高级英语阅读一how to get the poor off our conscienceppt课件

.,Lesson1HowtoGetthePooroffourconscience,Preparation:Author:JohnKennethGalbraithJohnKennethGalbraith,PaulM.WarburgProfessorofEconomicsEmeritusatHarvardUniversity,notedeconomistandauthor,formerambassadortoIndia,andformerpresidentialadviser,diedApril29,2006whenhewas97.,.,.,JohnKennethGalbraithwasatoweringfigureineverysenseoftheword,saidHarvardUniversityPresidentLawrenceH.Summers.Hisideasweresomeofthemostimportanteconomicandpoliticalcontributionsofthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury.AHarvardicon,wewillnotseehislikeagain.,.,2.Culturalbackground,1)2.PaulMoritzWarburg(August10,1868-January24,1932)wasajewishGerman-AmericanbankerandearlyadvocateoftheU.SFederalReservesystem.ThePaulM.WarburgchairinEconomicsatHarvarduniversitywasnamedinhishonour,atitlewhichiscurrentlyheldbyProfessorRobertJ.Barro.,.,2)Emeritusisanadjectivethatisusedinthetitleofaretiredprofessor,bishoporotherprofessional.Thetermisusedwhenapersonofimportanceinagivenprofessionretires,sothathisorherformerrankcanstillbeusedinhisorhertitle.Thisisparticularlyusefulwhenestablishingtheauthorityapersonmighthavetocomment,lectureorwriteonaparticularsubject.,.,Thewordistypicallyusedasapostpositiveadjectivebutcanalsobeusedasaprepositiveadjective.Itisfrequentlycapitalizedwhenitformspartofatitle.,.,3)Keynesianeconomics:alsocalledKeynesianism,orKeynesianTheory,isaneconomictheorybasedontheideasof20thcenturyBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.Keynesianeconomicspromotesamixedeconomy,whereboththestateandtheprivatesectorplayanimportantrole.,.,II.Outlineoftheessay,Part1(para.1-2):Theoldestprojectin“gettingthepooroffourconscience”Part2(para.3-9):5historicalsolutionsPart3(para.10-11):atransitionPart4(para.12-20):5currentdesignsPart5:(para21):conclusion,.,III.Discourseanalysis,GuidetoReading1.getthepooroffonesconscience(title):feelnotguiltyoftheexistencethepoor#getoffonesconscience,.,e.g.Jackatlastgotthefailureoffhisconscienceandfreedhimselffromguilt.Pamssadeyesreflectthatshehasntgotthemistakeoffherconscience.,.,2.Consciencen.,Aninnersensethattellsyouwhetheryouaredoingsomethingrightorwronge.g.Jackisnicemanandhedoeseverythingaccordingtohisconscience.Hesbehavinglikeamanwithaguiltyconscience.,.,Notice:thedifferenceamongthefollowingwords,conscience:senseofrightandwrongconscientious:scrupulouslyprincipledconscious:awareAhealthyconsciencewillalertonetoquestionableorwrongbehavior.Beconscientiousanddoyourworkwell.Theyarenotconsciousoftheirbehaviorunacceptable.,.,3.donotmince(ones)words:Ifyoudonotminceyourwords,youtellsomeonesomethingunpleasantwithoutmakinganyefforttobepoliteortoavoidupsettingthem.e.g.Theycertainlydontmincetheirwords,dothey?Thedoctorsdidntmincetheirwordsandpredictedtheworstpossibilities.,.,4.exacerbate:(=worsen;aformalword)Toexacerbatesomethingmeanstomakeitalotworse.e.g.Hisremarksonlyexacerbatedtheworkersanger.Thenewtaxpoliceexacerbatedthepolarizationinthatsociety.,.,5.valid:avalidargument,contractofideaisbasedonsensiblereasoning.e.g.Themarriagewasheldtobevalid.