8-9.American Beginningsppt课件

.,AmericanBeginnings美利坚合众国（America;American;UnitedStates;USA;theUnitedStates）简称美国,.,HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheUnitedStates,.,国旗：星条旗(thestar-spangledbanner)。红色象征强大和勇气，白色代表纯洁和清白，蓝色象征警惕、坚韧不拔和正义。道宽条代表最早发动独立战争并取得胜利的个州，颗五角星代表美利坚合众国的州数。,.,.,国徽：主体为一只胸前带有盾形图案的白头海雕（秃鹰，piebald），它是美国的国鸟，是力量、勇气、自由和不朽的象征。盾面，其寓意同国旗。鹰之上的顶冠象征在世界的主权国家中又诞生一个新的独立国家美利坚合众国；顶冠内有颗白色五角星，代表美国最初的个州。鹰的两爪分别抓着橄榄枝和箭，象征和平和武力。鹰嘴叼着的黄色绶带上用拉丁文写着“合众为一”，意为美利坚合众国由很多州组成，是一个完整的国家。,.,国歌：星条旗永不落（“thestar-spangledbanner”曾译星条旗歌），歌词是一位名叫弗朗西斯斯科特基的美国律师在英美战争时，透过战场上的硝烟看到星条旗经过英军炮轰后仍在要塞上空高高飘扬时感慨万分而即景写下的。曲谱是“进行曲之王”苏萨的著名代表作。星条旗永不落于年被美国国会正式定为国歌。星条旗永不落歌词中文大意是：啊！在晨曦初现时，你可看见是什么让我们如此骄傲？在黎明的最后一道曙光中欢呼，是谁的旗帜在激战中始终高扬！烈火熊熊，炮声隆隆，我们看到要塞上那面英勇的旗帜在黑暗过后依然耸立！啊！你说那星条旗是否会静止，在自由的土地上飘舞，在勇者的家园上飞扬？,.,oh,say,canyousee,bythedawnsearlylight,whatsoproudlywehaildatthetwilightslastgleaming?whosebroadstripesandbrightstars,throtheperilousfight,oertherampartswewatchd,weresogallantlystreaming?andtherocketsredglare,thebombsburstinginair,gaveproofthrothenightthatourflagwasstillthere.osay,doesthatstar-spangledbanneryetwaveoerthelandofthefreeandthehomeofthebrave?ontheshoredimlyseenthrothemistsofthedeep,wherethefoeshaughtyhostindreadsilencereposes,whatisthatwhichthebreeze,oerthetoweringsteep,asitfitfullyblows,halfconceals,halfdiscloses?nowitcatchesthegleamofthemorningsfirstbeam.,.,国花：玫瑰花，象征着美丽、芬芳、热忱和爱情。国石：蓝宝石国鸟：白头海雕（秃鹰）。年月日第二次大陆会议发表了独立宣言并决定新生的美国必须有一个特殊的国徽。年月日，美国国会通过决议，把北美洲特有的白头海雕作为美国的国鸟，并把这种鸟作为国徽图案的主体。白头雕外观美丽、性情凶猛，头上有丰满的羽毛，它的最大特点是两头白，即白头白尾。它代表着勇猛、力量和胜利。,.,美国的绰号叫“山姆大叔”。传说年英美战争期间，美国商人山姆威尔逊（1766.9.13-1854.7.31）在供应军队牛肉的桶上写有“u.s.”，表示这是美国的财产。这恰与他的昵称“山姆大叔”(“UncleSam”)的缩写(“u.s.”)相同。“山姆大叔”就逐渐成了美国的绰号。十九世纪三十年代，美国的漫画家又将“山姆大叔”画成一个头戴星条高帽、蓄着山羊胡须的白发瘦高老人。年美国国会通过决议，正式承认“山姆大叔”为美国的象征。国庆日：月日（美国独立日，年）,.,.,WhatisanAmerican?P33,ThisquestionwasfirstaskedbyFrenchman,hepublishedabookentitledLettersfromanAmericanFarmerinwhichheposedthequestionansweredithimself:NewraceofmenMixtureofbloodMeltingpot,.,ANewLand,TheAmericancontinentswerepeopledasaresultofimmigrationmovements1.prehistorichuntersfromAsia2.16thand17thcentury:EuropeandAfricapeopleforbetterlifeforreligiousorpoliticalreasonsforbusinessprofitconvicts(囚犯)fortrifleoffenseindentured（契约）servantsP46negroes,.,Oldperiod:beforeA.D.500Midages:A.D.500-1500,Europewasunderthesinglespiritualauthority-RomanCatholicChurchWakeningofEuropeandthediscoveryofAmericawerecausedbythreeforcesin16thand17thcentury,Europeinthe16thand17thcentury,.,1.Thedevelopmentofcapitalism-:thebourgeoisclassandtheworkingclasswereproduced2.TheRenaissance:theGod-centeredworldwaschallengedbythegreatprogressinnaturalandsocialscience.3.Thereligiousreformation,.,ReligiousReformation,MartinLuther,1517,DirectcommunicationwithGodAllbelieversarepriests“theindividualisasalonebeforethealmightyamanfacingtheeveningsky-nothingcanstandbetweenhimandgod.TheChristianmanmustexamineandjudgeforhimself.”,.,TheProtestantReformationJohnCalvinKingHenrysetupthechurchofEnglandThesereligiousreformsreflectedtheriseofnationalisminEurope,representedthedemandofthebourgeoisclassforfreedevelopmentandexpressedthedesireofordinaryworkingclassP36The13EnglishcolonieswereplantedinNorthAmerica,.,Thefirst13coloniesinAmerica,TheSettlementinVirginiaPuritansinNewEnglandCatholicMarylandQuakersinPennsylvania,.,Whowhenwherewhy1stEnglishgentlemen1607Virginiawealth2ndPuritans1620newEnglandreligiousfreedom3rdCatholics1632Marylandreligiousfreedom4thQuakers1681Pennsylvaniareligiousfreedom,.,The1stsettlementinVirginia,TwoeventswhichwouldinfluencetheshapingofAmericanculture:1.In1619,thedelegateselectedfromvariouscommunitiesmetastheHouseofBurgessestodiscuss,alongwiththegovernorandhiscouncilmembers232.ADutchshipbroughtinover20NegroesasservantsThetwoeventscombinedconstitutedauniqueAmericanphenomenonP37,.,Puritanism清教,清教主义,FoundedbyEnglishpuritansThedifferencesofthebeliefsbetweencatholicandProtestantP381.GodandMan2.Predestination3.WorkEthics4.EducationSuchPuritanbeliefswereheretical(hiretikladj.异教的,异端的)totheChurchofEngland,sotheywerepersecuted.,.,PuritanismsinfluenceonAmericansocietyandculture,Acityuponhill-anidealcommunitySenseofmissionAstrainofoftenintolerantmoralismRespectofeducationHardworkIndividualism,.,CatholicMaryland,Whatisthereasonforthefoundertocarryoutthefeudalplan?Whywasthefeudalplandropped?ProtestantsettlersfaroutnumberedtheCatholics,theprotestantmajoritywerecapitalistic-mindedpeopleandrefusedtocarryoutthefeudalplanThewildernessofNorthAmericaprovidedplentyoflandwhilelaborwasscarce.Thecolonyfollowedacapitalistdevelopmentroad,.,QuakerPennsylvania,ThebeliefsofQuakersP41ThedifferencesinreligiousbeliefsamongCatholics,PuritansandQuakersHolyexperiment:encouragingthespiritoflibertyandequality;P42thepolicyofseparationofstateandchurchPennsholyexperimenthadgreatimpactonAmericanculture,someAmericanfoundingfatherswereinspiredbyPennsexperiment,.,TheAmericanRevolution,ThosefourpatternssetbytheearlycolonialleaderswerefilledwithmeaningsforthefuturedevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesThe13EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericahaddevelopedasimilarAmericanpatterninpolitics,economyandculturallifeThePeaceofParis(in1763)gaveBritaintitletoCanadaandallofNorthAmericanBritainsvictoryleddirectlytoaconflictwithitsAmericancolonies,.,Twoeventsleddirectlytotheindependentwar:1.chargingnewtaxes;2.BritishtroopsstationedinthecoloniesIn1773,“BostonTeaParty”TheAmericanwarofIndependencebeganin1775In1781,theWarofIndependenceendedIn1783,theTreatyofParis,BritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates.,.,JohnLockeTreatiseofCivilGovernmentTheSocialContractHisphilosophyongovernmentandrightsofthepeoplenaturalrightsnaturallawhumanlaw,.,“Allmenarenaturallyfreeandequalinthestateofnature.”“Menlivingtogetheraccordingtoreasonwithoutacommonsuperio