtechnologiesmaketherailequipmentincludinghighspeedtrainstobemoreenergysaving,environment-friendlyandhumanoriented.Thetechnology,fromcomponenttosystem,islivingthroughnewchanges.）,4.1新型变流器(NovelConverter),简化电路，减少有源或无源器件(simplifiedcircuit,reducingactiveorpassivedevice)降耗节能(lossreducingandenergysaving),矩阵变流器MatrixConverter,9开关交-交变流器Nine-SwitchAC-ACConverter,双电平交-直-交阻抗源变流器Two-LeverAC-DC-ACZ-SourceConverter,三电平交-直-交阻抗源变流器Three-LeverAC-DC-ACZ-SourceConverter,软开关变流器(soft-switchpowerconverter),软开关条件：一方面是重复地使器件上的电压为零、或强迫流过器件的电流为零，并随即保持一个足够长的时间以完成换流；另一方面，器件必须在零电压或零电流期间，尽快完成换流过程。(Soft-switchconditions:oneside,repeatedlybringingdevicevoltagetozero、orforcingcurrentthroughdevicetobezero,andholdingenoughtimetofinishcurrentconvert;ontheotherhand,devicemustfinishcurrentconvertduringthecourseofzerovoltageorzerocurrent。)目前有两类电路可以满足前一方面的要求：谐振直流环节和谐振吸收回路。(Nowtherearetwotypesofcircuitwhichcansatisfytheformerrequest:resonantDC-Linkandresonanceabsorptioncircuit。),准谐振电路（QRDCLcircuit）,谐振吸收电路（resonanceabsorptioncircuit）,4.2新控制策略NovelControlStrategies,间接式定子量控制IndirectStator-QuantitiesControl,复合式智能控制CombinedIntelligentControlExample:fuzzysliding-modecontrolusingadaptivetuningtechnique,Example:slidingmodeneuro-adaptivecontrol,4.3牵引变压器的革命（RevolutionofTractionTransformer）,A)超导变压器(SuperconductingTransformer)采用超导导线代替铜导线，使超导变压器具有小型轻量、低耗高效的特点。(Replacingcopperwirewithsuperconductingwiremakessuperconductingtransformerbecomeminiaturizationandlightweight、lowconsumptionandhigherefficiency。）由液态氮冷却的铋系列化合物（如Bi2223、Bi2212）高温超导材料开始应用于制造电气设备和电缆。（Bismuthcompoundhightemperaturesuperconductingmaterials（suchasBi2223、Bi2212）cooledwithliquidnitrogenhavebeenappliedtomanufactureelectricequipmentandcable。,B)电子变压器（ElectricalTransformer）,级联变流器和中频耦合变压器的供电电路。（Powersupplyelectriccircuitofcascadedconverterandintermediatefrequencycouplingtransformer。）功率1MVA的400Hz（变比11）中频变压器的重量为450kg，短路电抗为18.9%，效率达96.2%。（Weightof400Hzintermediatefrequencytransformerwith1MVApower（transformationratio1：1）is450kg,whoseshort-circuitreactanceis18.9%andefficiencyis96.2%。）,transformer,traditionalsinglephaseAClocomotive,4-Quardantconverter,tractionmotor,DC-linkcircuitandsnubbercircuit,electricaltransformer,front-endreactor,intermediatefrequencytransformer,secondarysideconverter,inverter,frequencyconverter,4.4无齿轮的直接传动（GearlessDirectDrive）,电动机直接套在轮轴上，电机产生的转矩不经齿轮而是直接传递到轮对上去,可节省空间和费用。(motordirectlysurroundswheelaxleandtorqueproducedbymotordirectlytransferstowheelpairwithoutthroughgear,whichefficientlysavesspaceandexpense。)直接传动特别适合永磁同步牵引电动机传动。(Directdriveespeciallyapplystopermanentmagnetsynchronousmotordrive。),4.5永磁同步牵引传动系统(PermanentMagnetSynchronousTractionDriveSystem),高效（highefficiency）高功率密度（highpowerdensity）可控性（controllability）减少空间尺寸（reducespacesize）无齿轮直接传动（gearlessdirectdrive）,AGV,PMmotorforAGV,ItalysNTV,hasplacedfirmordersworth650million(US$953million)for25trains(withoptionsfor10more),andhassignedamaintenancecontractwithAlstom.Productionofthefirsttrainswillbegininmid-2008,andtheywillb