这一婚姻关系是有效的。Acreditcardisnotavalidproofofidentity.银行发的支票保付卡不是有效的身份证明文件。,.,#TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals,TheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDGs)whichrangefromhalvingextremepovertytohaltingthespreadofHIV/AIDSandprovidinguniversalprimaryeducation,allbythetargetdateof2015formablueprintagreedtobyalltheworldscountriesandalltheworldsleadingdevelopmentinstitutions.Theyhavestimulatedunprecedentedeffortstomeettheneedsoftheworldspoorest.,.,6.Whytheauthorchoosessuchatitleasthisessay?,Lookatthefollowingphotos.Millionsandmillionsofpeoplearestrugglingfortheirsurvival,thousandsandthousandsofpeopledieofhunger,coldandillness.WhileMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsaretomeettheneedsoftheworldspoorest”,doyouthinktheauthorreallytriestocallpeopletogetthepoorofftheirconscience?,.,Thephotothatbringstearstooureyes!,.,.,Part1,1.reflecton/over/upon:(=ponder,consider)Youthinkinaslow,deliberatewayaboutsomethingthatinvolvesideasoropinionsratherthandefinitefacts.e.g.RobreflectedlongoverJacksargument.,.,2Plutarch,Plutarch(c.46-127),wasaGreekhistorian,biographer,andessayist.(普鲁塔克),.,3.Plutarchwasledtosay:“Animbalancebetweentherichandpooristheoldestandmostfatalailmentofrepublics.”:,.,“Plutarchwasledtosay”impliesthatitwastheactualexistenceoftherichandpoororthelogicofhisanalysisthatmadehimcometosuchaconclusion:IftheRomerepublicsufferedfromthesameproblems2,000yearsago,itprovestheauthorspointthatpovertyisaperpetual(permanent)problem.,.,4.ailment(=affliction):anailmentisanillness,especiallyonethatdoesnotseemseriouseventhoughitmightbeunpleasantorpainfulandlastalongtime.e.g.Myunclesandauntsjusttalkabouttheirailments.acommonailment普通的病minorailment微恙suddenailment急病triflingailment轻症womensailment妇科病,.,5.republic:,Anation,usu.Governedbyelectedrepresentatives,whoseheadstateisapresidente.g.ThePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfoundedonOctober1st,1949.,.,6.Andtheproblemsthatarisefromthecontinuinghavebeenanintellectualpreoccupationforcenturies.:Themainideaofthisstatementisthatforcenturiesthosewithhighintellecthavebeensearchingforexplanationstojustifythecoexistenceoftherichandpoor.,.,7.intellectual:n.,Apersonwhoiswelleducatedandinterestedinactivitieswhichdemandalotofthoughtandunderstandinge.g.Intellectualshaveplayedagreatroleinthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.,.,Noticethedifferenceamongthefollowingwords:,Intellectual:showingintellect,concernedwiththingsofthemindIntelligent:sharpofmindIntelligible:capableofbeingunderstood,.,e.g.Collegestudentsareinterestedintheintellectualargument.Furthertrainingisanintelligentchoiceconsideringthejobmarket.Intelligiblesoftwareinstructionswouldbeappreciated.,.,8.preoccupation:,thestateofmindinwhichyouthinkaboutsomethingsomuchthatyouforgetaboutotherthings.e.g.Hispreoccupationwithbusinessleftlittletimeforhisfamily.