2012届高三英语语法专题复习( 新课标 ) 限定词

,Pron.(代词),一.noadj.与none(p.37/9,13,19)1.修饰可数名词单数时，no=notaIhavenofriends.=Idonthaveafriend.Theresnobus.=Theresnotabus.2.修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词时，no=notanyTherearenopeopleintheroom.=Therearentanypeopleintheroom.,3.no修饰名词时，这个名词前不能有冠词(a/the)、物主代词(my/your)、指示代词(this/that)或all/every，如果有，要改为noneof。noneof=notanyofNoneofmyfriendscametotheparty.=Notanyofmyfriendscametotheparty.Noteacherswentout.(不说Notheteacherswentout.),none指人或指物,其后常接of短语noneof+复数名词（或代词），其后的动词单复均可。noneof+物质名词或抽象概念，其后的动词要用单数。Noneofthemhave/hasseenhim.Noneofthismoneybelongstome.Noneofherrelationsare/isinterested.none还可以单独使用，如：“Isthereanycoalleft?”“No,noneatall.”,Noonelikesapersonwithbadmanners.“Whoareyouspeakingto?”“Noone.”(or:Nobody)“Who(m)didyouseeenterthelonelyhouse?”“Nobody.”(or:Noone)Nooneofusattendedthemeeting.Ivereadnooneofhisbooks.1.none用来指人或物；noone(=nobody)主要用来指人(=notevenone意为：连一个也没有，语气重)。2.none常接of短语；noone不能接of短语。3.作主语时，none后面的名词为复数时，动词可用单数或复数；noone只用作单数，动词也用单数,4.none往往用在一定的范围内；noone没有范围限制。5.回答who引导的问句用noone或nobody；回答howmany或howmuch引导的问句用none。6.当谈到两个人或事时，不用no或none，而用neither。,二.much/manyJohnsgotmanyfriendsbecausehesgotmuchmoney.Tomtalksmuch.1much修饰不可数名词，many修饰可数名词，它们多用在否定句或疑问句中；在肯定句中多用alotof,lotsof,plentyof，如：Aretheremanypeopleinthestreet?(改用any意思不同)Tomhasntmanybooks.(改用any意思不同)HedoesntknowmuchEnglish.Didyouhavemuchtroublewiththecustoms?,2much和many在较为正式的文体中可以用在肯定句中，特别是在句首时，如：ManymachinesattheexhibitionaremadeinChina.Muchsteelhasbeensaved.3在肯定句中，在too,so,as之后，以及在某些含有very的词语中，常用many和much，这是正常的，如：Tomtalkstoomuch.Theressomuchviolencethesedays.Trytogetasmanyopinionsasyoucan.Youveboughttoomanytomatoes.,4在由whether/if引导的从句中，要用many或much。Theydoubtwhetherhehasmuchknowledgeonthatsubject.三.few/afewTomhasafewfriendsbesidesyou.(作定语)Tomhasafewfriendsbesidesyou.Fewofthemareanygood.(作主语)Afewofthemaregood.Iknowfewofthesepeople.(作宾语)Iknowfewofthesepeople.,“Howmanystudentsarethereintheclassroom?”“None.”“Howmanyofthebookshaveyouread?”“Noneatall.”“Howmuchwaterleftisthereinthebottle?”“None.”比较：Noonethinksheisclever.(=Nobodythinksheisclever.)Nooneknowswhattheyfoughtabout.,1.few修饰可数名词复数。2.few(=notmany;hardlyany)含否定意义；afew(=some;several;asmallnumberof)含肯定意义。3notafew=nofew=quiteafew=agoodfew=many。4.当few受every,last,past,next,some,very等词所修饰时，表示肯定意义，few之前不再有冠词。如：Inthelastfewminutes,hecheckeduphispaperagain.Ittookussomefewdaystorepairthemachine.,Theyareveryfewinnumber.Thereweretoofewofthem.Hegoestoseehisgrandmaeveryfewweeks.四.little/alittle1little修饰不可数名词，表示“量”。2little含否定意义(反义词：much)；alittle含肯定意义(反义词：none)。3在非正式英语中，一般很少用little，常用notmuch,onlyalittle来代替，如：Wehaventgotmuchmoney/time.,五.each;every1.each作为限定词用（作定语），后接单数可数名词，如：Eachdayisbetterthantheonebefore.Thereisalineoftreesoneachsideofthestreet.