应三++Unit+5b.ppt

1,Focus2content,Shortessay:howtoconductaninterviewwithyourwitnesses,Pairwork:aninterviewwithyourwitness,Text:Howtowriteagoodsurvey,Workingwithwords,Researchproject,Listening-basedwriting,Highlights,TableofContents,Part2LanguageinUse,上海交通大学出版社,2,focus2highlights,HighlightsR:Shortessay:howtoconductaninterviewwithyourwitnessesS:AninterviewwithyourwitnessLanguageforaninterviewwithawitnessR:HowtowriteagoodsurveyResearchproject:AnalyzingaquestionnaireaccordingtotheguidelinesLyourgoalistowritequestionsthateachpersonwillinterpretinthesameway.Agoodquestionshouldbeshortandstraightforward.AquestionnaireshouldbeshortinplainEnglishandthequestionsshouldbeeasytoanswer.Onlythroughcarefulwriting,editing,review,andrewritingcanyoumakeagoodquestionnaire.Thefollowingprovidesyouwithguidelinesforconductingyoursurveys:,上海交通大学出版社,straightforward:a.1)简单的，易懂的，不复杂的e.g.Theexplanationofthisphenomenonisstraightforward.Thisbookpresentsanup-to-date,straightforwardcourseforstudents.2)诚实的，坦率的e.g.Heisnotbeingasstraightforwardasitappears.,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,17,Focus2text,上海交通大学出版社,Aquestionnaireisaresearchinstrumentconsistingofaseriesofquestionsandotherpromptsforthepurposeofgatheringinformationfromrespondents.Althoughtheyareoftendesignedforstatisticalanalysisoftheresponses,thisisnotalwaysthecase.Questionnaireshaveadvantagesoversomeothertypesofsurveysinthattheyarecheap,donotrequireasmucheffortfromthequestionerasverbalortelephonesurveys,andoftenhavestandardizedanswersthatmakeitsimpletocompiledata.However,suchstandardizedanswersmayfrustrateusers.Questionnairesarealsosharplylimitedbythefactthatrespondentsmustbeabletoreadthequestionsandrespondtothem.Thus,forsomedemographicgroups,conductingasurveybyquestionnairemaynotbepractical.,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,18,调查问卷要简短2总的来说，调查问卷要尽量简短。在草拟调查问卷时，首先心里一定要清楚，什么是必需要知道的，什么是有用的，什么是不必要的。然后，保留必要的，并将有用的控制在最少数，而舍弃无用的。此外，如果一个问题不是很重要，不必包含在报告当中，则可以将它删除。,Focus2text,Translation,Writeashortquestionnaire2Aboveall,yourquestionnaireshouldbeasshortaspossible.Whendraftingyourquestionnaire,makeamentaldistinctionbetweenwhatisessentialtoknow,whatwouldbeusefultoknow,andwhatisunnecessary.Retaintheformer,keeptheusefultoaminimum,anddiscardtherest.Ifthequestionisnotimportantenoughtobeincludedinyourreport,itprobablyshouldbeeliminated.,上海交通大学出版社,distinction:n.1)C差别，区别e.g.Adistinctionshouldbemadebetweentheprimaryandsecondarycontradictions.2)U优秀，卓越，杰出e.g.Hesadiplomatofdistinction.,discard:vt.丢弃，扔掉e.g.Discardyoursillyideas.Onceitbecomesstrongenoughtostandalone,itmightdiscardus.,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,19,语言要简单3调查对象可能有各种各样的背景，所以要使用简单的语言。比如：“在过去的三十天里，您使用汽车到您父母居住地的频率是多少？”就没有“过去三十天里您大概开车去了父母家多少次？”更能让人明白。