Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际.ppt

,IntercuIturalcommunicationinvolvesinteractionbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Ourgoalinthisclassistoanswersomeofthefollowingquestions:Whydoweoftenuncomfortablewhenencounteringpeoplewhoaredifferentfromyourself?Whydopeoplefromdifferentculturesbehaveinwaysthatseemstrangetoyou?Howdoculturaldifferencesinfluencecommunication?Whichculturaldifferencesareimportantandwhichareinconsequential?Whyisitdifficulttounderstandandappreciateculturaldifference?,CHAPTER1,CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFuture,CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureChallenge?Societiesaroundtheglobehavebeeninterwovenintoacomplexfabricofinterdependenteconomic,technological,political,andsocialrelationships.ThisiscalledGlobalization.Globalizationhasgreatlyincreasedtheeconomicstrengthofmanynationsandbringpeopletogetherfromdifferentcultures.However,itcouldresultingmorecompetitionfornaturalresources,internationalconflictsandsecurity,environmentalissues,andworldhealthissues.,CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureOtherchallenges:Duetotheworldsincreasingpopulation,wewillsee.morepeoplearemovingtodevelopedcountries(shiftingpopulations).Thiscouldbringmorecommunicationissuesinmulticulturalsocieties.Meanwhile,agingpopulationinmoredevelopedcountriesCouldbringmorecommunicationissuesbetweenoldergenerationsandyoungergenerations(thiscanbetreatedasco-culture).,NoDirectMind-to-MindContact,WecanonlyInfer,Weseektodefinetheworld,Communicationisself-Reflective,TheBrainisanopensystem-welearntocommunicate,Communicationhasaconsequence,CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureDefiningCommunication:itsadynamicprocessinwhichpeopleattemptstosharetheirinternalstateswithotherpeoplethroughtheuseofsymbols.PrinciplesofCommunication:Itisadynamicprocessb)ItissymbolicItiscontextual(situations)d)itisself-reflectivewelearntocommunicatef)ithasaconsequenceFunctionsofCommunication:GatherinformationaboutotherpeopleFulfillinterpersonalneedsEstablishespersonalidentitiesInfluenceothers,DominantCultureItstheoneinpower-control.Controlthemajorinstitutionswithintheculturesuchas:church,gov.,education,military,massmedia,monetarysystems,etc.,Co-CulturesTheyarenumerous.Distinctanduniquepatternsofcommunicationthattheyhavelearned.Canbebasedonrace,ethnicbackground,age,sex,orotherfactors.,CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFuture,WelearnourculturethroughproverbsOfferanimportantsetofinstructions,CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureCultureisTransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationLearnedSharedBasedonsymbolsDynamicAnintergratedsystem,Welearnourculturefromfolktales,legends,andmyths.TheEpicofGilgameshWencheng(Sumerian),WelearnourculturethroughartArtisasymbolicwayofcommunicating(picstakenfromTheCorningMuseumofGlass),Welearnedourculturethroughmassmedia,Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration,Cultureisbasedonsymbols,Cultureissubjectedtochange,Cultureisintegrated,CultureisEthnocentric,Cultureisadaptive,CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureDefiningCulture:itsasetofhuman-madeobjectivesandsubjectiveelementsthatincreasedtheprobabilityofsurvivalsatisfactionfortheparticipantsinanecologicalnichesharewiththosewhocouldcommunicatewitheachotherandlivedinthesametimeandplace.Subjectiveelementsinclude:values,beliefs,attitudes,orientations,andunderlyingassumptionsprevalentamongpeopleinthesociety.BasicfunctionsofCulture:adapttoaparticularecology,andincludestheknowledgethatpeopleneedtohaveinordertofunctionintheirownsocialenvironment.Elementsinclude:History,Regligion,Values,Socialorganizations,andLanguage.,CHAPTER1-CommunicationandCulture:TheChallengeofTheFutureInordertostudycross-culturalcommunication,wemustpayattentiontothefollowing:Eachindividualareunique.Stereotyping.Objectivity.CommunicationisnotaCure-all.,CHAPTER2,TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofReality,CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityThedeepstructureofcultureistheunconsciousassumptionsabouthowtheworldoperates.Itmakeseachcultureunique,andexplainshowandwhyofaculturescollectiveaction.Atthecoreofanyculturesdeepstructureareitssocialorganizations(orsocialinstitutions).LessonsaboutlifeandwaysforlivingthatlifeItsbasedoncooperationThreemostenduringandinfluentialsocialorganizationsthatdealwithdeepstructureissuesareFamilyState(Community)Religion(Worldview),CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityWhydomostseriousconfrontationsandmisunderstandingscanbetracedtoculturaldifferences?DifferentcivilizationshavedifferentviewsontherelationsbetweenGodandman,theindividualgroupandthegroup,thecitizenandthestate,parentsandchildren,husbandandwife,aswellasdifferingviewsoftherelativeimportanceofrightsandresponsibilities,libertyandauthority,equalityandhierarchy.-p.51,CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityTheDeepStructureofCulturecontainsthefollowing:AculturesmostimportantbeliefsHistory(origin)InvolvesdeepandemotionalfeelingsSupplymuchofapersonsidentity,CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityTheImportanceofFamily:Thefamilyistheprincipaltransmitterofknowledge,values,attitudes,roles,andhabitsfromonegenerationtothenext.Throughwordandexample,thefamilyshapesachildspersonalityandinstillsmodesofthoughtsandwaysofactingthatbecomehabitual-p.55,CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityTraditionally,mostpeopleencountertwofamiliesduringthecourseoftheirlife:thefamilytheyarebornintoandthefamilythatisformedwhenandiftheytakeaname.ButtherearefewertypicalAmericanfamiliesintheU.S.thaneverbefore.Mostofthesechangeswerebroughtaboutbythefollowing:EconomicchangesTechnologicalinnovationsDemographicsGenderrolesandopportunitiesforwomen(Examples:Singleparent,nevermarriedcouples,adoptedchildetc.)CanyouthinkofanysimilarchangesinChina?,CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityGlobalizationhasmajorimpactontraditionalfamilystructureallthroughtheworld.Thetwocharacteristicsofglobalizationthathavebeenthemostresponsibleforthosechangesare(1)massmediaand(2)migration.MassMediaFamilyvaluesexposedtodifferentsetofvaluesExample:materialsilluminesreality,vitalizesmemory,providesguidanceindailylife,andbringsustidingsofantiquity.Acultureshistoryaffectsindividualperceptionandbehaviorandhowpeoplerelatetoanotherculture.Twoassumptions:Historicaleventshelpexplainthecharacterofaculture.Whatacultureseekstorememberandpassontothenextgenerationtellsusaboutthecharacterofthatculture.,CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityHistoryofUnitedStates:ThosewhooriginallyarrivedontheAtlanticcoastbroughtmanyEnglishvalues,systemoflaw,andthebasicorganizationofcommerceduring16thcentury.“Life,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness”libertieshadtobesecuredagainstabusivepowerofgovernment(independentfromBritain)Environmentalfactorsbroughtpsychologicaleffectsonthesettlers:survivalbasedonindividualism,CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityHistoryofRussia:ThehistoryofRussianshavebeensubjectedtoinvasionandsuffering.