国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英)

.国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英）Whats International Trade?The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country.EXPORTINGExporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells.EXWEXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the sellers premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesnt not declare the goods for export and he neednt load goods on any collecting vehicle.FASFree alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment.FOBFree on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export.CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ships rail at the named port of shipmentCIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium.FCA, Free carrier (Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the sellers assistance is required in making the contract with the carrier, the seller may act at the buyers risk and expenses.CPT, Carriage paid to (named place of destination) 运费付至（指定目的地） It means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination, the risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.CIP, Carriage and insurance paid to (named place of destination) 运费保险费付至（指定目的地）It means that the seller has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyers risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. DES, Delivered Ex Ship(named port of destination) 船上交货（指定目的港） It means that the seller shall make the goods available to the buyer on board the ship at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved in bringing the goods there. DEQ, Delivered ex Quay(names port of destination) 码头交货（指定目的港）It means that the seller makes the goods available to the buyer on the quay at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved on bringing the goods there. DDU, Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination) 未完税交货（指定目的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods there, as well as the cost and risk of carrying out customs formalities for export. The buyer has to pay any additional costs and bear any risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for import in time.DDP，Delivered Duty Paid(named place of destination)完税后交货（指定目的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the risks and costs including duties, taxes and other charges for delivering the goods, clearing for importation. It represents the maximum obligation borne by the seller. DAF, Delivered At Frontier (named place) 边境交货（指定地点）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point of place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the country named in the sales contract. Quality of goodsThe quality of goods refers to the outward appearance and the essential quality of the goods, such as shape, structure, color, flavors well as chemical composition, physical and mechanical property, biological feature, etc.In international trade, quality of the goods not only concerns the value in use and the price of the goods, but also concerns the sales of the goods and credit standing of the manufacturer.Sale by samples. The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. Sale by sample includes tree cases, i.e., sale by the sellers sample and sale, sale by the buyers sample and sale by counter sampleSale by actual quality:（ 以实际品质交货） In this case, the buyer or his agent examines the goods at sellers place at first. After they conclude a deal, the seller shall deliver the goods according to the goods examined.Sale by description:（以说明表示） In international business, most commodities are suitable to sale by description which can be subdivided into 7 kindsSale by specification:（凭规格买卖） The specification of the goods refers to certain main indicators which indicate the quality of the goods, such as composition, content, purity, size, length, etc.Sale by grade: （凭等级买卖）The grade of the goods refers to the classifications of the commodity of the goods which is indicated by words, numbers or symbols. The classifications are usually decided by different qualities, weights, compositions, appearances, properties, etc.Sale by standard: （凭标准买卖）The standard refers to the specifications or grades which are stipulated and announced by the government or the chambers of commerce, etc.F.A.Q.: （良好平均品质）In the international agricultural and by-product market, there is a commonly adopted standard, i.e., fair average quality. F.A.Q. refers to the average level of the export commodity within a certain period of time.Sale by brand name or trademark: 凭商标品牌买卖As to the goods whose quality is stable, reputation is sound and with which the customers are quite familiar, we may sell it by brand name or trade mark.(奔驰汽车)Sale by name of origin: 凭产地名称买卖There are some agricultural products and by-products whose origins are well- known all over the world.Sale by description: 凭说明书和图样买卖The quality of some commodities, such as technological instruments, electric machines, etc. can not be simply indicated by quality indexes, instead it is quite necessary to explain in detail the structure, material, performance as well as method of operation. If necessary, pictures, photos, etc. must also be provided.Quality Tolerance品质公差The quality tolerance is used in the trade of industrial products, which means that the quality of the goods delivered by the seller is allowed to have certain differences within a certain range since such differences are usually unavoidable and commonly accepted as the usage of the same special trade. Quality tolerance is mainly used for industrial productsQuality latitude 品质机动幅度The quality latitude means that the quality indexes of the goods delivered by the seller may be controlled flexibly within a certain latitude. The packing of goodsIn international trade packing is one of the essential component parts of commodity production. Generally speaking, only packed commodities can enter into the circulation field, and attain the commercial value and use value of the goods. Packing can protect commodity and keep it good in quality and intact in quantity in the circulation process.Neutral packing and brand designated by the buyer 中性包装和定牌It means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers and origins packing and without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturersBrand designated by the buyer: It means that the seller addresses the trade mark or brand on the package of the commodity or the commodity itself as buyers request.定牌是指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品或包装上标明买方指定的商标或品牌，这种做法叫定牌生产。Shipping mark: 运输标志 这种标志又称唛头，通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单的丈字组成。