,Focus2text,Translation,Usesimplewords3Surveyrecipientsmayhaveavarietyofbackgrounds,sousesimplelanguage.Forexample,“Whatisthefrequencyofyourautomotivetraveltoyourparentsresidenceinthelast30days?”isbetterunderstoodas,“Abouthowmanytimesinthelast30dayshaveyoudriventoyourparentshome?”,上海交通大学出版社,residence:n.C住所，某人居住的地方，住宅e.g.TheirresidenceisinNewYorkCity.Theartisthaschangedresidencefromtimetotimeinthelastfiveyears.,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,20,确保只有一种理解方式4设计的问题必须保证每个人都能以同一种方式去理解；而不要事先假设每个人对事情都有相同的理解或有共同的知识基础。事实上，为了确保每个人都能理解，即使是很常用的缩略词，也要加以标注。,Focus2text,Translation,Assureacommonunderstanding4Writequestionsthateveryonewillunderstandinthesameway.Dontassumethateveryonehasthesameunderstandingofthefactsoracommonbasisofknowledge.Identifyevencommonlyusedabbreviationstobecertainthateveryoneunderstands.,上海交通大学出版社,assume:vt.假定，臆断e.g.Shewasinarrogancetoassumeshewouldwineverytime.Itissafetoassumethatgrowthrateisundergeneticcontrol.,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,21,以趣味问题开场5把那些听起来很可能比较有趣且能吸引答卷人注意力的问题放在调查表的开头，而把那些可能比较难或者让人有顾忌的问题放在后面。同时，以第三人称问问题会比用第二人称更能减少人的顾忌。例如：“你的同事如何看待管理层？”而不要问：“你如何看待管理层？”,Focus2text,Translation,Startwithinterestingquestions5Startthesurveywithquestionsthatarelikelytosoundinterestingandattracttherespondentsattention.Savethequestionsthatmightbedifficultorthreateningforlater.Voicingquestionsinthethirdpersoncanbelessthreateningthanquestionsvoicedinthesecondperson.Forexample,ask,“Howdoyourcolleaguesfeelaboutmanagement?”ratherthan“Howdoyoufeelaboutmanagement?”,上海交通大学出版社,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,22,不写诱导性问题6诱导性问题需要特定的回答。例如：“一个月中哪一天最适合开刚刚确定的公司月会？”会引导答卷人不加思索地选一个日期，而不会考虑是否还想再开一次这样的会。,Focus2text,Translation,Dontwriteleadingquestions6Leadingquestionsdemandaspecificresponse.Forexample,thequestion“Whichdayofthemonthisbestforthenewlyestablishedcompany-widemonthlymeeting?”leadsrespondentstopickadatewithoutfirstdeterminingiftheyevenwantanothermeeting.,上海交通大学出版社,-wide:全范围的e.g.worldwide全世界的nationwide全国的,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,23,Focus2text,上海交通大学出版社,Aleadingquestionisaquestionthatsuggeststheanswerorcontainstheinformationtheexaminerislookingfor(诱导性问题).Forexample,thisquestionisleading:YouwereatDuffysbaronthenightofJuly15,werentyou?ItsuggeststhatthewitnesswasatDuffysbaronthenightinquestion.Thesamequestioninanon-leadingformwouldbe:WherewereyouonthenightofJuly15?Thisformofquestiondoesnotsuggesttothewitnesstheanswertheexaminerhopestoelicit.,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,24,不要列太多选项7如果答案选项很多而且令人感觉陌生，答卷人就很难对所有的答案加以判断。因此要使选项列表尽量简短。,Focus2text,Translation,Dontmakethelistofchoicestoolong7Ifthelistofanswercategoriesislongandunfamiliar,itisdifficultforrespondentstoevaluateallofthem.Keepthelistofchoicesshort.,上海交通大学出版社,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,25,避免困难的回忆性问题8人们需要回想的事件越早，记忆就越不可靠。如果你问，“在过去的一个月里，你大约有多少次去电影院或汽车露天电影院看过电影？”而不是，“去年，大约有多少次，你到电影院或汽车露天电影院看过电影？”你就能从人们那里得到更准确的信息。