他全神贯注于事业而能与家人共度的时间很少,.,Part2:historicalresearch,para.3Thefirstsolution(next-lifetheory)reward;awardreward:n.recompenseorreturnforserviceormeritaward:n.officialrecognition,asaprize,.,e.g.TheOlympicwinnerreceivedagoldmedalasanawardHewonthesecondawardof$2，000,.,Wewillofferarewardof$10,000forinformationaboutthecase如果有人提供有关案件的情报，我们愿意出一万元赏金。Wedontexpectsubstantialrewards我们并不期望得到优厚的报酬。,.,reward:v.receivebenefitforsomethingthatonehasdoneaward:v.givesbsth.asaprizee.g.HewasawardedthefirstprizeforOutstandingIndustrialDesign他获杰出工业设计一等奖。Youshouldrewardthemaccordingtotheirdeserts你应该对他们论功行赏。,.,2.misfortune:badfortuneorillluck.,e.g.Misfortuneisagoodteacherinlife.-HomoredeBalzae苦难是人生的老师。-巴尔扎克Misfortuneisthebestuniversity.-VissarionGrigoryecvichBelinsky不幸是一所最好的大学。-别林斯基Iwanttohelpthoseinmisfortune.,.,.,3.meek(=timid;assertive):Someonewhoismeekisgentleandquiet,andlikelytodowhatotherpeoplesay.e.g.Thepersonlookedmeek,buthadtheheartofalion.“Imsorrysir,”Marysaidmeekly.,.,3.theyeventuallywillinherittheearth:atlast,theywillgaineverythingontheearth(theywillbecomemastersoftheworld).,.,4.Doestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution?,.,No,hedoesnt.Heisbeingironicalhere.Hecallsit“anadmirablesolution”becausenowtherich“getthepoorofftheirconscience”.,.,Para.4:Thesecondsolution(utilitarianism),1.TheWealthofNationsbyAdamSmith,.,ItissymbolicthatAdamSmithsmasterpieceofeconomicanalysis,TheWealthofNations,wasfirstpublishedin1776,thesameyearastheDeclarationofIndependence.Hearguedpassionatelyinfavoroffreetradeandthemosteloquent-integrateddescriptionoftheworkingsofamarketeconomy,whichcontinuestoinfluenceoureconomyrightuptothepresentday.,.,2.takeonsomething:tobegintohavesomething;toacceptsomethinge.g.Hervoicetookonatroubledtone.IknewitwasgoingtobeadifficultjobIwouldntwanttotakeiton.,.,3.JeremyBentham(边沁),StudyNote4.,.,4.“Bytheprincipleofutility”“ismeanttheprinciplewhich”:Thenormalwordordershouldbe:utilitarianismismeanttheprinciplewhichprovesbytheprincipleofutility.AccordingtoBentham,theprincipleofutilitarianismmeansthatanactionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitsofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction.,.,5.utilitarianismisageneralphilosophicalidealikeidealism.whichmeansthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumber.Utilitarianismisthemoraldoctrinethatweshouldalwaysacttoproducethegreatestpossiblebalanceofgoodoverhadforeveryoneaffectedbyouraction.,.,Consequently,thegreatesthappinessofallconstitutesthestandardthatdetermineswhetheranactionisrightorwrong.Iftheypromotethegreatesthumanwelfareactionsareright,iftheydonotactionsarewrong.,.,6.utility-thequalityofbeingofpracticaluse(=usefulness),e.g.Acarisafamilyutility,WhichplaysanimportantRoleinfamilyslife.,.,7.augment:tomakesomethingbecomebiggerbyaddingtoit(formal),e.g.Heaugmentedhisincomebywritingforthenewspapers.Thekingaugmentedhispowerbytakingoverrightsthathadbelongedtonobles.,.,8.inquestion(doubtful):Ifsomethingisinquestion,thereisadoubtaboutit.e.g.Thesurvivalofthebadlywoundedmanisstillinquestion.Thenewplanisinquestion.Cf.outofthequestion=unthinkablee.g.Ithasbeensocoldherethatgardeninghasbeenoutofthequestionmostofthetime.,.,9.Virtueis,indeedmustbe,self-centered:Byrightaction,wemeanitmusthelppromotepersonalinterest.Virtue:goodness,nobleness,andworthinesse.g.Heisamanofvirtue.