It is usually made up of geometrical diagrams, letters, figures and simple words. The contents of shipping mark are as follows:1.Consignees code or Consignors code 2. Reference Number3.Destination4.Package numberThe shipping mark also include the contract number, gross and net weight, origin, etc. Indicative mark: （指示性标志）This kind of mark is used to reminder the relative workers of the items for attention when they load, unload, carry and store the goods, such as handle with care, keep dry etc.Warning mark: （警告性标志）It is also called dangerous cargo mark, which is brushed clearly and definitely on the shipping packing of the inflammable, explosive, poisonous, corrosive goods, so as to give warnings to the workers.Commodity Inspection The inspection of commodities refers to that inspection institutions should examine the quality, quantity, packing, etc. of commodities delivered by the seller in order to make sure that the goods are exactly in conformity with the terms of sales contract or the stipulations of documentary credit. International Cargo TransportationThe international cargo transportation refers to the act of the seller delivering the contracted cargoes at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manners, to the buyer (Physical delivery of goods). Actually, in modern business society, international cargo transportation also means to transfer the shipping documents at the stipulated time to the buyer (Symbolic delivery of goods).Tramp(Shipping by chartering) 租船运输 It means a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or schedule of sailings or port or freight. The shipper charters ship from the shipowner and uses it to carry the goods. It falls into 3 kinds:Natural calamities自然灾害 They are caused by the forces resulting from the changes of nature, e.g., vile weather, thunder, lightning, tsunami(/tsun:mi/)(海啸), earthquake, flood, etc. Fortuitous accidents: 意外事故 They include accidents resulting from unexpected causes, the carrying conveyance being grounded, stranded, or in collision with floating ice or other objects, as well as fire or explosion.Actual Total Loss: 实际全损It means that the insured subject matter is totally and irretrievably (un-savable) lost.Constructive Total Loss: 推定全损 It is estimated that the actual total loss of cargo is inevitable or the cost of salvage or recovery could have exceed the value of the cargo.General Average: 共同海损 It refers to a certain special sacrifice and extra expense intentionally incurred for the general interests of the ship-owner, the insurer, and the owners of the various cargoes abroad the ship.When a ship is in danger, the captain must make a decision and one of shippers will suffer.In order to compensate the special sacrifice,all the others will club together to re-compensate him for loss.Particular average: 单独海损 It means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of the damage does not reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss, which shall be borne by the owner of this individual consignment.With particular average (W.P.A.) 水渍险 It covers partial loss due to vile weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/or flood as well as the risks covered under F.P.A. condition as mentioned above.All risks: 一切险 Aside from the risks covered under the F.P.A. and W.A. conditions as above, this insurance also covers all risks of losses or damage to the insured goods whether partial or total, arising from special additional risks.Additional risks 附加险This kind of risk cant be covered independently; They shall be underwritten depending on one kind of the basic risks. General additional risks 一般附加险 Special additional risks 特殊附加险General Additional Risks It includes theft, fresh and rain water damage, shortage, leakage, sweating and heating ,intermixture and contamination, odor, hook damage, breakage of packing, rusting, etc.Special additional risks includesIt includes war risk,strikes risk,failure to delivery,import duty risk,on deck risk,rejection risk and aflatoxinrisk. Insurance Certificate 保险凭证 It is a kind of simplified insurance policy, and the rights and obligations of two parties are omitted. But it has the same legal validity as the insurance policy.Bill of exchange 汇票 A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable further time, a sum certain in money to, or to the order of, a specified person, or to any bearer.The drawer出票人 The person who draws the bill of exchange and he is usually the exporter or his banker in import or export trade.The drawee付款人 The person who is to pay the money and he is usually the importer or the appointed banker under a letter of credit in import and export trade. The payee 受款人 The person who is to receive the money, he may be, and often is, the same person as the drawer and he is usually the exporter himself or his appointed banker in business or he may be the bearer of the bill.Drawing (issuing) 出票 It means the act of the drawer in filling up the bill of exchange with particulars as to the name of the drawee, the amount payable, the date of payment and the name of the payee, and after signature, the drawer may present the bill to the drawee through the medium of the payee or a banker.Presentation提示 It refers to the act of the holder of the bill of exchange presenting the bill to the drawee, asking the later either to pay or to accept the bill. The drawees receiving or seeing the bill is called sight.Acceptance承兑 It means the act of the drawee to show his responsibility by accepting the usance bill for payment at a fixed future date by writing the word “accepted”, marking the date of acceptance and signing on the face of the bill.Endorsement背书 It may be a negotiable instrument, and may be transferable in the international money market. In the case of a “to order” bill of exchange, endorsement is needed in the procedure of negotiation or transfer by the payee by signing his name on the back of the bill, either blank endorsement which makes the bill payable to the bearer or holder, or full endorsement with the name of the transferee and his order, who is called the endorsee.Dishonour (Protesting) 拒付 When a bill has been duly presented for acceptance or payment and the acceptance or payment has been refused, the bill is said to be dishonored.Promissory Note: 本票 A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another signed by the maker, engaging in paying, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to, or to a order of, a specified person or to a bearer. Classification of the promissory note 本票的分类 A Promissory Note is classified into bank note and commercial note. Bank note is issued by the bank; but commercial note is issued by the business unit or the individual.Cheque 支票 A cheque is an unconditional order in writing drawn on a banker signed by the drawer, requiring the banker to pay on demand a sum certain in money to or to the order of specified person or to a bearer. Remittance 汇付 The definition and parties of remittance 汇付的定义及其当事人 Remittance means that the buyer remits money to the seller through a bank on his own initiative.Parties of remittanceRemitter汇款人 Payee or beneficiary收款人Paying bank汇入行Remitting bank汇出行Mail transfer (M/T):(信汇) The buyer gives money to a local bank which sends a trust deed（契约） for payment to its correspondent bank at the sellers end by mail and entrusts it with the task to pay money to the seller. Telegraphic transfer (T/T)(电汇) At the request of the buyer, a local bank sends a trust deed for payment by cable or tested telegram directly to its correspondent bank at the sellers end and entrusts the work to it to pay money to the seller.Demand draft (D/D): (票汇) The buyer buys a draft from a local bank and sends it by mail to the seller, the seller or his appointed person can collect money from the relative bank at his end against the draft sent by the buyer.Collection 托收 Collection means that the exporter asks his bank to arrange for the acceptance or payment of the bill overseas, and the bank will carry his task through its own branch office abroad or a correspondent bank. Collection on Clean bill It means that the exporter collects the purchase price against the draft only, without any shipping documents attached thereto.Collection on documentary bill It means th