注：可以说：eachsister,mysister(s)，但不可以说：eachmysister。2当名词前有另一个限定词（冠词、物主代词、指示代词）时，要用eachof，（这时的each是代词）后接复数名词,EachofmyauntsgavemesocksforChristmas.Iveinvitedeachofthestudentsinturn.注：名词前没有其他限定词不用eachof，所以不能说：Eachofaunts3each作为代词，也可以用在人称代词前，这时须加of，作主语时动词要用单数，如：Eachofthem/ushadatry.Eachofthemisbroken.(cf.Eachofthecupsisbroken.)Eachofthemhashisownduty.,4each本身可以独立用作代词，后面不接名词，不用of，作主语时动词要用单数如：Eachhashismerits.Ihadsomecrazydreamslastnight.Eachwasfunnierthanthelast.注：在这种情况下，以用eachone为宜，显得更自然：Eachonewasperfect.Eachonewasfunnierthanthelast.5.each可以跟在主语之后作同位语，这时主语和动词均为复数,Weeachhaveourownattitudetobringingupchildren.Theboyseachhaveanew注：动词为be或有助动词时，each应放在其后。Hissistershaveeachmarriedbusinessmen.Thewitnesseswereeachperfectlycertainofwhattheysaid.6each还可以放在间接宾语之后，但一般不用在直接宾语的后面，如：Shesentthechildren/themeachapresent.不说：Shekissesthemeach.Thestudentshavetenbookseach.,7each还可以作副词，如：Givethemtwobookseach.(=Giveeachofthemtwobooks.)each/every1each从个体着眼，强调“每个”人或物的个别情况，表示“各个”；every从整体着眼，强调共同性，意为“个个都”（=all），但有时在句中使用时并无太大的区别，如：Youlookmorebeautifulevery/eachtimeIseeyou.,Iknowevery/eachmemberofthefamily.Each/Everymancarriedaboxonhisshoulder.2each用于两者或两者以上；every用于三者或三者以上。3each可以作形容词、代词、副词；every只作形容词，只能在句中作定语。,4every后跟单数名词，所组成的短语作主语时，动词用单数，如：EveryparkiscrowdedonSunday.(cf.AlltheparksarecrowdedonSunday.)Hehasreadeverybookonthesubject.(=allthebookson)5every可以表示“每隔”，而each则无此意。IgotoPariseverysixweeksorso.),6every可以和not连用，表示否定，而each不行。Noteverymancandothiskindofwork.(=Everymancannotdothiskindofwork.)(cf.Notallmencandothiskindofwork.=Allmencannotdothiskindofwork.),6every可以和not连用，表示否定，而each不行。Noteverymancandothiskindofwork.(=Everymancannotdothiskindofwork.)(cf.Notallmencandothiskindofwork.=Allmencannotdothiskindofwork.),六.one1one用来指包括说话者在内的、泛指的任何人。它只用于谈论泛指的人们，不专指某一个个人或确定的一批人、某一特定事件，也不能用来指不包括说话者在内的一群人。2one可以作主语或宾语，其所有格是ones，反身代词是oneself。在美语中，句首用了one，后面可以用he，his，him和himself，如：Onemustloveonescountry.Onecantbetoocareful,canone?,3one常用来代替或避免重复某个名词（单数可数）注：one所代替的是同类事物中的“一个”，theone所代替的是同类事物中特指的“另一个”；it所代替的是前面提到过的同一事物；that可代替前面提到过的名词，用于特指，它只能代替事物，不能代替人（定语从句除外），如：IneedabikebutIhavenomoneytobuyone.IneedthebikebutIhavenomoneytobuyit.,注：one前不仅可以有冠词冠还可以有定语；但one的前面如果没有形容词，不可用a，如：4one的复数形式是ones，用来代替可数名词复数，如：Ihaveanewpenandseveraloldones.Idontlikecolouredenvelopes.Ilikewhiteones.5one不能代替不可数名词，如：milk,energy,happiness等。,6.oneof之后用名词复数或复数代词(us,them,you)，而动词用单数，如：Oneofmyfriendsisapilot.Oneofyourcatshasdisappeared.7.通常不说：yourone(s),myone(s),hisone(s)而说：yours,mine,hisYourcarisntfastenough.Letstakemine.(不说：myone)但有形容词时，则可以说：Letstakemynewone.,7通常不说：yourone(s),myone(s),hisone(s)而说：yours,mine,hisYourcarisntfastenough.Letstakemine.(不说：myone)但有形容词时，则可以说：Letstakemynewone.,七.all注：all作主语，若指人，表示三者以上的人，动词用复数；代表整体物、抽象概念或情况时，表示“一切；所有”，动词用单数。