他是位有德之人Humilityisavirtue.谦逊是美德Tellvirtuefromvice.分辨善恶,.,Para.5:thethirdsolution(poorpeoplesfault),1.ThisisassociatedwiththenameofDavidRicardo,astockbroker,andThomasRobertMalthus,adivine.Stockbroker:apersonwhosejobisbuyingandsellingsharesforthosewithmoney(investor).,.,Astockbrokercaneasilyearnbigmoneythroughthecommissionwhichdependsontheamountofmoneytheinvestorinvests,whileitisveryhardfortheinvestortoearnmoneyinthestockmarket,becauseofthehighrisk.,.,Sothisisasatire,anditremindspeopleofthesaying:ItiseasierforacameltogothroughtheeyeofaneedlethanarichmantoentertheKingdomofGod.(骆驼穿过针的眼，比财主进神的国，还容易呢。)ThissayingcomesfromBible.,.,AmanfellonhiskneesbeforeJesusandasked,Goodteacher,whatmustIdotoinheriteternallife?Jesustoldhimthecommandments:Donotmurder,donotcommitadultery,donotsteal,donotgivefalsetestimony,donotdefraud/cheat,honoryourfatherandmother.Teacher,themandeclared,alltheseIhavekeptsinceIwasaboy.,.,Jesuslookedathimandsaid.Onethingyoulack,hesaid.Go,selleverythingyouhaveandgivetothepoor,andyouwillhavetreasureinheaven.Thencome,followme.Atthisthemansfacefell.Hewentawaysad,becausehehadgreatwealth.Jesuslookedaroundandsaidtohisdisciples,HowharditisfortherichtoenterthekingdomofGod!ItiseasierforacameltogothroughtheeyeofaneedlethanforarichmantoenterthekingdomofGod.,.,Divine:AdivineisamemberoftheChristianclergy.Aformulaproposedbytwo(oneisastockbroker,theotheradivine)withsuchdifferentbackgroundsyetwithsuchsimilarityofthinkingisbyitselfanirony.,.,9.Thepovertyofthepoorwasthefaultofthepoor.Anditwassobecauseitwasaproductoftheirfecundity:Thepovertyofthepoorwascausedbytheirhavingtoomanychildren.,.,10.fecundity:Thecapacityforproducingoffspring,especiallyinabundance.Productiveorcreativepowere.g.Rabbitshavestrongerfecunditythanotheranimals.Iadmirehisfecundityofimagination.,.,Para.6:Malthusianism(马尔塞斯人口论),11.therichwerenotresponsibleforeitheritscreationoritsamelioration:Therichwerenottoblamefortheexistenceofpovertysotheyshouldnotbeaskedtoundertakethetaskofsolvingtheproblem.,.,12.However,Malthuswashimselfnotwithoutacertainresponsibility:Heurgedthatasafullyeffectivemethodofbirthcontrol:WhatwarningdidMalthusurgethatthemarriageceremonyshouldcontain?Why?,.,13.repairto:goto(aplace)Thisstatement(CouplesinloveshouldrepairtoR.H.Macys,nottheirbedroom.)ridiculesReagansviewthatthebestformofpopulationcontrolcomesfromthemarket.e.g.ItwastoParisherepairedafterhisLondontriumphinthespringof2006.,.,14.CouplesinloveshouldrepairtoR.H.Macys,nottheirbedroom:,Itimpliesthatcoupleswillfindtheirpocketsnotthatheavywhiletheylookaroundthemarket,whichwillpushthemtoworkhardformoneyratherthanenjoytheirloveintheirbedroomsforhavingtoomanychildren.ThisstatementridiculesReagansviewthatthebestformofpopulationcontrolcomesfromthemarket.,.,Para.7:theforthsolution(SocialDarwinism-survivalofthefittest),1.denial(admission)e.g.Yourdenialofmyrequesthurtsme.Ihavenotawordofdenial.Para.8:Acaseinpoint:Rockefellersspeech,.,2.overriding:firstinpriority;moreimportantthanallothers,e.g.Ouroverridingconcernistheeradicationofilliteracy.