,Focus2text,Translation,Avoiddifficultrecallquestions8Peoplesmemoriesareincreasinglyunreliableasyouaskthemtorecalleventsfartherandfartherbackintime.Youwillgetfarmoreaccurateinformationfrompeopleifyouask,“Abouthowmanytimesinthelastmonthhaveyougoneoutandseenamovieinamovietheateroradrive-in?”ratherthan,“Abouthowmanytimeslastyeardidyougooutandseeamovieinamovietheateroradrive-in?”,上海交通大学出版社,unreliable:a.不可信赖的，不可靠的e.g.Thepostalservicehereisveryunreliable.Shewastotallyunreliable,soshegot/wasgivenhermarchingorders.,farther:a./ad.更远的/地e.g.thefarthershoreTheygrewfartherandfartherapart.,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,26,问封闭性而不是开放性问题9大多数调查表的问题都列有一定数目的选项，答卷人能从中选出答案。这样设计的调查表很有用，因为答卷人能清楚地知道问题的目的所在，且只能于一套选项中选出适于自己的答案。,Focus2text,Translation,Useclosedquestionsratherthanopen-endedones9Mostquestionnairesrelyonquestionswithafixednumberofresponsecategoriesfromwhichrespondentsselecttheiranswers.Theseareusefulbecausetherespondentsknowclearlythepurposeofthequestionandarelimitedtoasetofchoiceswhereoneanswerisrightforthem.,上海交通大学出版社,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,27,10开放性问题需要手写答案。比如说这个问题：“如果你不想参加公司的野餐活动，请解释原因。”如果有太多问题的答案需要手写，就会降低答卷人的回答质量和对答案投注的注意力。,Focus2text,Translation,10Anopen-endedquestionisawrittenresponsequestion.Forexample,“Ifyoudonotwantacompanypicnic,pleaseexplainwhy.”Ifthereareanexcessivenumberofwrittenresponsequestions,itreducesthequalityandattentiontherespondentsgivetotheanswers.,上海交通大学出版社,Excessivedescribesaquantity,anamount,oradegreethatismorethanwhatisjustifiable,tolerable,ordesirable.e.g.excessivespeed超速excessivedrinking酗酒,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,28,按逻辑顺序组织问题11由一个问题提出的问题会影响人们对后续问题的回答。因此，最好先问大致方向的问题，再问更具体的问题。举例来说，应该避免在问了一系列有关银行免费服务的问题后，再问有关影响选择银行的最重要因素的问题。,Focus2text,Translation,Putyourquestionsinalogicalorder11Theissuesraisedinonequestioncaninfluencehowpeoplethinkaboutsubsequentquestions.Itisgoodtoaskageneralquestionandthenaskmorespecificquestions.Forexample,youshouldavoidaskingaseriesofquestionsaboutafreebankingserviceandthenaquestionaboutthemostimportantfactorsinselectingabank.,上海交通大学出版社,logical:a.符合逻辑的；合乎情理的e.g.Rainwasalogicalexpectation,giventhetimeofyear.,subsequent:a.随后的，继之后的e.g.Heconfessedtoothercrimessubsequenttothebankrobbery.Subsequenteventsvindicatedhissuspicions.,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,29,pique:vt.1)激起（兴趣、好奇心等）e.g.Theportraitpiquedhercuriosity.2)使恼怒e.g.Hewaspiquedtodiscoverthathehadntbeeninvited.AnnaispiquedbyJacksruderemarksaboutherappearance.,给调查表命名12有些人只看主题或发送者的名字就会选择忽略某封电子邮件。你应该想些能激起收件人兴趣的标题。这里有一些例子，这些名称可能会成功地引起人们的注意：,Focus2text,Translation,Nameyoursurvey12Somepeoplediscardanelectronicmessagebasedentirelyonitssubjectorsender.Youshouldconsidertitlesthatwillpiquetheinterestoftherecipients.Hereareexamplesofsurveynamesthatmightbesuccessfulingettingattention:(Tobecontinued),上海交通大学出版社,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,30,发自首席执行官的备注福利办公室的服务评估你对金融服务的意见免费T恤有奖巴黎行周五之前请回复免费订阅笔记本电脑大奖,Focus2text,Translation,MemofromtheChiefExecutiveOfficerEvaluationofServicesoftheBenefitsOfficeYourOpinionaboutFinancialServicesFreeT-shirtWinaTriptoParisPleaseRespondbyFridayFreeSubscriptionWinaNotebookComputer,上海交通大学出版社,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,31,封面备注或简介13一旦收件人打开了你的调查表，你可能仍然需要让他或她有足够动力去完成它。