何家弘法律英语-第十四课PPT课件VIP

2020/5/23,-,1,LessonFourteen,CommercialLaw,2020/5/23,-,2,Background,CommercialLaw：Allthelawwhichappliestotherights,relationsandconductofpersonsandbusinessesengagedincommerce,merchandising,tradeandsales.InrecentyearsthisbodyoflawhasbeencodifiedintheUniformCommercialCode,whichhasbeenalmostuniversallyadoptedbythestates.(,2020/5/23,-,3,CommerciallawStatelawTheNationalConferenceofCommissionersonUniformStateLaws统一各州法律全国代表大会,2020/5/23,-,4,Asetofstatutesgoverningtheconductofbusiness,sales,warranties,negotiableinstruments,loanssecuredbypersonalpropertyandothercommercialmatters,whichhasbeenadoptedwithminorvariationsbyallstatesexceptLouisiana.(,TheUniformCommercialCode统一商法典,2020/5/23,-,5,GeneralProvisions总则Salesthepossibleeconomicimpactofanactivityoncommerceamongthestateswillbringitwithinthispower.最高法院将遵从立法机关对经济原理的选择；联邦政府一项行为对州际商务可能产生的经济影响，将使该行为在联邦政府的权力范围之内。,2020/5/23,-,20,Theoldconceptsofphysicalconnectiontocommerceandthe“currentofcommerce”theorieshavebeendiscardedasinappropriatejudicialrestrictionsonthecommercepower.,2020/5/23,-,21,TheCourthasfinallyreturnedto,Marshallsdefinitionofcommerceamongthestatesasthatwhichconcernsmorestatesthanone.最高法院最终采纳了马歇尔的州际商业活动定义，即涉及到一个以上州的商务活动是州际商务活动。,JohnMarshall(1755-1835),2020/5/23,-,22,ThejusticeswilldefertothelegislativechoicesinthisareaandupholdlawsifthereisarationalbasisuponwhichCongresscouldfindarelationbetweenitsregulationandcommerce.如果国会有根据，能够找出其法规与商业之间的关系，那么法官将遵从立法机关的选择，并支持该法律。,2020/5/23,-,23,ModernCommercePowerTests现代商务权力检验标准TheModernDelegationofPowerDoctrine现代授权原则Motive动机,2020/5/23,-,24,ModernCommercePowerTests,1.国会能够就允许州际旅游和航运制定法律、条件和限制，；2.国会可以规制任何与商业有紧密或实质联系的行为，；3.如果“必须且合适”，国会可以规制对商业本无影响的单一州的活动。,2020/5/23,-,25,TheModernDelegationofPowerDoctrine,“Delegation”toStatesortheExecutiveBranch向州政府或行政部门的授权Congressmaypasslawsthatallowstatestoindependentlyregulateinterstatecommerce国会可以通过法律允许州独立规制州际商务。,2020/5/23,-,26,Suchlawsinvolveafederaladoptionofvaryingstructuresforcommerceratherthananyunconstitutionaldelegationofthecommercepowertothestates.这些法律涉及联邦采用各种贸易结构，而没有任何违反宪法地将商务权力授予各州的行为。,2020/5/23,-,27,Thepoliticalprocessinmoderntimes,Hasresultedinfederalcontrolofwidevarietyofintrastateandmultistatecommercialmatters;ithasbecomeimpossiblefortheCongresstodefinewithprecisionthescopeandmeaningofitscommercialstatutes.现代政治进程使得联邦控制了广泛的州内和州际事务，国会已无法准确定义商务法规的内涵和外延。,2020/5/23,-,28,Thepasthalfcenturyhaswitnessed,Increasedcongressionaluseoffederalexecutiveagenciestoadministerfederalstatutesandtopromulgateregulationswhicheffectuatelegislativepolicies.半个世纪以来，国会越来越多地运用联邦行政机构，由它们管理联邦法律、颁布履行立法政策的行政法规。,2020/5/23,-,29,TheCongressmaydelegatebothrulemakingandadministrativefunctionstotheexecutivebranchoragenciesitestablishes.国会可以授权它所建立的行政部门或机构制定行政法规和进行行政管理。,2020/5/23,-,30,TheSupremeCourtwillallowCongresstoshareitslegislativepowerwiththeexecutivebranchbydelegatingaspectsofthatpowertoexecutiveagencies.最高法院允许国会通过授权行政机构将立法权分配给行政部门。,2020/5/23,-,31,SuchlegislativedelegationswillbeupheldunlessCongressabdicatesoneofitspowerstotheexecutiveagencyorfailstogivelegislativedefinitionofthescopeoftheagencyspower.这种立法性授权将得到最高法院的支持，除非国会将某项权力放弃给行政机关，或者没有就该行政机关的权力范围给出立法性界定。,2020/5/23,-,32,IfCongressweretograntaprivategroupthepowertocontrolitscompetitors,如果国会想授予一个私人集团控制其竞争者的权力，Theremightbeaproceduralproblemregardingwhetherthepersonsregulatedweredeprivedofdueprocessbybeingsubjecttothewillofentitieswithinterestscontrarytotheirs.就会出现程序问题，涉及到那些被规制的人是否因为必须服从于与其利益对立的实体的意志而被剥夺了正当程序（权利）。,2020/5/23,-,33,Motive,IfCongressisregulatinganactivitythatmaybedeemedtocomeunderthethree-parttestforthecommercepower,themotiveoftheCongressinpassingtheregulationisirrelevant.如果国会管制的行为被认为是符合商务权力的三个标准，那么国会制定该法规的动机是无关紧要的。,2020/5/23,-,34,Motive,Congressmayexerciseitscommercepowerforclearlynoncommercialreasons.国会可以出于非商业理由行使其商务权力。,2020/5/23,-,35,If,Thereisarationalbasisforfindingasufficientrelationshipbetweentheregulationandcommerce,theactiswithinthecommercepower.如果有根据发现法规与商务活动之间存在足够联系，那么该法规就在商务权力范围之内。,2020/5/23,-,36,PartThree,Thelegalprofession,undertheleadershipoftheAmericanLawInstitute,hassuggestedcomprehensivecodesoflawstobeadoptedbythestates.法律界人士在美国法学会的领导下，建议各州采纳综合的法典。,2020/5/23,-,37,UniformCommercialCode,统一各州法律全国代表大会,美国法学会,2020/5/23,-,38,In1942,theUniformCommercialCode(UCC)wasdesignedasajointprojectbetweentheAmericanLawInstituteandtheNationalConferenceofCommissioners.Ittooktenyearsfortheappointededitorialboardanddraftingcommitteestoproduceanofficialtext.,2020/5/23,-,39,AllfiftystatesandtheDistrictofColumbiaandtheVirginIslandshaveadoptedtheUCCinwholeorinpart.LouisianahasadoptedonlyArticles1,3,4and5.,Louisiana,2020/5/23,-,40,GeneralProvision总则Sales买卖CommercialPaper商业票据BankDepositandCollections银行存款和收款LettersofCredit信用证BulkTransfers大宗转让DocumentsofTitle所有权凭证InvestmentSecurities投资证券SecuredTransactions担保交易EffectiveDateandRepealer生效日期和废止,2020/5/23,-,41,UCC,Expandsandcodifiesthelawmerchantandcommonlawinordertomodernize,clarify,standardize,andliberalizetherules.扩大商业习惯法和普通法，并将其编撰成法典，以促进其现代化，并阐述其法规，使之标准化、自由化。,2020/5/23,-,42,Thecodes,Alsohelpstoclarifythelegalrelationshipofthepartiesinmoderncommercialtransactions.统一商法典还有助于明确现代商务交易中当事人间的法律关系。,2020/5/23,-,43,UCC,Helpdeterminetheintentionsoftheparitiestoacommercialcontractandtogiveforceandeffecttotheiragreement.统一商法典有助于确定商务合同签约当事人的意图，使他们签定的合同具有强制力。,2020/5/23,-,44,UCC,Encouragebusinesstransactionsbyassuringbusinesspersonsthattheircontractwillbeenforced.通过使商人们确信他们签定的合同有强制执行力，来鼓励商业交易的发展。,2020/5/23,-,45,主要专业词汇,CommercialLawTheUniformCommercialCodeeconomicwelfarecommerceclausecompletegrantofpowercommercepowerModernCommercePowerTestsModernDelegationofPowerDoctrine,2020/5/23,-,46,ExecutiveBranchinterstatecommerceunconstitutionaldelegationRulemakingexecutiveagenciesdueprocessAmericanLawInstitutelaw