注：在人称代词前面，只能用allof，不用all，且代词用宾格，动词用复数。可以说：allofus,allofyou,allofthem不说：allus,allwe,allyou,allthem或allthey,注：名词前有冠词、指示代词、所有格或其他限定词时，既可用all，也可用allof，意思不变，如：all(of)thepapers,all(of)myfriends,all(of)thewater若名词前没有冠词、指示代词等，只可以用all，不用allof。AllroadsleadtoRome.特例：alloneslife如：allhislife,allmylife。注：all还可以放在直接宾语或间接宾语之后，但这个宾语必须是人称代词，如：,Lovetoyouall.(不说：Lovetothefamilyall.)Iveeatenthemall.(不说：Iveeatenthecakesall.)Ivefinisheditall.(不说：Ivefinishedtheworkall.)但：all不能用于表语之后，不可以说：Thisisitall.all/everyall表示“大家都”，或者“全部都”，强调整体，注意力不在个体；every表示整体的每个个体，尽管每一个个体加在一起也相当于一个整体，但不把各别个体单独看待，而当作整体的代表，从每一个个体着眼，如：,1all可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语；every只能作定语，不可以说：everyofthem。2.all之后可以跟the或其他限定词；而every不能，不可以说：everythestudent(s)。3.all可以与复数名词或动词连用；every之后的动词只能是单数。4.all还可以跟单数名词连用，表示everypartof(整个地)；every则没有此意，试比较：,5.every可以表示“每隔的”，“每中的”；all则没有这个意思，如：everythreedays/chooseoneoutofeverytenboys6不过，every的合成词可以起名词作用，作主语、宾语等，如：Everyoneishere.(=Allarehere.)Everythingisgoingwell.(=Allisgoingwell.),八.both1.名词前没有限定词（如：冠词、物主代词、指示代词），both单独用，不加of，如：2名词前如果有限定词，both或bothof均可，如：3与人称代词连用，要用bothof，人称代词为宾格，如：二、与动词连用（both指句子的主语）：1在实义动词之前Webothlikeriding.2在be动词之后，如：Youarebothwrong.3在第一个助动词之后4强调表语并将其提前时，both位于主语之后，系动词之前5在疑问句的简略回答中，both须放在助动词或情态动词之前，如：,九.either/neither1.eitherroom,neitherroom,theroom,myroom;theeitherroom,eithermyroom,neitherhisparents作为限定词，用于单数可数名词之前，不与其他限定词（如冠词、物主代词、指示代词）同时使用2.作为代词还可以和of连用，后接复数名词，但名词前必须再有一个限定词（如冠词、物主代词、指示代词）Eitherofthebookswilldo.Haseitherofyourparentsvisitedyou?在人称代词之前要用eitherof或neitherof（代词要用宾格），如：Eitherofyoucoulddoit.Neitherofthemwas/wereingoodhealth.,注：在带有eitherof作主语的句子中，动词一般用单数注2但在否定句中，特别是在非正式文体中，却常用复数，如：Idontthinkeitherofthemareathome.everyone/everyoneeveryone只能指人（每人；人人）=everybody作主语时动词用单数。everyone既可指人，又可指物（一般用来指物）注：在表示某种范围内的“每个人”时，everyone后通常接in+集体名词；而everyone则接of+具体名词或代词（复数、宾格）。,可以说：everyoneofus/everyoneoftherooms；不可以说：everyoneofus/everyoneoftherooms（everyone后不加of短语）。例如：Everyoneinourclasslikesplayingfootball.Everyoneofthestudentsisgettingreadyfortheexam.Everyoneofusisgettingreadyfortheexam.,十.复合不定代词：1someone之后的代词分别用he，his，him；everyone，anyone，none之后的代词可分别用he，his，him，也可用they，their，them。2someone，anyone，everyone，noone仅指人，不接of短语；someone，anyone，everyone，none可指人，也可指物，可接of短语,Something,anything,nothing1.Heis_ofanactor.(之类的东西)2.Thetotaloutputofgrainthisyearis_onemillionkilometres.(稍似,有点像,大约)3.Heis_butascholar.(仅仅,只不过)4.Theboy_butfellintothewell.(几乎,差不多)5.Heisan_butascholar.(绝不,一点也不),Something,somethinglike,nothing,allbut,anything,高考真题例证1.IfIcanhelp_,Idontlikeworkinglateintothenight.(A.SoB.thatC.itD.them2.Wehadapicniclasttermanditwasalotoffun,soletshave_onethismonth.