必修五unit1-Grammar

ThePastParticiple(1)astheAttributeandPredicative,Unit1Grammar,在必修4中,我们已经学习了非谓语动词的-ing形式，在本册书中我们将学习非谓语动词的另一种形式,过去分词,我们将在本册书的前三个单元讲解过去分词。本单元我们先学习过去分词作定语和表语。,alightedcandle,一支点燃的蜡烛,ausedstamp,一枚用过的邮票,Translation,abrokencoin,一枚破损的硬币,一名退休教师,aretiredteacher,aninjuredfinger,一个受伤的手指,一个醉鬼,adrunkenman,基本形式和意义,过去分词是动词的一种非限定形式。过去分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带补语或受状语修饰。过去分词和补语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。过去分词的基本形式是“动词+-ed”，但也有不规则的形式。,ThePastParticiple,-Lookattheexcitedboy!Whyishesohappy?-Hehasgotthefirstprizeinthecontest.-Nowonderheisexcited!,Lookatthedialogueandfindtheuseofthepastparticiple.,PastParticipleastheAttribute,Example:Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeopledied.,Nowfindtwomoreexamplesinthereadingpassage.,1.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.2.WiththisevidenceJohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthedisease.,1.分词可以用作前置定语，此时分词和名词之间有两种语意关系：一种是分词表示主动（但时间上已经过去）；一种是分词表被动。,过去分词作定语,Egalostanimal一只迷路的动物,A单个的过去分词作定语时一般兼有被动和完成的意义，常作前置定语。,注意：过去分词作定语时，有时只有被动意义。e.g.：spokenEnglish英语口语writtenexercises书面练习,afallenleaves一片落叶therisensun升起来的太阳theadvancedcountries发达国家aretiredteacher一名退休教师by-gonedays过去的岁月,少数表示位移或状态改变的不及物动词的过去分词只有完成的意义。,e.g.HowIregrettedthehourswastedinthewoods!我多懊悔在树林浪费的时光啊!Ilikewearingclothesmadeofthiskindofcloth我喜欢穿这种布料做的衣服。,B过去分词作后置定语，表示被动和或完成意义。,e.g.ThebookswrittenbyLuXunarepopular鲁迅写的书很受欢迎。Wellgotovisitthebridgebuilthundredsofyearsago我们要去看那座建于几百年前的桥。,1.Hetoldusofthegreatwrongdonetohim.=Hetoldusofthegreatwrong_tohim.,whichhadbeendone,注：本句中的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成。,Changethefollowingpastparticiplesintoclauses.,2.TheUnitedStatesisadevelopedcountry.=TheUnitedStatesisacountry_.,whichhasdeveloped,注:本句中的过去分词作定语，只表示完成。,3.Haveyounoticedthebridgebeingbuiltthere?=Haveyounoticedthebridge_there?,whichisbeingbuilt,注:本句中的过去分词作定语，表示被动的动作正在进行。,过去分词短语有时亦可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。Someofthem,bornandbroughtupinruralvillages,hadneverseenatrain.他们当中有一些人,生长在农村，从未见过火车。,用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，变成所谓的转移形容语。这种过去分词在形式上不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。Thegeneralstaredathiminstartledadmiration.将军以惊讶而赞赏的眼光注视着他。,Attention,eg.WeaskedtwoofChinasmanytalentedjournaliststotellusmoreaboutnews.Iwanttowriteaboutpeopleaddictedtodrugs.,过去分词短语用作定语时，一般皆置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁，多用于笔语中。,Trucksandbusesweredrivenongascarriedinlargebagsontheroof.,卡车与公共汽车皆烧煤气，煤气是装在车顶上的袋中。,我们已经学习了动词-ing形式作定语,这里就有一个问题了,动词-ed形式作定语和动词-ing形式作定语有什么区别呢？接下来我们就谈谈它们的区别。,1）语态不同-ing表主动、进行；-ed表被动、完成,-ed作定语与-ing作定语的区别：,thechangingworldthechangedworld,（正在变化的）,（变化了的）,（正在沸腾的),（已经沸腾过的）,(正在凋谢的),（已经凋谢的）,(发展中的),（发达的）,2）时间关系不同-ing表“正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时进行”或“经常性”。-ed表动作先于谓语动词表示的动作。,Doyouknowtheboylyingunderthebigtree?“Cantyouread?”Marysaid,angrilypointingtothenotice.Thewomansellingvegetableshasgone.,3）及物动词的过去分词与现在分词的被动式都可表示被动,但-ed表示一个完成了的动作,而beingdone多表示一个正在进行的动作。