(我们最关心的事是消除文盲.)Youroverridingtaskistolearntobe,todo,andtolearnwhileattheuniversity.(你们在大学的首要任务是学会做人,做事,学习.)Para.8:Acaseinpoint:RockefellersspeechabouttheAmericanBeautyRose.,.,1.beholder:apersonwhobecomesaware(ofthingsorevents)throughthesenses(=observer)e.g.Beautyisintheeyesofbeholder.情人眼里出西施,.,Para.9:thefifthsolution(morevaguedenialofpoverty),1.Itdeclinedinpopularity,andreferencestoitacquiredacondemnatorytone:PeoplebegantorejectSocialDarwinismbecauseitseemedtoglorifybrutalforceandopposetreasuredvaluesofsympathy,loveandfriendship.Therefore,whenitwasmentioned,itwasusuallythetargetofcriticism.,.,2.decline:v.becomelessinquantity,importance,orstrength,e.g.Theywishthatpriceswoulddecline.TheartsofChinahavenotdeclinedinspiteofWesterninfluence.Thepriceof14inchesTVsetdeclinedfrom400to320yuaneach.,.,3.achieve,acquire,attain,gain,obtain,Fillineachoftheblankswithaproperword:1)Aftersomanyyearsofhardwork,hefinally_success.2)Shehas_someveryunpleasanthabitsrecently.3)Intyphoon,winds_aspeedgreaterthan120kmperhour.,.,4)Inthesecondexperimentthey_averyclearresult.5)No_withoutpains.6)She_agoodknowledgeofEnglishfromMr.Chenslectures.,.,Para.(10-11):atransition,18.Whydoestheauthorcallitarevolution?Becauseitbrokeawayfromthetraditionalconceptionthatthefederalgovernmentwasnotresponsibleforsocialwelfare.TheSocialSecurityActof1935laidfoundationforthecurrentsocialwelfaresystemoftheUnitedStates.Readerscaneasilysensethattheauthorisfortherevolution.,.,19.Whatdidpeoplefeelwhenanumberofsocialwelfaremeasureswereputintopractice?Weretheyrightinthinkingso?(para.10)Peoplefeltthatthepolicyofignoringthepoorandrefusingassistancehadbeenabandoned.Sincethegovernmentwasmakingeffortstorelievethemiseryofthepoor,theydidnotneedtopayattentiontoanymore.Theywerenotcompletelyright.Thegovernmentdidtakemanymeasures,butthedesiretogetthepooroffourconsciencestilllingeredon,waitingforchancestocomeback.,.,.,20.thesearchforawayofgettingthepooroffourconsciencewasnotatanend;itwasonlysuspended:Theoldesthumanexercisesofgettingthepooroffourconsciencehadnotbeenceased.Ithadonlybeenstoppedtemporarily.,.,21.suspend;dissolve,suspend:tobarforaperiod;tointerrupt;todefer;tohang;toholdwithoutattachmentdissolve:tomakeasolution;tomelt;todispel;toterminate;tocollapseemotionally,.,Sugardissolvedinthehotcoffee.Shetriedtobemad,butdissolvedintosmilesatherimpishson.Hisfearsweredissolvedwhenthelightscameon.KingCharlesdissolvedParliamentthreetimesinfouryears.Dollydissolvedintotears.,.,Hislicensewassuspendedforninemonths.Thedirectorsuspendeditsmeetingsuntiltheycouldgathermoreinformation.Thecommitteesuspendedjudgmenttilltheygatheredmoreinformation.Thechandelierwassuspendedfromtheceiling.Thedustwassuspendedintheairfordays.1,.,Notes1:Whenmatterdissolvesitchangesform;whenmatterissuspended,itdispersesintoothermatter,butdoesnotchangeform.,.,22.Notunrewarding:doublenegative,(hereusedforemphasis,usedinironicalsense,thatis,moneycanbemadebycontributingtotheprocessofignoringthepoor)e.g.Youcantmakesomethingoutofnothing.