4英语专业四级词汇语法辅导--主谓一致、倒装.ppt

主谓一致,以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题,有些疾病的名称带有-s词尾，通常作单数用Themeaslesmi:zl麻疹（ormumps流行性腮腺炎，rickets佝偻病，smallpox天花）isadiseaseverycommoninthisvillage表示游戏名称的名词通常作单数用Billiardsbld台球（orBowls，Draughts跳棋）ismyfavoritegame但：Cardsarenotinterestingtome,以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题,有些学科的名称，虽以-s结尾，却都作单数；但若这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义，便可以做复数用。MymathematicsarepoorTheeconomicsofthiscountryarestableSuchpoliticsarefoolishSuchtacticsareridiculous,以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题,某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，尽管带有复数词尾，但系一政治实体，做单数用；但如不是国名，而是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，通常作复数用。,集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题,有些有生命的集体名词，如cattle,police，people，youth,mankind,folk等做主语时，谓动常用复数。无生命的词，如foliagefuliid(叶子），machinery(机械），merchandise(商品、货物）等做主语时，谓动用单数。还有一些集体名词如：audience,class,crew,committee,family,team,group,army,police等做主语时，如指一整体，谓动用单数；如指全体中的每一个成员，谓动则用复数。如果主语是由“acommitteeof”等+复数名词，随后的动词常用单数。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,1.由and/bothand连接的并列结构作主语时，谓动一般用复数。如果意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时，谓动要用单数。,Thesingerandwriterisfamoustoeveryone.ApenandbookiswhatIneed.Aneedle(针）andthread(线）wasfoundonthefloor.,OtherExamples,Warandpeace战争与和平hamandeggs火腿蛋eggandrice蛋炒饭lawandorder治安breadandbutter奶油面包folkandknifewheelandaxle轮轴needleandthread一套针线loveandhateloveandaffection感情acupandsaucer一套碟子茶杯aimandend目的truthandhonesty真诚capacityandefficiency效能ignoranceandnegligence玩忽无知trialanderror试验摸索timeandtide岁月ironandsteel钢铁thewearandtear磨损；消耗,2.当eachandeach,everyandevery,noandno,manyaandmanya.等结构做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,Nomanandnoanimalistobefoundonthemoon.在月球上没有发现人和动物。Manyadoctorandmanyanurseisbusywiththeirwork.许多医生和护士都在忙于他们的工作。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,3.由notonlybutalso,eitheror,neithernor,or等连接的并列主语，谓动通常依据就近原则。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,4.当主语后面跟有由asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan等引导的从属结构时，随后的动词形式依据主语本身的单、复数形式而定。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,5.当主语由aswellas,alongwith,togetherwith,ratherthan,nolessthan,but,except,inadditionto,like,including,besides等词连接时，其谓动的单复数形式通常由这些词语前的名词来决定。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,Anironandsteelworks,withsomesatellitefactories,istobebuilthere.Theprofessor,togetherwithmanyofhisstudents,isenteringthemeetinghall.,6.一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓动应用复数。Ancient(古代）andmodernhistoryarethesubjectswearestudying.但如果表示的是同一概念时，谓动应用单数Thelastandmostdifficultlessonislesson14.TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor_askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were答案B.,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,不定代词做主语时的主谓一致,1.不定代词each,another,theother,either,neither和由some,any,no,every+one/thing/body所构成的复合代词做主语时，谓动用单数形式。,Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.Nobodywantstogothere.Somethinghasbeendonetoendthestrike.,2.noneof+不可数名词谓语动词用单数形式；noneof+可数名词谓语动词单复均可，none单独用，代表不可数名词，用单数；代表复数时，可单可复。,3.all做主语表示人时，谓动用复数；若表物，谓动则用单数。,Alliswellthatendswell.Allareeagertoreachanagreement.,表示“全体”、“部分”等意义的词做主语时的主谓一致（补充）,1.当主语是most,therest,thelast,theremainder等时，谓动应依据of后宾语的单复数而定。,Threeofuswillgo,therestaretostayhere.Afterthebigfire,theremainderisnothing.,2.当town,school,village等分别表示总称的“镇民”、“全体师生”、“村民”时，谓动用单复数均可。有时其前可用the或thewhole修饰。,Thewholeschoolwere/wassorrywhensheleft.Thewholetownis/areinagreementabouttheplan.,“the+形容词/过去分词做主语的主谓一致,“the+形容词/过去分词”表示一类人或事物时，谓动用复数；若指某一抽象概念或个别人、事，则用单数。,Thesickhereareverywellcaredfor.Thetrueistobetoldfromthefalse.,thenumberof做主语时，谓动用单数；anumberof做主语时，谓动用复数。,Thenumberofmistakesissurprising.Anumberofbooksaremissingfromthelibrary.,补充,1.肯定+否定+V.(如果主语是由肯定与否定组合时，动词与肯定主语一致。)e.g.ItisI,notyou,whoamwrong.=ItisIwhoamwrong,notyou.2.地点副词（短语）+V.+主语（此为倒装句型）e.g.AmongtheguestswasstandingJohn.=Johnwasstandingamongtheguests.,1.以who,why,how,whether或that引导的从句做主语时，谓动用单数。,Whyshedidthisisnotknown.,名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致,2.and连接的两个名词性从句做主语，如表示两件事情，则谓动用复数。,Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforitremainamysterytous.,名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致,3.在以what从句作主语的”主系表“结构中，主句的谓动要以表语名词的单复数而定。Whatcausedtheaccidentisacompletemystery.WhathisfatherlefthimareafewEnglishbooks.4.在what从句所引导的”主系表“结构中，若从句中具有两个以上的动词，主句中谓动应用复数。WhatIsayandthinkarenoneofyourbusiness.,名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致,5.如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，比如what-分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。6.由howandwhy,whenandwhere引导的从句做主语时，谓动仍用单数。Whenandwherewewillhavethemeetinghasnotbeendecided.,非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题,1.动词不定式、-ing分词形式做主语，谓动用单数。TolearnEnglishwellisdifficult.2.以两个由and连接的并列非限定分句做主语，如表示两件事情，谓动用复数；如果指的是一件事，动词用单数。Readingthreeclassicalnovelsandmakingsomesocialinvestigationsareassignmentsforthestudentsduringtheholiday.,定语从句中的主谓一致问题,定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式通常依照先行词的形式而定。先行词+which+V.(动词与先行词一致)thate.g.I,whoamyourfriend,shouldhelpyou.e.g.IwillemployaboywhounderstandsEnglish.,“oneof+复数名词+定语从句“结构中的主谓一致,1.在“oneof+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句中的谓动常依照语法一致原则用复数。,Thisisoneoftheroomsthatweredamagedinthefire.,2.在”theonlyoneof+复数名词+定语从句“结构中，定语从句的谓动仍用单数。,MaryistheonlyoneoftheyoungestgirlswhoisstudyingthemajorofInternationalLawinthisuniversity.,分裂句中的主谓一致,在分裂句“Itis+主语+that+V.(此为强调句句型)”，动词与主语一致。ItisJimwhoisgoingtodoit是吉姆去做这项工作。ItisIwhoamtoblame应受责备的是我。但在非正式语体中，此分裂句中心成分可用宾格代词me，这时，随后的that一分句动词通常用第三人称单数。例如：ItismethatistoblameItismethatwasinjuredintheaccident在事故中受伤的是我。,存在句中的主谓一致,在here,there引导的存在句中，谓语动词与其后面的实义主语一致。一般说来，实义主语是单数，动词也用单数，实义主语是复数，动词也是用复数。Thereisabiglakeinthecentreofthecity城市的中心有一个大湖。Therearethreeroomsleft还剩三间房。当用作实义主语的名词词组是个并列结构时，采用就近原则决定谓语动词的形式。Thereisapen,twopencilsandsomebooksonthedesk.Therearetwopens,apencilandsomebooksonthedesk.,注意,1）morethanone+单数N.+单形V.2)more+复数N.thanone+复形V.3）morethantwo(three,)+复数N.