,Theproblemdiscussedyesterdayhassomethingtodowithus.Theproblembeingdiscussednowhassomethingtodowithus.Thebuildingbeingbuiltisourlibrary.,TheOlympicGames,_in776B.C.,didntincludewomenuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobeplaying,考点点拨,简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分是一个作定语、修饰TheOlympicGames的后置分词短语;再根据TheOlympicGames对于动词play来说只能是被动承受,且已完成(in776B.C.)。因此,该题应选C。,2.Whatsthelanguage_inGermany?A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak,简析:该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whichisspoken。,3.Mostoftheartists_tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited,简析:该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whowereinvited。,4.Thecomputercentre,_lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened,简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后,可以用非限制性定语从句“whichwasopenedlastyear”代替。,5.Thefirsttextbooks_forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written,简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句thatwerewritten。,另外,分词作状语时,如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时,需要独立主格结构或with复合结构来替代。(此时,也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。),例:Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands_behindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied,简析:很显然,待选部分的逻辑主语是hishands,而不是句子的主语Themurderer,而hishands对于动词tie来说,只能是被动承受。因此,该题应选D。,Translationwork:,令人恐怖的场景受了惊吓的马令人失望的孩子感到失望的孩子,afrighteningsightafrightenedhorseadisappointingchildadisappointedchild,PastParticipleasthePredicative,Example:Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeople.Nowfindtwomoreexamplesinthereadingpassage.,1.过去分词作表语，表示主语的特点或所处的状态，其前的系动词有包括be在内的多种形式。Everyonepresentwasveryinspiredathisspeech听了他的发言，在场的所有人都很振奋。Youseemfrightened.你似乎受了惊吓。,过去分词作表语，强调主语的特点或所处的状态；而被动语态中，主语是动词所表示动作的承受者。Thisshopisnowclosed这家商店现在已经关门了。(状态)Thisshopisclosedat6pmeveryday这家商店每天下午6点关门。(动作),2.过去分词作表语，构成的系表结构与被动语态的区别：,过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受或状态（系动词+过去分词)Nowonderheisexcited!(predicative),可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有：delighted,disappointed,upset,astonished,excited,frightened,experienced,interested,qualified,puzzled,exhausted,satisfied,Completethesentencesusingthepastparticipleasthepredicative.,1.丢了钱他自责不已。He_aboutlosingthemoney.2.你为什么总是看上很疲劳？这些日子睡得好吗？Whydoyoualways_?Doyousleepwellthesedays?,gotblamed,looksotired,3.我对昨晚看的电影很失望。我原以为它能好些。I_thefilmIsawlastnight.Ihadexpectedittobebetter.4.听说那位明星死了，人人都很惊讶。Everybody_tohearthedeathofthefamousfilmstar,wasdisappointedwith,wasshocked,5.要去动物园了，孩子们非常兴奋。Thechildren_goingtothezoo6.他的伤口感染了一种新病毒。Hiswound_anewvirus,arereallyexcitedabout,becameinfectedwith,1._inthetrafficaccident_takentohospital.A.Aninjured,wasB.Theinjured,hasC.Theinjuring,wereD.Theinjured,havebeen,Choosethebestanswer.,2.Thegirl_forwardtobuyinganewgoldwatch.A.referredtolookB.referredtolookingC.referredtolooksD.referringtolooks,3.Fromthedate_onthegoldcoin,wedecidedthatitwasmade500yearsago.A.markingB.markedC.tobemarkedD.havingbeenmarked,4.Expert