封面备注或简介为此提供了一个绝好的平台。好的封面备注或简介不宜太长，但应包括：,Focus2text,Translation,Covermemoorintroduction13Oncearecipientopensyoursurvey,youmaystillneedtomotivatehimorhertocompleteit.Thecovermemoorintroductionoffersanexcellentplacetoprovidethemotivation.Agoodcovermemoorintroductionshouldbeshortandinclude:(Tobecontinued),上海交通大学出版社,motivate:vt.1)激励，激发，促进e.g.Everymanagermustmotivateandencouragehisemployees.Ivefoundthatthebestwaytomotivatethemistoletthemknowthegameplansotheycanallbepartofit.2)使有动机，使产生动机e.g.Hewasmotivatedpurelybygreed.,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,32,调查表的目的收信人回复的重要性会如何处理调查结果及调查结果可能会起什么样的作用回信地址确认对调查表有疑问时需要咨询的联系人回信的截止日期,Focus2text,Translation,PurposeofthesurveyWhyitisimportanttohearfromthecorrespondentWhatmaybedonewiththeresultsandwhatpossibleimpacttheresultsmayhaveAddressidentificationPersontocontactforquestionsaboutthesurveyDuedateforresponse,上海交通大学出版社,3.Text:HowtoWriteaGoodSurvey,33,Focus2workingwithwords,4.Workingwithwords,Findtheitems(18)inthetextthatmatchthedefinitions(ah).,上海交通大学出版社,b,e,h,c,34,Focus2workingwithwords,4.Workingwithwords,上海交通大学出版社,a,g,f,d,35,Focus2researchproject,5.Researchproject,上海交通大学出版社,Issue/Event/Context:Youaretosurfonlineforaquestionnaire.Accordingtotheguidelinesinthetext,analyzethequestionnairebylistingitsstrongpointsandweakpointsandthengiveyourcomment.ResearchGoal:Togivecommentsonaquestionnaire.ResearchMethod2.Describepeoplesdifferentattitudestowardstheirresolutions;3.Makealistoftheresolutions(intheimperative)youhaveheardfromtheinterview.,38,Focus2LNomoredrinking,smokingorthingslikethat;Lookforonesdreamgirl;Joinanonlinedatingagencyandgotoasinglesevent.,Focus2L&W,上海交通大学出版社,6.Listening-basedwriting,41,Focus2L&W,Tapescript,上海交通大学出版社,6.Listening-basedwriting,42,Focus3content,TranslationSkills,PleasantSurprisesinLanguage,TableofContents,Part3EnhancementofLanguageAbilities,上海交通大学出版社,43,1.Atthethoughtofhisfailureinthistest,Brianfeltgreatlyashamed.2.Foragirlaged12,suchtemptationisirresistible.,PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese.Payspecialattentiontotheunderlinedwords.,Focus3translationskills,1.TranslationSkills,一想到自己未能通过这次考试，布莱恩就感到非常羞愧。,对于一个十二岁的小姑娘来说，很难抵抗这样的诱惑。,上海交通大学出版社,3.Tothosesmallchildren,theirteacherspersonifiedabsolutepower.,对这些小孩子来说，老师就是绝对权威的化身。,44,Focus3translationskills,1.TranslationSkills,4.Thereformaimsatincreasingtheworkefficiencyofthewholedepartment.5.Ayoungman,wholookedandtalkedlikeastudent,attractedmyattention.,上海交通大学出版社,这次改革的目的是提高整个部门的工作效率。,一个言谈举止都像学生的年轻人引起了我的注意。,6.Theytriedtheirbesttohelpthesickandthewounded.,他们尽最大的努力帮助病人和伤员。,45,Focus3translationskills,1.TranslationSkills,7.Heisphysicallyweakbutmentallysound.8.Heisaperfectstrangerinthecity.9.Thefloodwasclosel