Testing Grammar And Vocabulary 如何测试语法和词汇.ppt

TestingGrammarAndVocabulary,Outline,TestinggrammarWhytestgrammarWritingspecificationsSamplingWritingitemsScoringproductiongrammartests,TestingvocabularyWhytestvocabularyWhattotestItemwritingOthertestingtechniques,TestingGrammar,Whytestgrammar,Asfarasproficiencytestsareconcerned,therehasbeenaviewthatsinceitislanguageskillsthatareusuallyofinterest,thenitisthesewhichshouldbetesteddirectly,nottheabilitiesthatseemtounderliethem.Foronething,onecannotaccuratelypredictmasteryoftheskillbymeasuringcontrolofwhatwebelievetobetheabilitiesthatunderlieit.Foranother,thebackwasheffectoftestswhichmeasuremasteryofskillsdirectlymaybethoughtpreferabletothatoftestswhichmightencouragethelearningofgrammaticalstructuresinisolation,withnoapparentneedtousethem.Considerationsofthiskindhaveresultedintheabsenceofanygrammarcomponentinsomewell-knownproficiencytests.Butmostproficiencytestswhichareadministeredonalargescalestillretainagrammarsection.,Evenifonehasdoubtsabouttestinggrammarinaproficiencytest,thereisoftengoodcausetoincludeagrammarcomponentintheachievement,placementanddiagnostictestsofteachinginstitutions.Ithastobeacceptedthatgrammaticalability,orratherthelackofit,setslimitstowhatcanbeachievedinthewayofskillsperformance.Forthemomentatleast,toobtainreliableandmorethanrudimentarydiagnosticinformationofthiskindwouldinvolvethedevelopmentandadministrationoflongandunwieldytests.Computer-basedtestingmaybringprogressinthisfieldinthenearfuture.,Writingspecifications,Forachievementtests:whenteachingobjectivesorthesyllabuslistthegrammaticalstructurestobetaught,specificationofcontentshouldbequitestraightforward.Whenthereisnosuchlistingitbecomesnecessarytoinferfromtextbooksandotherteachingmaterialswhatstructuresarebeingtaught.Specificationsforaplacementtestwillnormallyincludeallofthestructuresidentifiedinthisway,aswellas,thosestructuresthecommandofwhichistakenforgrantedineventhelowestclasses.,Sampling,Givingthetestcontentvaliditybyselectingwidelyfromthestructuresspecified.Consideringwhatareregardedforonereasonoranotherasthemostimportantstructures.Itshouldnotdeliberatelyconcentrateonthestructureswhichhappentobeeasiesttotest.,Writingitems,Multiplechoiceitems(excessiveuseshouldbeavoided)Paraphrase,completion,andmodifiedclozeprovesufficientformostgrammartestingpurpose.Theyrequirestudenttosupplygrammaticalstructuresappropriatelyandnotsimplytorecognizetheircorrectuse.,Paraphrase,Requiringthestudentstowriteasentenceequivalentinmeaningtoonethatisgiven.Itishelpfultogivepartoftheparaphraseinordertorestrictthestudentstothegrammaticalstructurebeingtested.E.g.1.Testingpassive,pastcontinuousform.Whenwearrived,apolicemanwasquestioningthebankclerk.Whenwearrived,thebankclerkwas.2.TestingpresentperfectwithforItissixyearssinceIlastsawhim.Isixyears.,Completion,Usedtotestavarietyofstructures.E.g.Inthefollowingconversation,thesentencesnumbered(1)to(6)havebeenleftincomplete.Completethemsuitably.Readthewholeconversationbeforeyoubegintoanswerthequestion.(Mr.ColewantsajobinMr.Gilbertsexportbusiness.Hehascomeforaninterview.)Mr.Gilbert:Goodmorning,MrCole.Pleasecominandsitdown.Nowletmesee.(1)Whichschool?MrCole:WhitestoneCollege.P.143144,ModifiedCloze,Testingprepositionsofplace:FillintheblankswithprepositionsaccordingtothepicturegivenonP144Johnlookedroundtheroom.Thebookwasstillthetable.Thecatwasthechair.Hewonderedwhatwastheboxthetelephone.Andsoon.,Testingarticles(Candidatesarerequiredtowritethe,a,orNA-NOArticle.)InEnglandchildrengotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.schoolthatMarygoestoisverysmall.Shewalksthereeachmorningwithfriend.Onemorningtheysawmanthrowingstonesandpiecesofwoodatdog.dogwasafraidofman.Andsoon.,TestingavarietyofgrammaticalstructuresWhentheoldmandied,wasprobablynogreatjoyheaven;andquitecertainlylittleifanyrealgriefinCharlburyDrive,thepleasantlyunpretentiouscul-desacsemi-detachedhousestowhichheretired.,Testingsentencelinking(Aone-wordanswerisrequired)Thecouncilmustdosomethingtoimprovetransportinthecity.,theywilllosethenextelection.,Scoringproductiongrammartests,Themostimportantthingistobeclearaboutwhateachitemistesting,andtoawardpointsforthatonly.Forvalidandreliablescoringofgrammaritemsofthekindadvocatedhere,carefulpreparationofthescoringkeyisnecessary.Akeyforitemsintheprevioussectionmightbealongthefollowinglines.,Paraphrase,1.MusthaveWasbeinged1point2.Ihaventorhavenot1pointseen1pointforsixyears1pointAlternatively,allthreeelementscouldberequiredforapointtobegiven,dependingontheinformationthatisbeinglookedfor.,completion,TheCambridgeFirstCertificateTestpack,fromwhichthecompletionitemsweretaken,isratherlessexplicitthanonemightwish(thoughnodoubtinanactualexaminationscorerswouldbegivenmoredetailedinstructions).Thus:Wholemarkforeachquestionformedcorrectlywithauxiliaryandinversion(exceptNo.6whyyouwanttoetc.)andwithtensesuitabletocontext.BonusforcontinuoustenseinNo.3.TheAmericanphrasequitcollegeforleaveschoolallowed.,Modifiedcloze,Itishelpfulifcandidatesarerequiredtoputtheirresponsesinnumberedspacesattheright-handsideofthepage.Checkingagainstthekeyisthenverystraightforward.Prepositions:1.on;2.under/beneath;3.in/inside;4.near/besideVariousstructures:1.there;2.in;3.of;4.hadSentencelinking:otherwiseArticles:1.NA;2.The;3.a;4.a;5.NA;6.NA;7.a;8.The;9.the,TestingVocabulary,Whytestvocabulary,ThemainreasonfortestingisthatitgivesusinformationabouthowwellthestudentsproceedintheirlearningofEnglish.Itgivesusausefulfeedbacktobothteachersandstudents.Itwillhaveapositiveeffect.Ingeneral,testinghelpstorecyclevocabularyaswellastoconsolidateit.,Whattotest,1.Spokenformoftheword2.writtenformoftheword3.grammaticalbehavioroftheword4.collocationbehavioroftheword5.frequencyoftheword6.stylisticregisterconstraintsoftheword7.conceptualmeaningoftheword8.associationsthewordhaswithotherrelatedwordsWrittenandspokenformsofwordsarethemostfrequenttypes.Studentsaregivenasetofwordswhichtheyhavetotranslate.Thismethodisveryeasyandeconomicalfortheteacher.,ItemWriting,Recognition,Thisisonetestingproblemforwhichmultiplechoicecanberecommendedwithouttoomanyreservations.Foronething,distractorsareusuallyreadilyavailable.Foranother,thereseemsunlikelytobeanyseriousharmfulbackwasheffect,sinceguessingthemeaningofvocabularyitemsissomethingwhichwewouldprobablywishtoencourage.However,thewritingofsuccessfulitemisnotwithoutitsdifficulties.Synonyms,definitions,gapfilling(multiplechoices)areinvolved.,Synonymsandantonyms,Studentshavetowritedownwordsofthesamemeaning:clever_(bright)important_(significant)Studentshavetowritedownwordsoftheoppositemeaning:beautiful_(ugly)happy_(sad),Definitions,Theteachergivesstudentsalistofdefinitionsofwordssheneedstotest.However,noteverywordcanbeeasilydefinedandsometimestherecanbemorethanonepossibleanswer.Moreover,thedefinitionsshouldbeclearsothatstudentsunderstandthedefinitionandcancometotherightanswer.Simpleexampleofadefinition:,LoathemeansA.dislikeintenselyB.becomeseriouslyillC.searchcarefullyD.lookveryangryAgainstthedifficultwordcouldbeoneoftheoptions.OnewordthatmeanstodislikeintenselyisA.growB.screechC.sneerD.loathe,Gapfilling(multiplechoices),Wecanuseiteitherfortestingsinglewords,wordsinsentencesorintexts.Singlewordcanbetestedthroughdefinitions,forexample:tanglemeansa)typeofdanceb)atropicalforestc)aconfusedmassd)akindoffruit,Wordscanbetestedinsentences,forexample:Thereisagood_attheOdeontonight.A)screenB)filmC)showingD)actingThistypehastheadvantageofplacingtheproblemwordsinacontextualsetting,anditsaprocedurefeltbymanytoprovideabettermeasureoftesteesabilityactuallytousethetestwordsactivelyinareal-lifesituation.Notethatthecontextshouldnotitselfcontainwordswhichthecandidatesareunlikelytoknow.,Production,Thetestingofvocabularyproductivelyissodifficultthatitispracticallyneverattemptedinproficiencytests.Informationonreceptiveabilityisregardedassufficient.Thesuggestionspresentedbelowareintendedonlyforpossibleuseinachievementtests.Pictures,definitionandgapfillingareinvolved.,Pictures,Themaindifficultintestingproductivelexicalabilityistheneedtolimitthecandidatetothe(usuallyone)lexicalitemwehaveinmind,whileusingonlysimplevocabularyourselves.Onewayroundthisistousepictures.Eachoftheobjectsdrawnbelowhasaletteragainstit.Writedownthenamesoftheobjects:（accordingtothepicturesgivenonP149）ADBECFThismethod