+复形Ve.g.Morethanonestudentispunished.Morestudentsthanonearepunished.Morethantwowhiteroseshavebloomed.,注意,1）“a/an+单名+ortwo”大多接单数谓语：“oneortwo+复名”接复数谓语。Onlyawordortwois(are)needed.只需说一两句。Oneortworeasonsweresuggested.提出一两条理由。2）“a/an+单名+andahalf”常接单数谓语；“oneandahalf+复名”也是多接单数谓语。Ayearandahalfhaspassed.一年半已过去了。Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.桌子上还有一个半香蕉。,1.AllthePresidentsMen_oneoftheimportantbooksforhistorianswhostudytheWatergateScandal.(2007TEM4-52)A.remainB.remainsC.remainedD.isremaining2.Theresearchrequiresmoremoneythan_.(2007TEM4-61)A.havebeenputinB.hasbeenputinC.beingputinD.tobeputin3.Thestatistics_thatlivingstandardsintheareahaveimproveddrasticallyinrecenttimes.(2006TEM4-62)A.provesB.isprovingC.areprovingD.prove,BBD,4.Mr.Wells,togetherwithallthemembersofhisfamily,_forEuropethisafternoon.(2004-61)A.aretoleaveB.areleavingC.isleavingD.leave5.Itisfutiletodiscussthematterfurther,because_goingtoagreeuponanythingtoday.(2003-60)A.neitheryounorIareB.neitheryounormeisC.neitheryounorIamD.neithermenoryouare6.ofthetwinswasarrested,becauseIsawbothatapartylastnight.(2002-42)A.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.All,CCC,倒装,一.全部倒装,1.在there,here引导的句子中，谓语是be,exist等表示状态的不及物动词。如：Herearecoatsforyoungpeople这有年轻人穿的大衣。2在副词nowthenthus引导的句子里，谓语是come,follow,begin,end等。a.Thereisadictionaryonthedesk.桌上有本字典。b.Herecomesthebus!公共汽车来了!,全部倒装,Note:如主语为人称代词,不用倒装结构。例如:a.Hereshecomes.她来了。b.Hereitis.在这儿（或这就是）。,1.Then_theCivilWar.A.didfollowB.followedC.doesfollowD.following2.There_atthetopofthehill.A.standsaweatherstationB.aweatherstationstandsC.doesaweatherstationstandD.isaweatherstationstand,全部倒装,3.用于某些表示地点的介词词组作句首状语的句子，谓语是come,be,stand,sit,lie等动词的句子里。Inthischapterwillbefoundapartialanswer.Fromthevalleycameatinklingsound,asoothingmoo,thelullofalienvoices.OntheothersideoftheroadwasstandingLily,全部倒装,4.用于以表示处所,声音等义的副词开头的句子(out,in,up,down,away)。用表示运动的不及物动词（如go,come,rush,fly等）作谓语时，为了表达生动，可将某些副词放在句首，谓语动词放在主语之前，形成倒装结构。例如：a.Awayflewthepigeons.鸽子飞了。b.Bangwentthefirecracker.鞭炮砰的一声响了。c.Thedoorburstopenandinrushedthecrowd.,全部倒装,Note:如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置则不变，只将副词放在句首。如：Outherushed.他冲了出去。,3.Roundandround_.flewtheplaneB.theplaneflewC.didtheplaneflyD.wastheplaneflying4.Up_.hisballwentB.wentitC.didhegoD.hecame,全部倒装,在不带if的虚拟条件状语从句,谓语动词是be的句子里。如：WereIinyourposition,Iwouldaskhimaboutthematter我要是处于你那样的位置，我就要问问他这件事。,部分倒装,是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。,部分倒装,1.当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装。常见的词和短语有：hardly,little,never,notuntil,rarely,seldom,innoway,atnotime,innocase,bynomeans,hardly(scarcely/barely)when,nosoonerthan等,5.Notasingleword_atthemeetingsofar.A.didshesayB.saidsheC.hasshesaidD.shehassaid6.Seldom_anymistakesduringmypastfewyearsofworkinghere.A.wouldImakeB.didImakeC.IdidmakeD.shallImake,部分倒装,2.句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”、“only+状语分词”构成，也可引起局部倒装。Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.Onlythroughsheerluckdidhemanagetogetsometickets.Onlybecausethereweresomecancelledbookingsdidhegetsometicketsintheend.Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceed.,注意：Only如不在句首，或only修饰的不是状语，则不倒装。如：Thecontractwassignedonlyafterbitternegotiations.只有在艰苦的谈判以后，合同才得以签署。（改成倒装：Onlyafterbitternegotiationswasthecontractsigned.）Onlytheseniorstaffareallowedtousethisroom.只许资深的职员使用这个房间。Onlyfivepassengerssurvivedtheaccident.事故中只有五位旅客生存了下来。,7.Onlybypractisingafewhourseveryday_beabletouseit.A.youcanB.canyouC.youwillD.willyou8.Onlywhenhesawit,_believewhatIsaid.A.hedidB.hewillC.didheD.hewould9.Onlyinthisway_theproblems.A.youcansolveB.canyousolveC.yousolveD.didyousolve,3.notonlybutalso,当notonlybutalso句式的notonly部分置于句首时，前一个分句中的主谓要采用部分倒装，第二个分句则不倒装。_snacksanddrinksbuttheyalsobroughtcardsforentertainmentwhentheyhadapicnicintheforest.A.NotonlytheybroughtB.NotonlydidtheybringC.NotonlybroughttheyD.Notonlytheydidbring(答案为B),4.notuntil,当notuntil句式转换成notuntil且置于句首时，其后的主句部分习惯上要用倒装语序(与一般疑问句形式相同)。Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcenturydidmanknowwhatheatis.直到19世纪初，人们才知道热是何物。在复合句中，只有主句用倒装，until引导的从句不倒装。如：Notuntilheloseshishealthwillhegiveupdrinking.他直到失去健康才会戒酒。,10.NotuntilIbegantowork_howmuchtimeIhadwasted.A.didntIrealizeB.didIrealizeC.IdidntrealizeD.Irealized11._enteredtheofficewhenherealizedthathehadforgottenhisreport.A.HehardlyhadB.HadhehardlyC.HardlyhadheD.Hardlydidhe12.Bynomeans(一点也不)_succeedingettingthefirstplace.A.theycanB.cantheyC.theycouldD.havethey,5.用于以副词so,neither,nor开头,表示“某人也这样”一类概念的句子。1)so用于肯定句，代替上文中的形容词，名词或动词,通常指前面所说的肯定情况也适用于其他人(或物)，结构为:So+be,do,have其他助动词或情态动词+主语.例如:IcanspeakEnglish.Socanmybrother.我会说英语。我弟弟也会。,Productionisgoingup,andsoisthepeoplesstandardofliving.生产不断发展，人们的生活水平也一样。Societyhaschangedandsohavethepeopleinit.社会变了，社会上的人也变了。Coalisundertheground,andsoisoil.煤在地底下，石油也是。Hesawit,andsodidI.他看见了，我也看见了。,Note:如果不是表示情况的适合，而是表示对前面的句子内容的同意或肯定，则不能用倒装句。例如：Heisagoodteacher,soheis.他是个好老师，他的确是。,部分倒装,2)neither,nor用于否定句，通常指前面所说的否定情况，也适用于其他人（或物），结构为：Neither(nor)+be,do,have其他助动词或情态动词+主语。例如：Youcantdoit,neither/norcanI.你不能做这件事，我也不能。,e.g.IhaventbeentoNewWorkbeforeandneitherhasmysister.“Didyouseethat?”“No”“NeitherdidI”.,Nor用于否定句中，承接前面的语气进行进一步否定。但是注意，这里的否定的事情一般和前边的并不一致，这一点和neither的用法是不同的。e.g.Hecannotsee,norcouldhehearuntilonemonthago.Sheisntrich,nordoIimaginethatsheeverwillbe.Iwontarrivetoday.Nortomorrow.,Note:,nor是连词，neither既是连词又是副词Icantanswer,butneithercanI.考试中neither和nor同时出现时，通常考得是neither的副词用法。,CA,1.Themessageisclear:Justasteaandbananacantgotogether,_shouldthesonofalow-classfamilyexpecttomarrythedaughterofanobleman.A.eitherB.notC.neitherD.nor2.Wedontneedairconditioning,_.A)norcanweafforditB)andnorwecanafforditC)neithercanafforditD)andwecanneitherafford,13.Mybrotherhadabadcoldlastweek,andso_.A.didIB.hadIC.wasID.Idid10.“DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother?”“Ididntknow,_.”A.nordontIcareB.nordoIcareC.IdontcareneitherD.Idontcarealso14.Heisagoodstudent,andworksveryhard,_.A.soitiswithherB.sodoessheC.soisheD.neitherdoesshe,6.So/Suchthat的倒装形式在So(such)that结构中，如果so或such在句首，通常也会用倒装结构。例如:a.SobusywasIthatIhadnotimetohavelunch.我太忙了，没时间吃午饭。b.Such(=sohot)wastheweatherthatIcouldnotgoout.天太热了，我没法出门。c.Sofastdoeslighttravelthati