(Mongols,Germans,Turks,Poles,Swedes,French,andEnglish)therefore,militarizedabsolutism.Moldedbythetypeofleadershipthathascontrolthecountryforthousandofyearsfollowordersandaccept“words”(dictums)oftheirleaders.Adeepappreciationanddevotiontotheperformingartsandculturalarts.Thesizeoflandhavecreatedthepeopletothink(muse)aboutlife.,CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityHistoryofChina:“Considerthepastthenyoullknowthepresent”theimportanceofhistory.Historylinksallmembersoftheculture.Chinaslonghistoryofphysicalandculturalisolation.maypartlyattributedtheirintensenationalpride.Theywerethesourceofthecultureofmostofneighbors.Consideredotherswereinferior.Viewfamilyvalueaspriorityandcivilizationhasbeenbuiltonagriculture-Collectivism,CHAPTER2-TheDeepStructureofCulture:RootsofRealityHistoryofJapan:Basedonseriesofislands,Japanisyetanotherisolatedcountrystrongsenseofself-identity,acutelyawareofanythingthatcomesfromoutside.250yearsoffeudalperiodloyaltyforthefeudallordsinthepast(nowcompanies);disciplineandsacrifice;lackofindividualism.Collectivismcooperativeefforts,groupidentificationandgroupaction.,CHAPTER3,CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentity,CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityHowidentityinfluencesandguidesexpectationsaboutyourownandotherssocialroles,andprovidesguidelinesforyourcommunicationinteractionwithothers.Factorsinclude:politicalviews,religiousbeliefs,lifestylechoices,ethnicsimilarity,economicinterest,etc.Someselectedsocialidentitiesinchapter:RacialIdentityEthnicIdentityGenderIdentityNationalIdentityRegionalIdentityOrganizationalIdentityPersonalIdentityCyberandFantasyIdentity,CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityTheinitialexposuretoouridentitycamefromourfamily-wherewebegantolearnculturallyappropriatebeliefs,values,andsocialroles.Later,educationandmassmediacanplayaconsiderableroleinouridentitydevelopment.Three-stageidentitydevelopmentmodels(Phinney)Unexaminedethnicidentity-ethnicidentitysearch-ethnicachievementFour-stageidentitydevelopmentmodels(MartinandNakayama)Modelforminority:Unexaminedidentity-conformity-resistanceandseparatism-integrationModelformajority:Unexaminedidentity-acceptance-resistance-redefinitionandreintegration,CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentity,CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity-Stereotyping-ameansoforganizingyourimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatyouusetorepresentanentirecollectionofpeople.canbepositiveornegativenarrowourperceptions(oversimplified,exaggerated,andovergeneralized)stereotypesarelearned(again,beginswithourearlyeducation)mayevolveoutoffearofpersonsfromgroupsthatdifferfromonesownHowtoavoidstereotypes?awareofyourtendencytoengageincategorizationopentonewinformationandevidencebeingawareofyourzoneofdiscomfort,CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity-Prejudice(part1)-theyaredeeplyheldnegativefeelingsassociatedwithaparticulargroup.Thesesentimentsoftenincludeanger,fear,aversion,andanxiety.directedatasocialgroupanditsmembersinvolvewithevaluativedimension(right/wrong,moral/immoral)possesscentrality(strongbelief)Functionsego-defensive:holdprejudicewithouthavingtoadmit.utilitarian:receivingrewardsbyholdingontotheirprejudicialbeliefs.value-expressive:whentheybelievetheirattitudesareexpressingthehighestandmostmoralvaluesoftheculture.knowledge:abletocategorize,organize,andconstructtheirperceptionsofotherpeopleinamannerthatmakessensetothem.,CHAPTER3-CultureandtheIndividual:CulturalIdentityTheDarkSideofIdentity-Prejudice(part2)Fiveexpressionsofprejudice:antilocution;avoidance;discrimination;physicalattacks;exterminationCauses:Societalsources-majororganizationsandinstitutionsproducelaws,regulations,andnormsthatcreateprejudicewithinasociety.Maintainingsocialidentity-theconnectionbetweenouridentityandculturecanbepersonalandemotional.Anythingthatthreatensthatbondcanbecomethetargetofprejudice.Scapegoating-minoritygroupgetstheblame.Howtoavoidprejudice?Personalcontactwhenwearefearful,wearelesslikelytoexpectapositiveoutcomeandlesswillingtotrustsomeonefromanotherculture.Howtoavoidethnocentrism?Avoiddogmatism,CHAPTER4,ShapingInterpretationsofReality:CulturalValues,CHAPTER4-ShapingInterpretationofReality:CulturalValuesPerceptionistheprocessofselecting,organizing,andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablesustomakesenseoftheworld.,CHAPTER4-Shaping