(天津06)A.TheotherB.someC.anotherD.other3.ImadesomanychangesinmycompositionthatonlyIcouldreadit.To_else,itwashardtomakeout.A.NoneB.everyoneC.someoneD.anyone,C,用于某些动词或前置词后,语意模糊,构成习语,C,D,4.Ifyoucantdecidewhichofthetwobookstoborrow,whydontyoutake_?Iwontreadthemthisweek.(浙江06)A.AllB.anyC.eitherD.both5.Youmaydropinorjustgivemeacall._willdo.(安徽06)A.EitherB.EachC.NeitherD.All6.Ofallthebooksonthedesk,_isofanyuseforourstudy.A.NothingB.nooneC.neitherD.none,D,A,D,定冠词1Hehasgreatinterestinhistory，especiallyinhistoryofTangDynastyAa；theBa；不填C不填；theD不填；a2ThepartylastnightwassuccesswesanganddanceduntilitcametoendattwelveAa；theBthe；anCa；anD不填；an3WhileJanewascookingfishonopenfireoutside，herhaircaughtfireA不填；aB不填；不填Can；aDan；不填4Youngasheis，DavidhasgainedrichexperienceinsocietyA不填；不填Bthe；theCa；不填D不填；the5Peopleregardthewheelasinventionofthefirstimportanceinhumanhistory,1-5ACDAB,6MrStock，whoisinMexicoon，runssmallbusinessAbusiness；aBbusiness；不填Cthebusiness；aDbusiness；不填7FortunatelyhewillgoonholidayinplaceofBrownA不填；theB不填；不填C不填；aDthe；不填8ZhangHuaisastudentatAtheUniversityofBeijingBtheBeijingUniversityCBeijingUniversityDUniversityofBeijing9ManypeoplearestillinhabitofwritingsillythingsinpublicplacesAthe；theB不填；不填Cthe；不填D不填；the10Wouldntitbewonderfulworldifallnationslivedinpeacewithoneanother?Aa；不填Bthe；不填Ca；theDthe；the,6-10ABCCA,11YourunclemusthaveX-rayexaminationAaB不填CtheDan12Irememberhelivesinsouth，soweshouldntbewalkingtowestAthe；theB不填；不填C不填；theDthe；不填13Whereis?AthemanagerofficeBtheofficeofthemanagerCthemanagersofficeDtheofficeofthemanagers14FiveyearsagoherbrotherwasuniversitystudentofphysicsAan；theBa；不填Can；不填Da；the15Doyouknowwhoinventedtelephone?No，butitisreallymostusefulinventionAthe；theBa；aCthe；aDa；the,11-15DDCBC,16SummersinsouthofFranceareformostpartdryandsunnyA不填；aBthe；不填C不填；不填Dthe；the17Thepolicehavepowertoarrestbadpeopleby1awAthe；theB不填；theC不填；不填Dthe；不填18Doyoulikethenovels?IdontlikeeitherofthemPleaseshowmethirdoneAaBtheC不填Dan19Keepawayfromthecage.lionisfierceanimalAThe；theBA；theCA；不填Da；不填20Nowthemachinerunsatdouble.,16-20DDADC,21MymotherisusuallyondutyinherofficeeveryfewdaysAthe；aB不填；不填C不填；aDa；不填22MybrotherlikestoplayfootballwhilemysisterpreferstoplayviolinA不填；aB不填；不填Cthe；不填Dthe；the23IcamebyseaandIhada1ovelyjourneyonQueenElizabethIIA不填；theBthe；不填C不填：不填Dthe；the24CleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetpaidAbyahourBbyanhourCbythehourDbyhours25ImafraidIdarenotspeakinpublicJusthavetryAa；不填B不填；aCthe；aDthe；the26Whatsyoureldersister?SheisteacherandwriterAthe；theBa；不填Ca；aDthe；a27SheplaysviolinfairlywellandmakesalivingbyteachingviolinAthe；不填B不填；不填Ca；不填Da；a28ThesetworoomsareofsizeButanothertworoomsarethreetimessizeofthemAthe；theBa；theCa；aDthe；a,21-25BAACB26-28BAB,1.-Iknockedovermycoffeecup.Itwentrightover_keyboard.-Youshouldntputdrinksnear_computer.(北京)A.the;