(巧媳妇难做无米之炊。）Nothingisimpossibletoawillingmind.(天下无难事只怕有心人）Whatsdonecannotbeundone.（已经做了的事后悔也无用。）,.,23.Ithasagainbecome,andaneconomicallynotunrewardingenterprise:,Searchingthewayofgettingthepooroffourconsciencehasagainbecometheoverridingtaskofthosephilosophers,menofletters,andspeechmakers,whichisamoneymakingbusiness.,.,Para.12:thefirstdesign,24.design:plane.g.Whetherbyaccidentordesign,heoverturnedthelamp.(无论处于偶然或故意,他打翻了灯.)Wastheworldmadebydesignordiditcomebyaccident?(这个世界是有计划创造出来的呢,抑或是偶然产生出来的呢?),.,25.proceed;precede,Ifyouproceedtodosomething,youdoitafteryouvefinisheddoingsomethingelse.e.g.SheproceededtohandoverthekeytomyroomHeproceededtoexplain.,.,Toprecedeaneventmeanstohappenbeforeit.Itisaformalword.e.g.Thechildrensdinnerprecededbypartygames.BillClintonprecededGeorgeBush,Jr.asPresidentoftheUnitedStates.克林顿在小布什之前担任美国总统.,.,26.louse:(pl.lice)winglessusuallyflattenedblood-suckinginsectparasiticonwarm-bloodedanimalslousesth.up:spoilsth.e.g.Thelousyrainhascertainlylousedupmyplanstotakemygirlfriendtothebeachtoday.Phrasesassociatedwithinsectsnames:,.,antsinonespantstohavebutterfliesinonesstomachTobugsb.e.g.Thatloudmusicnextdoorreallybugsme.Thelousyrainhascertainlylousedupmyplanstotakemygirlfriendtothebeachtoday.IdidhavebutterfliesinmystomachwhenIfirststoodinfrontoftheclassspeakingtoallthestudents.,.,27.Whatistheargumentofthefirstdesign?Theargumentis:Mostoftheassistancetothepoorhastobeundertakenbythegovernment,butthegovernmentisinessenceincompetentandineffectiveandwillmakeamessofthejob.Therefore,thegovernmentshouldnotbeaskedtoaidthepoor.,.,27.Whatistheessenceofthefirstdesign?TheessenceofthefirstdesignistotakeawaytheresponsibilitytoaidthepoorfromthegovernmentandtoputanendtothesocialwelfarepoliciessincetheNewDeal.,.,Para.13:analysisofthefirstdesign,28.Inparagraph12and13,theauthor,onthreeoccasions,mentionsthepentagonornationaldefense.Whydoeshemakethesereferences?,.,Theauthorwantstopointouttheironicalfactthatthosepeoplewhoattackthegovernmentorthebureaucracywillnotincludethemilitaryestablishment.Theywantthegovernmenttodolessornothinginsocialwelfarebutmoreon“nationaldefense”.Theauthorishighlycriticalofsuchaview.Heopposeshugemilitaryexpenditures.,.,TheannualbudgetofUSnationaldefenseisroughly$425billion,whichdoesnotincludetensofbillionsmoreinsupplementalexpendituresallottedbyCongressthroughouttheyear.Chinasdefensebudgetfor2006isexpectedtohit283.8billionyuan(about35.1billionU.S.dollars),.,29.exclude;preclude,exclude:toomit,toleaveout,todisallowpreclude:toexcludethepossibilityofe.g.Wecannotexcludethepossibilitythathekilledhiswife.我们不能排除他杀了他妻子的可能性。Alldraughtsmustbeexcludedfromtheroom.这间屋子不可有风透进.,.,At84,Johnfeelshisageprecludeshimfromtravelingtoomuch.Thispolicyprecludedfederalfunding.Thismeasuremayprecludetheexclusiveagencyfromsellingcrucialcrudeoil.这个措施可以使专有的代理不能出售决定性的原油。,.,30.replete;complete,Replete:adj.havinggreatabundance;overfilledorstuffedComplete:adj.finished;wholeandentire;perfect;v.tofinish,.,e.g.Themo